White Nile State Research Articles

Rheological properties of Prosopis Chilensis Gum

في هذه الدراسة تم جمع عشرين عينة من صمغ بروسوبيس شيلنسيس، من موقعين مختلفين، ولاية النيل الأبيض الصقيعة وولاية الجزيرة كرتوب تم استخدام عينتين كل عينة مكونة من مجموعة عينات المنطقة لتحضير ريولوجي، وأظهرت النتائج أن هذا الصمغ له منحنيات بين معدل القص واللزوجة وعندما ينخفض معدل القص تدريجيا (تزيد اللزوجة تدريجيا) وعندما يزيد معدل القص تدريجيا (تنخفض اللزوجة تدريجيا) لهذه التركيزات المختلفة (10،20،30،40 ، 50% وزن على حجم) ،أظهرت منحنيات ريولوجي صمغ بروسوبيس شيلنسيس سلوكاً مشابهاً جدا مقارنة بريولوجي صمغ أكيشيا تورتلس صنف تورتلس.

Serological investigations of peste des petits ruminants among cattle in the Sudan.

During 2015 and 2016, from five different States of the Sudan, a total of 1000 cattle sera were purposively collected from many herds of apparently healthy cattle regardless of their age, sex, and breed. Assessment of the sero-prevalence of PPRV antibodies using competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) yielded a higher overall sero-prevalence of 42.0% (420/1000) among cattle populations in the Sudan which is higher than previously reported. Within Sudanese States under study, the highest sero-prevalence of 53.5% (107/200 sera) was demonstrated in Khartoum State while the least sero-prevalence of 31.5% (63/200 sera) was demonstrated in White Nile State. The higher PPRV sero-prevalence values detected in cattle suggested the potential exposure of cattle to PPRV via contact with infected small ruminants and thus might be an indicator of infection of small ruminants. There is a need to include serological surveillance of PPR in cattle within the sero-monitoring program of PPR to give a better indication of the national herd immunity and to assess in the ongoing eradication program.

Food Behavior and Consumption Pattern in Rural White Nile of Sudan

Food consumption and nutrition intakes it seem as a major problem in rural area of White Nile state in Sudan, in spite of this area is rich of food production resource, through this study we had tried to know the pattern of food consumption and nutritional intaking in this area by taking six groups of food. The measurement of food security in the State was assessing through a household survey data. The author used Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (AL-AIDS) to estimate food price and expenditure elasticities and also used the nutrient demand model, in addition to the impact of the household characteristics on food and nutrition demand behavior; the result in term of cross price elasticity showed positive sign indicating response of substitution, in addition to the expenditure elasticities for all food groups showed positive signs excluding the oil group; generally, according to the nutrient demand model the result showed the household characteristics influence the nutrition intaking for all members of family, in other hand the regional factor appears to have negative impact between localities within the study area; finally, strongly recommended that the federal government strategy and policies for food security will be directed toward to the food supply and designed to increase income and procurement power.

Urinary schistosomiasis among basic school children in a new irrigated sugar scheme area, White Nile State, Sudan

Urinary Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by blood flukes of the genus schistosoma and being a major source of morbidity and mortality in tropical and developing countries The study aim to determine the prevalence rates of Urinary Schistosomiasis among schoolchildren in White Nile State El Qeteena Locality at White Nile Sugar Scheme a new irrigated Scheme A school based descriptive study design was used among basic school children during the period December to April The study was conducted in basic schools in the area of White Nile Sugar Scheme at White Nile State ndash El Qeteena Locality school children were included in the study The collected data through the questionnaire and the checklist were analyzed using the SPSS of the sampled schoolchildren had urinary Schistosomiasis the highest prevalence of S haematobium was reported in the age group years followed by the group years The overall prevalence of for female and for the male According to the statistical analysis there was relation between environmental sanitation and the prevalence of infection Lack of healthy drinking water and inadequate number of latrines were the main factors associated with the disease transmission

Influence of Environmental Factors on Breeding Habitats of Mosquito Species in Kosti City, White Nile State, Sudan

This study was conducted in Kosti town, White Nile State, Sudan, to determine the effect of the temperature and turbidity of water on breeding habitats of different species of mosquitoes. Data of water, temperature and turbidity were recorded. Immature stages of mosquitoes, collected by the dipping method from breeding habitats in three residential areas in Kosti town, were reared to adult stage and identified. It was found that the mean temperature of the water body from where large numbers were recovered ranged between 28-35°C. Aquatic stages of the mosquitos also, preferred water with high turbidity ranging from 451 to 650 ppm. The result concluded the early stage of most mosquito species were significantly positively correlated with temperature and turbidity of water.

