White Mud Research Articles

Utilization of the Alkaline White Mud as Cement-Based Materials for the Production of Cement

The effects of using alkaline white mud as substitutes for cement property in the process of clinker burning were investigated in this paper. Samples were prepared with adding 0.5-5.0% of alkaline white mud as substitutes for unit raw meal and then these mixtures were burned at 1450°C for 2 hrs. The results showed that the compressive strength and flexibility strength of the pastes were a little better than the plain sample. The concentrations of MgO, SO3 and chloride ions in clinkers were far below the limits in the standards when the addition of alkaline white mud was below the content of 5.0%. The Results also showed that the concentrations of free lime were in a growing tendency with the increasing of alkaline white mud. Moreover, the addition of AWM in raw meal increased the content of C3S phase in the clinker, something leading the increase of the setting times and enhances the strengths of the cement pastes in the early curing ages.

Treatment of Waste Cutting Oil Emulsions by Leaching Solutions of White Mud

A leaching solution of white mud was prepared from this waste material of soda production, and used for treatment of waste cutting oil emulsion. In alkaline conditions, the leaching solution of white mud generates hydroxide precipitates, which have relatively high specific surface area and excess surface energy, and readily adsorb the pollutants in waste cutting oil emulsion. The chemical composition of the white mud was determined and the hydroxide precipitates were characterized. The maximum removal efficiency (of turbidity, oil contents and TOC) was obtained at an adsorbent dosage of 4.0 g/L, pH 12.0 and 25°C. Leaching solutions of white mud could be used as an effective and low-cost material for treatment of waste cutting oil emulsion by the precipitation method.

Dissolution Rate of Paper White Mud at Constant pH

The dissolution of paper white mud(PWM) has been studied by pH-stat method in various parameters such as the pH values(4.3, 5.4, 6.0, 7.5), sorbent particle sizes (0-0.097mm, 0.097-0.105mm, 0.105-0.3mm), and the reaction temperature (30°C, 40°C, 50°C) in order to investigate the feasibility of using PWM as wet flue gas desulphurization sorbent. The results show that: the lower the pH value is, the higher the dissolution rate; particle size is the direct function of dissolution rate, the smaller the size is, the higher the dissolution rate, the optimal particle size in this work is 0-0.097mm; and reaction temperature has slightly influence on PWM dissolution. Kinetic analysis of the results show that the PWM dissolution is controlled by fluid film diffusion according to shrinking core model and the activation energy is 11.9±0.7 kJmol-1.

Experimental Study on Wet Desulphurization System of Large-Scale Thermal Power Plant with Ammonia Soda Solid Waste (White Mud)

In this paper, a field experiment of gas wet desulphurization with white mud and gypsum has been taken on one thermal power plant under the condition that the desulphurization system has not been renovated. the experimental result shows that the desulphurization ability of white mud is about 2% higher than limestone under the same PH value, so it’s feasible to apply the white mud as desulfurizer to the desulphurization system of large-scale thermal power plant, and the gypsum obtained after the desulphurization is better than that in limestone system, then the waste is all utilized. However, in practice, there is a need to increase the equipments for the corresponding slurry storage, preparation and supply, and also a capacity assessment for the dewatering system, wastes water system and process water system.

Preliminary Studies on the Preparation of New-Style White Mud / KGM Membrane

The influences of preparing conditions on mechanical properties of the white mud (WM) / Konjac glucomannan (KGM) composite film (MKG) were investigated by orthogonal experiments. Zeta potential analysis and DSC were used to characterize the properties of WM and MKG. The results show that the mechanical properties of MKG films can be enhanced through proper modification. Optimized processing parameters of MKG film are described as following: the ratio of KGM, WM, benzoic acid, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(LAS) and stearic acid was 100:14:2:0.24:0.14. 1.00 (wt) % of KGM powder was swelled in deionized water with WM modified by stearic acid, benzoic acid and LAS, stirred for 1.5 hour at 60°C and then paved on plate and dried at 40°C for 15 h to form the MKG film.

