White Point Research Articles

Folliculogenesis, Ovulation and Endocrine Control of Oocytes and Embryos in the Dog

Reproductive physiology in dogs is quite unusual compared with that in other mammalian species. The peculiarities include the presence of numerous polyoocyte follicles, the ovulation of an immature oocyte (GV stage, non-fertilizable) and a peri-ovulatory period during which concentrations of circulating progesterone are particularly high. The aim of this review is to examine the unusual aspects of the reproductive physiology of dogs and how this relates to the clinical biology of this species.

Airdrome Line Image Recognition Algorithm

Airdrome line recognition system can recognize the deformity areas of the airdrome lines, and send their information to the redraw system to redraw them. To gain the information of deformity areas of airdrome lines, according to the characters of airdrome lanes, we expressed a algorithms that use the number of white points every two lines as the eigenvalue of a graphic, after pretreated and divide the images, with the rules predefined the algorithms can recognized the location and size information of the deformity areas, which can be useful for the redraw system.

Tunable full color emission from single-phase LiSr3.99−xDy0.01(BO3)3:xEu3+ phosphors

Abstract Tunable full color emissive LiSr3.99−xDy0.01(BO3)3:xEu3+ (0≤x≤0.09) phosphors peaked at 481 nm (blue), 574 nm (yellow), 592 nm (orange), and 617 nm (red) were synthesized in air by high temperature solid-state reaction route. The as-synthesized phosphors were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence excitation (PLE) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The PLE spectra in the range from 200 to 500 nm include an Eu–O charge transfer band (CTB) and several 4f–4f transition peaks of Dy3+ and Eu3+, indicating its potential application in white light emitting diodes (LEDs). The effect of Eu3+ concentration on the emission intensity of LiSr3.99−xDy0.01(BO3)3:xEu3+ phosphors was investigated in detail and the optical concentration is found to be x=0.005. The CIE chromaticity coordinates for LiSr3.99−xDy0.01(BO3)3:xEu3+ phosphors are simulated. With an increase in Eu3+ ion concentration, the chromaticity color coordinates can be tuned efficiently from the border of greenish white region to its equal-energy white light point, and eventually to red region. All the results imply that the studied LiSr3.99−xDy0.01(BO3)3:xEu3+ phosphors could be potentially used as white LEDs.

What happens after enrollment? An analysis of the time path of racial differences in GPA and major choice

Abstract Abstract At the private university we analyze, the gap between white and black grade point averages falls by half between the students' freshmen and senior year. This outcome could suggest that affirmative action policies are playing a key role to reduce racial differences. However, this convergence masks two effects. First, the variance of grades given falls across time. Hence, shrinkage in the level of the gap may not imply shrinkage in the class rank gap. Second, grading standards differ across courses in different majors. We show that controlling for these two features virtually eliminates any convergence of black/white grades. In fact, black/white gpa convergence is symptomatic of dramatic shifts by blacks from initial interest in the natural sciences, engineering, and economics to majors in the humanities and social sciences. We show that natural science, engineering, and economics courses are more difficult, associated with higher study times, and have harsher grading standards; all of which translate into students with weaker academic backgrounds being less likely to choose these majors. Indeed, we show that accounting for academic background can fully account for average differences in switching behavior between blacks and whites.

Varied Appearances of Chronic Endometritis at Hysteroscopy

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate high resolution hysteroscopic images taken in different cases of chronic endometritis. Retrospective analysis of hysteroscopic images. A private hysteroscopic surgery centre. Consecutive cases in which hysteroscopy was indicated between 1993 and 2012. High resolution hysteroscopic images were taken in cases where chronic endometritis was suspected. Such images were later analyzed in greater detail to study and establish morphological features associated with the disease. The diagnosis of the disease was based on histologic and hysteroscopic findings. We observed that at fluid hysteroscopy chronic endometritis was characterized by focal or diffuse hyperemia, superficial vascularisation, edema and micropolyps. The hyperaemic areas contained endometrial glands with a prominent white central point surrounded by hyperaemia. Close up visualization revealed that in some cases endometrial glands were surrounded by independent circular reddish zones while in other cases hyperaemia was diffuse/in appearance/in nature. On rare occasions the hyperaemia presented as single or multiple concentric rings. The stromal edema frequently resulted in an undulating bumpy endometrial surface. In many cases micropolyps could be detected by utilizing 40x at source panoramic visualization and most micropolyps demonstrated independent vascular architecture comprising of afferent efferent vessels. In some cases the micropolyps were translucent while in other cases the micropolyps were opaque to light. All described findings were not necessararily present in each and every case. Chronic endometritis thus exhibited a morphology which varied from case to case. Evaluation of the hysteroscopic images helped us better diagnose chronic endometritis at hysteroscopy. In this presentation we shall show high definition hysteroscopy images related to 30 different cases of chronic endometritis. We believe that these images shall help the viewers to appreciate the varied endometrial appearances observed in chronic endometritis.