The role of two parasitological staining techniques in diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis among diarrhoeic patient’s admitted to kosti teaching hospital, white nile state, sudan

The role of two parasitological staining techniques in diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis among diarrhoeic patient’s admitted to kosti teaching hospital, white nile state, sudan

Comparison of ELISA and Urine Microscopy for Diagnosis ofSchistosoma haematobiumInfection

BackgroundSchistosoma haematobium which causes urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) is highly prevalent in African countries. Urine microscopy (UM) is the first-line diagnostic method of UGS. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a common method for screening many parasite infections primarily or alternatively. The present study established an in-house diagnostic system by ELISA and evaluated its diagnostic efficacy in comparison with UM for screening UGS in White Nile State, Republic of Sudan, 2011–2013.MethodsA total of 490 participants were screened by UM or ELISA, and 149 by both. The in-house ELISA system was established employing soluble egg antigen of S. haematobium and the cut-off absorbance was set at 0.270.ResultsOf the 149 subjects, 58 participants (38.9%) were positive by UM, 119 (79.9%) were positive by ELISA and 82 (55.0%) showed consistently positive or negative results by both methods. The diagnostic sensitivity of ELISA was 94.8% and specificity was 29.7% based on UM results. The ELISA positive serum samples also cross-reacted with egg antigens of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum.ConclusionWe have established in-house ELISA for screening serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies by employing soluble egg antigen of S. haematobium for diagnosis of UGS with 94.8% sensitivity and 29.7% specificity. The ELISA system can supplement the conventional diagnosis by UM.

Nutritional Composition and Fatty Acids Analysis of <i>Capparis decidua</i> L. Fruits

The aim of this study was to find out the nutritional value, fatty acids and mineral composition of fruits of Capparis decidua L. This has been carried out by analyzing chemical composition for samples of the plant collected from Goz Abu kelab, Algutaina Road, White Nile State, Sudan. The proximate analysis and fatty acids composition were determined by analyzing sample of identified plants using different methods. The results of analysis showed that the fruits of C. decidua. contain total ash (6.34±0.06%), moisture (5.18±0.01%), total oil percentage (6.02±0.02%), crude fiber (6.19±0.5%), crude protein (14.32±0.2%), total carbohydrates (61.95±0.03%) and total sugar (0.42±0.1%). The fixed oil extracted from fruits were evaluated for chemical composition. The GC-FID analysis showed the presence of various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids such as Lauric acid (0.2080%) methyl ester, Tri decanoic acid methyl ester (0.3035%), Myristic acid methyl ester (0.5851%), palmatic acid methyl ester (46.0220%), Lamda-Linolenic acid methyl ester (0.6700%), Linolelaidic acid methyl ester (45.7910%), Cis- 11-Eicosenoic acid methyl ester (3.9941%), Arachidonic acid methyl ester (0.3080%), Erucic acid methyl ester (1.6876%) and Tricosanoic acid methyl ester (0.4307%). Fruits of C.decidua contained iron (81.8 mg/100g), sodium (26.9 mg/100g), potassium (2969.6 mg/100g), calcium (14.1 mg/100g) and manganese was not detected but it might been found in trace undetectable amounts. Generally, proximate compositions revealed that C.decidua fruits have better nutritional value as food and livestock feedstuff.