Sulfation behavior of white mud from paper manufacture as SO2 sorbent at fluidized bed combustion temperatures

The calcination characteristics, sulfation conversion, and sulfation kinetics of a white mud from paper manufacture at fluidized bed combustion temperatures were investigated in a thermogravimetric analyzer. Also, the comparison between the white mud and the limestone in sulfation behavior and microstructure was made. Although the white mud and the limestone both contain lots of CaCO3, they are different in the alkali metal ions content and microstructure. It results in a marked difference in sulfation behavior between the white mud and the limestone. The CaO derived from white mud achieves the maximum sulfation conversion of 83% at about 940 °C which is 1.7 times higher than that derived from limestone at about 880 °C. The shrinking unreacted core model is appropriate to analyze the sulfation kinetics of the white mud. The chemical reaction activation energy E a and the activation energy for product layer diffusion E p for the sulfation of the white mud are 44.94 and 55.61 kJ mol−1, respectively. E p for the limestone is 2.8 times greater than that for the white mud. The calcined white mud possesses higher surface area than the calcined limestone. Moreover, the calcined white mud has more abundant pores in 4–24 nm range which is almost optimum pore size for sulfation. It indicates that the microstructure of the white mud is beneficial for SO2 removal.

Removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solution by leaching solutions of white mud

A leaching solution of white mud was prepared from this waste material of soda production, and used in the removal of the model anionic dyes reactive bright red K-2BP, reactive light yellow K-6G, acid orange II and direct yellow R. In alkaline conditions, the leaching solution of white mud generates hydroxide precipitates, which have relatively high specific surface area and excess surface energy, and readily adsorb the dyestuffs. In this study, the chemical composition of the white mud was determined by X-ray fluorescence and the hydroxide precipitates were characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The maximum adsorption capacity was observed at an adsorbent dosage of 2.0 g/L, pH 12.0 and 293 K, which for reactive bright red K-2BP, reactive light yellow K-6G, acid orange II and direct yellow R were 416.7, 454.5, 769.2 and 2186.4 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption was consistent with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and was exothermic. Leaching data showed that the treated water was nontoxic. It is especially suitable for the treatment of alkaline dye effluents. The leaching solution also displayed significant removal of color and COD for the textile effluent from a printing and dyeing factory.

The effects of oil displacement agents on the stability of water produced from ASP (alkaline/surfactant/polymer) flooding

Alkaline/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding technology has been successfully used in Chinese oil fields, such as Daqing and Shengli. However, water produced from ASP flooding contains large quantities of residual chemicals (alkali, surfactant and polymer) making it a complex and stable emulsion system which is difficult to treat. The emulsion stability of water produced from ASP flooding was investigated by conducting settling experiments and measuring the oil–water interfacial properties. The experimental results showed that the addition of polymer (HPAM, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide) degrades the emulsion stability when its concentration is below 300 mg/L for the 1.2 × 10 7 MW polymer, and 800 mg/L for the 3.0 × 10 6 MW polymer. But it enhances the emulsion stability when polymer concentrations are above those levels. At low polymer concentrations, flocculation induced by the polymer on oil droplets in the produced water is the dominant factor, while at high polymer concentrations the produced water viscosity plays an important role in the emulsion stability. The adsorption of surfactant on the oil–water interface increases the zeta potentials and decreases interfacial tension, and thus remarkably enhances the emulsion stability. Furthermore, the emulsion stability is enhanced gradually with the increase of NaOH concentration up to 300 mg/L due to the increase of zeta potentials and decrease of interfacial tension, and then weakened with the further increase of NaOH concentration, which is attributed to the decreased strength of the interfacial film. A pilot experiment for the treatment of simulated water was done, and the result showed that the simulated produced water from ASP can be successfully treated by using a leaching solution of alkaline white mud.

Studies on the immunoreactivity of the major allergen tropomyosin in mantis shrimp (<I>Squilla oratoria</I>)