P1-5: Effect of Luminance Contrast on the Color Selective Responses in the Inferior Temporal Cortex Neurons of the Macaque Monkey

Although the relationship between color signal and luminance signal is an important problem in visual perception, relatively little is known about how the luminance contrast affects the responses of color selective neurons in the visual cortex. In this study, we examined this problem in the inferior temporal (IT) of the awake monkey performing a visual fixation task. Single neuron activities were recorded from the anterior and posterior color selective regions in IT cortex (AITC and PITC) identified in previous studies where color selective neurons are accumulated. Color stimuli consisted of 28 stimuli that evenly distribute across the gamut of the CRT display defined on the CIE- xychromaticity diagram at two different luminance levels (5 cd/m 2or 20 cd/m 2) and 2 stimuli at white points. The background was maintained at 10 cd/m 2gray. We found that the effect of luminance contrast on the color selectivity was markedly different between AITC and PITC. When we examined the correlation between the responses...

Does the White Stork Ciconia ciconia reflect farmland bird diversity?

The White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) is an icon of nature protection and one of the easiest birds to monitor, particularly in Central Europe. Here avian biodiversity was compared between sites (territories) occupied by nesting White Storks and sites that were formerly occupied but were unoccupied during the two study years, and often for several preceding years. The study was conducted in Western Poland during two breeding seasons, 2007 and 2008, involving 43 and 54 territories, respectively. Moreover, information on nest oc-cupancy and breeding success of White Storks since 2005 was used as a measure of habi-tat quality. Breeding bird diversity was significantly higher in occupied than in unoccu-pied White Stork territories. Bird diversity was also higher in territories with better White Stork chick productivity in the period 2005–2008. Even greater differentiation in bird di-versity might have been achieved between occupied White Stork territories and random sampling points in similar habitat.

Improved Sensorimotor Performance via Stochastic Resonance

Several studies about noise-enhanced balance control in humans support the hypothesis that stochastic resonance can enhance the detection and transmission in sensorimotor system during a motor task. The purpose of the present study was to extend these findings in a simpler and controlled task. We explored whether a particular level of a mechanical Gaussian noise (0-15 Hz) applied on the index finger can improve the performance during compensation for a static force generated by a manipulandum. The finger position was displayed on a monitor as a small white point in the center of a gray circle. We considered a good performance when the subjects exhibited a low deviation from the center of this circle and when the performance had less variation over time. Several levels of mechanical noise were applied on the manipulandum. We compared the performance between zero noise (ZN), optimal noise (ON), and high noise (HN). In all subjects (8 of 8) the data disclosed an inverted U-like graph between the inverse of the mean variation in position and the input noise level. In other words, the mean variation was significantly smaller during ON than during ZN or HN. The findings suggest that the application of a tactile-proprioceptive noise can improve the stability in sensorimotor performance via stochastic resonance. Possible explanations for this improvement in motor precision are an increase of the peripheral receptors sensitivity and of the internal stochastic resonance, causing a better sensorimotor integration and an increase in corticomuscular synchronization.

Chromaticity and correlated color temperature of the white point in medical liquid–crystal display

The color characteristics of medical liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) have become one of the main interests in quality assurance and quality control of medical display devices. It is necessary to evaluate variations of the color characteristics in medical LCDs in order to provide consistent color characteristics for image reading. In this study, we characterize the color characteristics in grayscale images displayed on medical LCDs. Eight medical color LCDs and eight medical monochrome LCDs were used in this study with operating times ranging from 800 to 25 000 h. Default settings of correlated color temperature (CCT) of white points for all color LCDs were set at 7500 K. We measured chromaticity in the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) u'v' color space and CCT of the white point at 18 luminance levels. A colorimeter and grayscale test patterns with various luminance levels were used for the measurements. First, we examined differences in chromaticity and CCT at 18 luminance levels for each LCD. Second, we compared chromaticities of the different LCDs. Then, chromaticity and CCT of LCDs were measured at different ambient light conditions (30 and 560 lux) and compared to those measured in a dark room. Finally, the relationship between operating times and CCT was evaluated. The chromaticities of monochrome LCDs changed toward the blue and CCT increased as luminance decreased. In color LCDs, the chromaticity and CCT of the white point except at the minimum luminance were nearly constant to those measured at the maximum luminance. We observed differences in chromaticity between color and monochrome LCDs because of the nonadjustable white point of monochrome LCDs. When the ambient light increased, chromaticity varied, and CCT decreased on every LCD. Ambient light had a much greater impact on chromaticity and CCT at lower luminance levels. The CCT of LCDs decreased in longer operating times. The grayscale of LCDs with longer operating times was measured to be more yellowish due to the degradation of cold cathode fluorescent lamps. Our results clearly indicate that the white point in grayscale images displayed on medical LCDs changes depending on luminance levels, color or monochrome LCDs, ambient light conditions, and operating times. These data provide useful information to understand color characteristics of LCD for image reading, especially for quality assurance and quality control of LCDs.