Two New Records of Odonata in White Nile State, Sudan

Two New Records of Odonata in White Nile State, Sudan

Identification and Classification of Sand Flies Species and It’s Habitats in El-Kadaba Village, White Nile State, Sudan

Sand flies are a group of dipterans insects belonging to the subfamily Phlebotomine, family Psychodidae. Members of sand flies are delicate and can be easily recognized by their brownish colour, small size (1.5-2.5 mm), hairy appearance, long slender legs, jerky flight pattern and the characteristic manner in which they hold their pointed wings at an angle of 45° above their body. In this study, an entomological survey was carried out during June 2008 in El-Kadaba village (White Nile State, Sudan) to determine sandfly fauna and to identify sand flies vector(s). Sandflies were collected using sticky paper and light traps. Ten species of sandflies were recorded, three Phlebotomus species and seven Sergentomyia species of these sandflies, P. rodhaini was collected only from Acacia seyal/Balanitiesaegyptiaca at the Island whereas S. hunti was collected from the Acacia nilotica forest only of the total collections, P. orientalis representing 3.80% (248 specimens) of the total collection and P. papatasiwere 3.11% of the collection. The abundant species recorded in the area were S. sqaumipluer is (39.76%), S. clydei (25.89%) and S. antennatus (12.39%). Phlebotomusorientalis were collected significantly in higher numbers from the Island (Acacia/Balanities thicket) (5.50±0.98), than the village (3.25±0.72). According to results of this study we recommended the following: more studies must be done in future to cover all the belt of sand flies to determine all species of sand flies in Sudan. Annually Entomological survies must be done to determine density of Sandfly Vectors and Encourage the use of personal protection tools (ITNs), repellents, and improving of houses to avoid bite of sand fly.

Hydrological studies in the White Nile State in Sudan

The present study was aimed to study the hydrological system in the arid areas of White Nile State, Sudan using remote sensing and GIS tools. Information on topography and soils had been extracted using ASTR, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), with 90m horizontal resolution and Sudan General Soil Map with scale 1:25,000 using digitized method to form the GIS database. Land use/cover information was derived from remotely sensed data of Land sat Thematic Mapper of the year 2014. The vegetation cover was estimated using the normalized different vegetation index (NDVI). One sub-basin was delineated using a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and the total acreage in different slope classes was estimated. These maps were used as input variables to derive a modified Soil Conservation Service (SCS) runoff curve number. The SCS runoff curve number model was applied to estimate the runoff depth for individual storm as (return period) event and summed up to derive the annual runoff potential for the sub-basin. All morphometric and hydrological characteristics for the elected sub-basin were extracted and illustrated and given in different tables, which include the stream numbers, the shape factor of the basin, the slope condition of the basin, the streams lengths, and the basin area and so on. The total surface water (runoff) in depth and volume potential for harvesting is 1.507mm (depth) and 309,078.09volm3. The results demonstrate the capability of GIS and its application for water harvesting planning over larger semiarid areas.

Spectral mixture analysis (SMA) and change vector analysis (CVA) methods for monitoring and mapping land degradation/desertification in arid and semiarid areas (Sudan), using Landsat imagery

The severe Sahel catastrophe in 1968–1974 as well as repeated famines and food shortage that have hit many African countries during the 1970s have highlighted the need for further research concerning land degradation and environmental monitoring in arid and semi-arid areas. Land degradation, and desertification processes in arid and semi-arid environment were increased in the last four decades, especially in the developing countries like Sudan. To test to what extent remote sensing and geographical information science (GIS) methodologies and techniques could be used for monitoring changes in arid and semi-arid regions and environment, these methodologies have long been suggested as a time and cost-efficient method. In this frame, spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA), Object-based oriented classification (Segmentation), and Change Vector Analysis are recently much recommended as a most suitable method for monitoring and mapping land cover changes in arid and semi-arid environment. Therefor the aim of this study is to use these methods and techniques for environmental monitoring with emphasis on desertification and to find model that can describe and map the status and rate of desertification processes and land cover changes in semi-arid areas in White Nile State (Sudan) by using multi-temporal imagery of the Landsat satellite TM (1987), TM (2000), and ETM+ (2014) respectively. The paper also discusses and evaluates the efficiency of the adapted methodologies in monitoring the land degradation processes and changes in the arid and semi-arid regions.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Among Mothers Towards Insecticide-Treated Nets in Abuharira Village -Um Remta Locality- The White Nile State -2015