Crustacean is one of the eight kinds of allergen sources in coastal areas,which causes the IgE-mediated hypersensitive reactions with clinical manifestations including urticaria,angioedema,asthma,and even fatal anaphylaxis. Tropomyosin (TM) is the major allergen of decapod crustaceans with highly conserved amino acid sequences. The purpose of this study is to confirm whether TM is a major cross-reactive allergen in mantis shrimp (Squilla oratoria) which is taxonomically distinct from decapods and largely consumed as a delicacy in China. Quantification of TM in different species of crustaceans was also conducted. Muscle sample from mantis shrimp was homogenized with phosphate buffer to prepare heated extracts and separated by 12 % sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). A protein band with molecular mass of about 36 ku was detected by IgE-immunoblotting by all of the sera with crustacean allergy,suggesting it is the major allergen of mantis shrimp. This protein was further purified to homogeneity by acetone powder preparation,isoelectric point precipitation,ammonium sulfate fractionation (40%-60% saturation),and heat treatment. Purified protein was demonstrated to be TM by Western blot using polyclonal antibody against TM from Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Heated extracts from other crustaceans including mud crab (Scylla serrata),Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) and short necked clam (Venerupis variegata) were also prepared,and the cross-reactivity of TM from mantis shrimp with TMs from these crustaceans was confirmed by inhibition immunoblotting using polyclonal antibody against TM and inhibition ELISA using sera with crustacean allergy. Quantification by ELISA using polyclonal antibody against TM revealed that TM content in mantis shrimp muscle is much lower than that in Pacific white shrimp and mud crab muscle,which was about 45 times lower in mantis shrimp muscle than that in Pacific white shrimp muscle. However,its allergenicity seems equivalent to other decapod crustaceans as showed by inhibition ELISA using sera with crustacean allergy. This may be due to the degradation of TM in mantis shrimp by its endogenous serine proteinases and cathepsins which destroyed the IgG-binding epitope but not the IgE-binding epitopes. In conclusion,this study demonstrated that allergenicity of mantis shrimp is almost equivalent to decapods and TM is the major allergen in mantis shrimp with high cross-reactivity to decapod crustaceans.

Preparation of soil nutrient amendment using white mud produced in ammonia-soda process and its environmental assessment

A novel method to prepare soil nutrient amendment by calcining a mixture of white mud and potassium feldspar and its environmental assessment were investigated. Under the optimal conditions of a blending mass ratio of 70:30 for white mud to potassium feldspar, a calcination temperature of 1 000 °C, a calcination time of 1.5 h and spherulitic diameter of 2.0 cm, the calcined product, as a soil nutrient amendment, could be prepared with the following nutrient composition (mass fraction): K 2O 4.16%, CaO 23.43%, MgO 5.04%, SiO 2 22.92%, SO 4 2− 3.71%, and Cl − 3.87% in 0.1 mol/L citric acid solution. The concentrations of heavy metals in the calcined product and the emission concentrations of harmful gases from a mixture of white mud and potassium feldspar during calcination process could qualify the National Standards without causing secondary environmental pollution.

White mud letter to a dear dead friend

My face is covered in white mud from Enga. Wet and stiff, it was gathered from a special bank on the left-hand side of the road in Enga province, in sight of a waterfall, high in the grey green hills before Mount Hagen. To mourn in the Enga Highlands, you smear your face (reddish brown black, as

Removal of an anionic dye by adsorption/precipitation processes using alkaline white mud

Alkaline white mud (AWM) has been investigated as a low-cost material for removal of an anionic dye, acid blue 80. The effects of contact time, initial pH of dye solution, AWM dosage, and the presence of inorganic anion sulphate or phosphate ion on removal of the dye were evaluated. The results show that AWM could be used as an effective material for removal of acid blue 80 in a pre or main process, particularly at high dye concentration (>300 mg L −1), reaching maximum removal efficiency of 95%. At low dye concentration, surface adsorption is mainly responsible for the dye removal, while chemical precipitation of the dye anions with soluble Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ may play a dominant role for the dye removal at high concentration, producing much less sludge than conventional adsorption method. Solution pH has only a limited effect on the dye removal due to high alkalinity and large pH buffer capacity of AWM suspension and thereby pH is not a limiting factor in pursuing high dye removal. The presence of SO 4 2− could reduce the dye removal by AWM only when SO 4 2− concentration is beyond 0.7 mmol L −1. The dye removal may be significantly suppressed by the presence of phosphate with increasing concentration, and the reduction in the dye removal is much larger at high dye concentrations than at low ones.