The face-selective N170 component is modulated by facial color

Faces play an important role in social interaction by conveying information and emotion. Of the various components of the face, color particularly provides important clues with regard to perception of age, sex, health status, and attractiveness. In event-related potential (ERP) studies, the N170 component has been identified as face-selective. To determine the effect of color on face processing, we investigated the modulation of N170 by facial color. We recorded ERPs while subjects viewed facial color stimuli at 8 hue angles, which were generated by rotating the original facial color distribution around the white point by 45° for each human face. Responses to facial color were localized to the left, but not to the right hemisphere. N170 amplitudes gradually increased in proportion to the increase in hue angle from the natural-colored face. This suggests that N170 amplitude in the left hemisphere reflects processing of facial color information.

Flexible White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube:Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Poly(styrene sulfonate) Transparent Conducting Film

Single-walled carbon nanotube:poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) hybrid film (SWCNT:PEDOT/PSS) hybrid conducting film was obtained by using spray-coating technique, based on which a white flexible organic light emitting diode (FOLED) was fabricated with the structure of SWCNT:PEDOT/PSS/N,N-diphenyl-N,N-bis(1-napthyl)-1,1-biphenyl-4,4-diamine/5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene:4,4'-bis(2,2'-diphenylvinyl)-1,1'-biphenyl/4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline/LiF/Al. The hybrid film exhibited superior surface morphology, electrical conductivity to the pure SWCNT network. The as-fabricated FOLED showed a stable white emission that is close to the equi-energy white point upon bending, and the light-emitting efficiency of the device was significantly improved by using the hybrid film as anode. The hybrid film holds promise for application in flexible lighting and display.

Flexible White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube:Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Poly(styrene sulfonate) Transparent Conducting Film

Single-walled carbon nanotube:poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) hybrid film (SWCNT:PEDOT/PSS) hybrid conducting film was obtained by using spray-coating technique, based on which a white flexible organic light emitting diode (FOLED) was fabricated with the structure of SWCNT:PEDOT/PSS/N,N-diphenyl-N,N-bis(1-napthyl)-1,1-biphenyl-4,4-diamine/5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene:4,4'-bis(2,2'-diphenylvinyl)-1,1'-biphenyl/4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline/LiF/Al. The hybrid film exhibited superior surface morphology, electrical conductivity to the pure SWCNT network. The as-fabricated FOLED showed a stable white emission that is close to the equi-energy white point upon bending, and the light-emitting efficiency of the device was significantly improved by using the hybrid film as anode. The hybrid film holds promise for application in flexible lighting and display.

Do chestnut, northern red, and white oak germinant seedlings respond similarly to light treatments? II. Gas exchange and chlorophyll responses

Understanding differences in physiological and growth strategies in low-light environments among upland oak species may help managers address the challenges of oaks’ poor regeneration. Gas exchange and chlorophyll content were measured for northern red oak ( Quercus rubra L.), chestnut oak ( Quercus prinus L.), and white oak ( Quercus alba L.) germinants grown at 25%, 18%, and 6% of full sun in one of two native forest soil mixes for two summers. Northern red and chestnut oak photosynthesis at saturating light (Amax, mass) increased by 23%–36% as light levels increased from 6% to 25% of full sun, while white oak Amax, massdeclined by 20% and plateaued at 18% of full sun. White oak light compensation point is representative of deep shade (7.2 µmol·m–2·s–1), while northern red and chestnut oak averaged 17.8 µmol·m–2·s–1. Total chlorophyll content increased as light levels decreased for all species. Of the three species, the slow-growing white oak seedlings appeared to be more efficient in utilizing light than northern red or chestnut oak seedlings. This suggests no additional benefits to increasing light above that typically found in a light shelterwood cut; however, it is crucial to control faster-growing competing vegetation.

TU-E-217A-01: Informatics 1: DICOM and the QMP, Assessment of Color Displays.