Malaria is the most prevalent parasitic endemic disease in North Sudan, 75% of the total population is at risk. WHO recommends the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) an effective malaria control strategy. This study was aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of mother’s about Insecticide-Treated Nets as one of the preventive measures against malaria. This is a descriptive community based study of (295) mothers living in Abo Harira village in North Sudan. The pre-tested structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Multivariate logistic regression was used to study association between the dependent and independent variables, using Spss version 20. The study showed that more than half (55.9%) of mothers had good knowledge regarding ITNs, In spite of good knowledge about ITNs, (66.8 %( of mothers still had negative attitude and only (27.8%) reported always sleeping under it. Multivariate analysis suggested that mothers aged ≤31 years were more likely to have good knowledge about ITNs compared with mother with age ≥ 32 years [OR; 0.5174 (95% CI: 0.2974-0.9001)]. Similarly, mothers who had formal education were more likely to have knowledge about ITNs, two time higher than those with informal education [OR; 2.2 (95% CI: 1.274-3.788)]. We observed that mothers with age ≤31 years had positive attitudes towards ITNs [OR=0.461; 95%CI= (0.2578-0.8232)]. In addition, mothers with formal education were more likely to have positive attitude toward ITNs two time higher than those with informal education [OR; 1.99 (95% CI: 1.1182-3.5731)]. Only association between income and practice is evident. Higher income group is more likely to practice preventive activities two time higher than those with low income group [OR; 1.69 (95% CI: 1.0158-2.8214)]. We Conclude that the attitude and practice of mothers to ITNs in this study was poor. Multivariate analysis revealed that knowledge of mothers about ITNs has significant association with age and education, also illustrate that mothers attitude towards ITNs has significant association with age, mother’s work, education and monthly income. Therefore, Education System and the Malaria Control Programme in North Sudan should work closely, especially on malaria education for behaviour change as a key element for increasing utilization of ITNs.

Upper Cretaceous to Neogene Palynology of the Rawat Basin, White Nile State, Sudan

The palynology of the Upper Cretaceous to Neogene non-marine succession in the Rawat Basin, White Nile State Sudan was investigated. An attempt was made to determine the relative age, and depositional environment of the studied interval. Based on the stratigraphic distribution of selected pollen and spores from two exploration wells, seven informal palynozones from the Campanian to the Neogene are proposed. The zones, in stratigraphically ascending order, are as follows: Assemblage Zone I, Campanian (Gelhak Formation); Assemblage Zone II, Maastrichtian (Melut Formation); Assemblage Zone III, Eocene (Yabus Formation); Assemblage Zone IV, Oligocene (Adar Formation); Assemblage Zone V, Oligocene/Miocene (Jimidi Formation); Assemblage Zone VI, Miocene (Miadol Formation); Assemblage Zone VII, Miocene/Pliocene (Daga and Agor formations). The ages are based on stratigraphic ranges of marker species in contemporaneous basins in Africa and South America and a series of assemblage species such as Ladakhipollenites lehmanii, Triorites sp (Zone I), Proteacidites sigalii (Zone II), Proxapertites operculatus (Zone III), Deltoidospora cf. africana (Zone IV), Magnastriatites howardii (Zone V), Cyathidites minor (Zone VI), Verrucatosporites usmensis (Zone VII). The paleo-environment of deposition were determined to range from fluvial to lacustrine environments.

Prevalence of Intestinal Schistosomiasis among Basic School Children in White Nile Sugar Scheme a New Irrigated Project, White Nile State, Sudan

Intestinal Schistosomiasis is one of the most public health problems caused by blood-dwelling flukes in the world especially where irrigated Schemes established with bad sanitation. The objective is to determine the prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis among school children in White Nile State-El Qeteena Locality, Sudan. A school-based descriptive study design was conducted among basic school children at White Nile sugar scheme, El Qeteena locality during the period December 2014 to April 2015. A standardized administered questionnaire was developed, then pre-tested and used for data collection and stool examination was done for a total of 480 school children were selected. The collected data through the questionnaire and the checklist were analyzed using the SPSS. The overall prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis was 25.6%. The highest prevalence of S. mansoni was reported in the age group (9-12) years 47.2% followed by the group over 12 years (31.7%). The overall prevalence of (15.4%) for female and (84.6%) for the male. Inadequate numbers of latrines with bad sanitation were the main risk factors associated with the disease transmission. On the basis of the results and according to the statistical analysis there was a relation between environmental sanitation and the prevalence of infection. The intestinal schistosomiasis infection is important health problem among school children and further control program must be done in the area of the study.