Research on heavy metals inRuditapes philippinarum and soda industry wastes

Heavy metals pollution in Jiaozhou Bay was studied inRuditapes. philippinarum, a bioindicator of seawater pollution. Heavy metals in soda industry wastes “white mud” were also studied. Comparison of microwave digestion method with general digestion method revealed that microwave digestion is superior to general digestion in precision, recovery, digestion speed and efficiency, etc. Cd concentration in HongdaoR. philippinarum samples exceeded the national standard by 0.046 mg/kg, that of Yinghai sample by 0.02 mg/kg, and that of Hongshiya sample by 0.22 mg/kg. Sample Pb concentration in Hongshiya was found to exceed the national standard by 0.02 mg/kg. However the heavy metals concentration inR. philippinarum near the Qingdao Alkaline Factory was complied with the standard. This was proved byPenaeus chinensis culture experiment. Therefore, the possible contamination source may come from other land areas.

Origin and Accumulation of Lime Mud in Ooid Tidal Channels, Bahamas

ABSTRACT Mud layers have been found within the ooid sands of Joulters Cays and Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. A 1.3-m vibracore extracted from 4 m water depth in the Lee Stocking tidal channel contains a lower unit of dark brown muddy sand (skeletal rich) overlain by two layers of ooid sands intercalated with two layers of creamy, white mud. The two upper mud layers are aragonite-rich, sometimes pelleted, and contain very few skeletal grains. The contacts between the ooid sands and mud layers are commonly sharp, but some contacts show evidence of burrowing and mud clast formation. A mud layer with similar textural, mineralogic and petrographic characteristics was recovered from a 16-cm core from a tidal channel on Joulters Cays, Bahamas. This mud layer was also enclosed within ooid sands. Mud in the Lee Stocking ooid tidal channel is apparently of two origins. Mud in the lower unit of the core contains a more equal distribution of aragonite and calcite (50% each) and abundant skeletal grains of normal marine origin, indicating that the lower unit is lagoonal. Mud that is interlayered with ooid sands in the same core is dominated by aragonite (80%) and contains little sand-sized material, suggesting that it is not a typical lagoon mud. SEM examination also confirms that this mud is quite different from the lagoonal mud found at the base of the core. C-14 dating of the mud from the lagoonal unit shows that this sediment was deposited in water depths of 2 to 3 m approximately 5000 years ago when sea level was 3 m lower than present. C-14 dating coupled with knowledge of Holocene sea level indicates that both the ooid sands and the mud layers were also deposited as subtidal sediments. The mechanism by which the mud layers are accumulated with ooid sands is problematic. Suspension by storms and transport to tidal channels is one possibility; however, evaluation of the data suggests an alternative explanation. The post-lagoon history of deposition of the tidal channel may include nearly continuous restriction during which mud layers were deposited. The restriction was possibly caused by the formation and maintenance of ooid sand barri rs. Ooid sand deposition and burial of these layers may have accompanied barrier destruction.

Recent Polyhalite from Sebkha el Melah (Tunisia)

SEBKHA el Melah lies south-west of Zarzis in southern Tunisia and extends over an area of 150 km2. It was a marine Flandrian laguna and is now filled with sediments whose sequence can be described schematically as (a) a superficial clayey layer (maximum thickness 1 m) containing halite crystals and a little gypsum; magnesite and dolomite also occur occasionally. In the middle of the sebkha, the thickness of this layer is much reduced and it is covered by a salt crust on which pools precipitate halite and carnalite during the summer. The composition (g 1.−1) of one of the brines is Na, 4.0; K, 7.4; Mg, 107.3; Ca, 0.0; Cl, 300.0; Br, 5.3; SO4, 31.0. (b) A halite layer as much as 30 m thick. The halite is usually very pure except at the lowest level where it is sometimes slightly clayey, (c) A halite-gypsum transition layer which is usually very thin, (d) A gypsum layer which is often thin or even absent, (e) A sandy and clayey carbonate layer containing various marine shells and tests (gastropods, pelecypods, fora-minifera and so on). Lenticular gypsum often occurs in the last of these layers and the chief carbonates are calcite, highly magnesian calcite, dolomite and aragonite. Magnesite often occurs in the upper part of this layer and at places where the layer outcrops, whereas just outside the gypsum zone, a sticky white mud is formed from a very pure huntite. Magnesite and huntite are known from different evaporitic environments, both marine (Trucial Coast1) and continental (Tuz Golu2).