1. Understand the processes involved with development of the DICOM Standard. 2. Learn how any Medical Physicist can become involved in the process of developing the DICOM Standard 3. Learn the charge and structure of WG28 and their current Work Items. Medical color monitors are now widely used for Diagnostic Radiology interpretations. Business class monitors are otherwise used for medical image presentation in clinical departments. Both the AAPM and IEC are now developing recommendations and standards for color monitor performance assessment in medicine. The basic principles of color vision and metrology will be reviewed and current progress with AAPM and IEC working groups will be summarized. 1. Understand the tristimulus model for human color vision. 2. Understand the ICC color management framework. 3. Understand the ICC color management framework. 4. Learn how to make color measurements. 5. Learn new recommendations for color white point specification.

Auto White Balance Algorithm in Digital Camera

Auto white balance (AWB) is an important function of digital camera. The purpose of white balance is to adjust the image to make it look like taken under standard light conditions. We present a new technique to detect the reference white point of image in this paper. This technique detects the white point of image by using dynamic threshold method, thus making it more flexible and more applicable compared to other algorithms. We test 50 images which were taken under different light sources, and find that this algorithm is better than or comparable to other algorithms both in subjective and objective aspects. At the same time, this algorithm has low complexity, and it can be easily applied to hardware implementation.

Pixel distribution shifting color correction for digital color images

This paper is concerned with a proposed color correction method called the Pixel Distribution Shifting Color Correction (PDSCC). This method employs a shifting process on the pixel distribution of a color image to correct its white reference point and ensure the white reference point is achromatic. The proposed method has been tested on numerous types of images which include indoor, outdoor, and underwater images. The qualitative and quantitative analyses have shown ample evidence that the proposed method outperforms some state-of-the-art methods, such as the Grey World, the White Patch and the General Grey World methods. The resultant images are viewed to be more natural and suggest more pleasant visualization without the intervention of the saturation problem.

Compensation of de-saturation effect in HDR imaging using a real scene adaptation model

The iCAM06, a high dynamic range rendering process, contains chromatic adaptation method based on the CIECAM02 model. The D factor, degree of adaptation, in the chromatic adaptation of the iCAM06 is the function of the adapting luminance level, but it does not consider the visual white point shift according to the variation of luminance level. The iCAM06 acquires a blurred illuminant image. So, each pixel has a different illuminant color. When some of the colors cover the entire image, a de-saturation effect appears around these colors. The simply modified D factor to reduce the de-saturation effect causes unsuitable changes in the degree of adaptation. Therefore, we propose a new method to find the global illuminant information and the D factor for the illuminant in the HDR image rendering process. Comparing the proposed with the conventional method, we confirm that the proposed method provides better illuminant estimation and color representation.

Color space transformations for digital photography exploiting information about the illuminant estimation process

The color reproduction accuracy is a key factor to the overall perceived image quality in digital photography. In this framework, both the illuminant estimation process and the color correction matrix concur in the formation of the overall perceived image quality. To the best of our knowledge, the two processes have always been studied separately, thus ignoring the interactions between them. We investigate here these interactions, showing how the color correction transform amplifies the illuminant estimation errors. We demonstrate that incorporating knowledge about the illuminant estimation behavior in the optimization of the color correction matrix makes it possible to alleviate the error amplification. Different strategies to improve color accuracy under both perfect and imperfect white point estimations are investigated, and the experimental results obtained with a digital camera simulator are reported.

Blocking Delaunay triangulations

Given a set B of n black points in general position, we say that a set of white points W blocks B if in the Delaunay triangulation of B∪W there is no edge connecting two black points. We give the following bounds for the size of the smallest set W blocking B: (i) 3n/2 white points are always sufficient to block a set of n black points, (ii) if B is in convex position, 5n/4 white points are always sufficient to block it, and (iii) at least n−1 white points are always necessary to block a set of n black points.

Lightness perception in high dynamic range images: Local and remote luminance effects

We measured the perceived lightness of target patches embedded in high dynamic range checkerboards. We independently varied the luminance of checks immediately surrounding the test and those remote from it. The data establish context transfer functions (CTFs) that characterize perceptual matches across checkerboard contexts. Several features of the CTFs are broadly consistent with previous research: Matched luminance decreases when overall context luminance decreases; matched luminance increases when overall context luminance increases; manipulating context locations near the target has a greater effect than manipulating locations far from the target patch. The measured CTFs are not well described, however, by changes with context in multiplicative gain alone or by changes in both multiplicative and subtractive adaptation parameters. We were able to fit the data with a three-parameter model of adaptation. This allowed us to characterize the CTFs by specifying the luminances that appeared white, black, and gray (white point, black point, and gray point, respectively). The white and black points depended additively on the local and remote contrasts, but accounting for the gray point required an interaction term. Analysis of this effect suggests that the target patch itself must be included in a description of the visual context.