Evaluation of plasma Creatine Kinase activity and Inorganic phosphate among Sudanese patients with sickle cell disease in Khartoum and White Nile state

Evaluation of plasma Creatine Kinase activity and Inorganic phosphate among Sudanese patients with sickle cell disease in Khartoum and White Nile state

Evaluation of Plasma Creatine Kinase Activity and Inorganic Phosphate among Sudanese Patients with Sickle Cell Disease in Khartoum and White Nile State

Evaluation of Plasma Creatine Kinase Activity and Inorganic Phosphate among Sudanese Patients with Sickle Cell Disease in Khartoum and White Nile State

The Role of Health Promoters in Raising Mothers of Under-Five Children Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Malaria

A community-based intervention study was conducted in rural area of White Nile State, A total of 412 mothers of under-five children were selected randomly. To assess the role of health promoters in improving knowledge, developing positive attitudes and enhancing the practices of preventive activities against malaria among mothers of under-five children. Pre and Post data was collected using. A pre-coded, pre-tested, structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed through Statistical software Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18. The results of the study show that; after intervention, the mean of mothers’ knowledge of malaria increased significantly from 16.5 before intervention to 26 after intervention (p<0.001). Furthermore a positive attitude is developed that considerably increased from 75.2% pre-intervention to 99.3% post-intervention (p<0.05), (OR=2.25). Moreover, the average mean practices score is increased significantly from 6.1 before intervention to 13.3 out of a maximum of 18, after intervention (p<0.001). Based on our results a considerable increase was observed in the average means of mothers’ knowledge, thus develop a positive attitude towards malaria and practice like use of preventives measured against malaria.

Assessment of Maternal Knowledge of Under Five Year's Children regards Malnutrition and Related Factors in Kosti and Tandalty Hospital, White Nile State, Sudan

Assessment of Maternal Knowledge of Under Five Year's Children regards Malnutrition and Related Factors in Kosti and Tandalty Hospital, White Nile State, Sudan

Communication for behavioural impact in enhancing utilization of insecticide-treated bed nets among mothers of under-five children in rural North Sudan: an experimental study.

BackgroundMalaria is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Sudan. The entire population is at risk of contracting malaria to different levels. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of communication for behavioural impact (COMBI) strategy in enhancing the utilization of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) among mothers of under-five children in rural areas.MethodsA randomized community trial was conducted in rural area of Kosti locality, White Nile State, Sudan, among mothers of under-five children, from January 2013 to February 2014. A total of 761 mothers from 12 villages were randomly selected, 412 mothers from intervention villages and 349 were from comparison villages.ResultsThe knowledge of mothers, in intervention villages, about malaria vector, personal protective measures (PPM) against malaria, and efficacy of LLINs was significantly increased from 86.9 to 97.3 %; 45.9 to 92 % and 77.7 to 96.1 % respectively. Knowledge about usefulness of PPM, types of mosquito nets and efficacy of LLINs was significantly higher in intervention villages compared to comparison villages (p < 0.05), (η2 = 0.64). Mothers in intervention villages increasingly perceived, post-intervention, that malaria was a serious disease (99.3 %), a preventable disease (98.8 %) and also LLINs as an effective intervention in malaria prevention (92.2 %). This resulted in an increase in the utilization rate of LLINs from 19.2 to 82.8 % in intervention villages compared to comparison villages (p < 0.05) [OR = 4.6, 95 %, CI = (3.72–5.72)], (η2 = 0.64). The average of mothers’ knowledge about malaria was increased by 64 % (η2 = 0.64), the use of LLINs was increased by 79 % (η2 = 0.79) and a positive attitude towards malaria was 2.25 times higher in intervention villages than among mothers in the comparison villages.ConclusionsThese results established the usefulness of COMBI strategy for increasing awareness about malaria, developing a positive perception towards malaria prevention and, increasing the utilization of LLINs.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1551-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.