White Mango Scale Research Articles

Status and Integrated Management of White Mango Scale on Mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i> L.) in Ethiopia: A Review

Mango is attacked by many insect pests which reduce the quality and productivity of the crop. Among the insect pests attacking mango plant, white mango scale is the most devastating insect pest. White mango scale is a new insect pest and a major problem of mango production in Ethiopia. It has been determined that the white mango scale is a new, quickly increasing, and devastating insect pest of mango. It emerged as an upsetting insect pest that now harms mango output, resulting in 50 to 100% losses and forcing the plant out of production in the majority of Ethiopian mango-growing regions. Because there are fewer quarantine restrictions and easier applicability through transport agents, the insect has spread quickly across the country since it was first discovered in 2010. In a short period of time, the insect invaded nearly all of Ethiopia's mango-growing regions, and the country was placed on the list of countries affected with the new white mango scale. Its polyphagous behavior and sucking the plant sap, the insect pest severely harms mango shoots, twigs, leaves, branches, and fruits, which results in significant fruit quality and quantity losses. The insect's hard white scales make it difficult to control with chemical pesticides, in addition to other uncontrolled activities. Although no recognized chemical control methods for the white mango scale are successful, other management strategies for the pest include cultural, biological, chemical, and integrated pest management. White mango scale damage had an impact on the economy, society, environment, and other factors. Therefore, urgently coordinated actions against this uncontrolled white-scale dissemination and the harm it causes in Ethiopia are required.

Current status of white mango scale (Aulacaspis Tubercularis Newstead) and associated factors in Assosa district western Ethiopia

White mango scale (Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead; Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is a major insect pest of mango production threatening production and marketing of mango in Ethiopia. The present study was conducted to determine the current status of the white mango scale (WMS) and to identify the factors contributing to the damage level of the pest. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in ten selected kebeles in Assosa district, western Ethiopia, during 2021/2022 cropping season. Data on infestation level and WMS life-stage abundance were recorded from fifty randomly selected mango orchards. Data on the prevalence of WMS and factors influencing the distribution and damage levels of white mango scale infestations were analyzed using SAS and SPSS software respectively. The results of this study indicate that WMS infestation was prevalent in all assessed mango growing areas of the district. There was a significant (p < 0.05) difference between kebeles and mango orchards in infestation level and WMS life-stage population densities. Poor cultivation, crop husbandry practices, and pest management strategies have been identified as the major contributing factors for high pest infestation. The study indicates that WMS infestations are increasing in the study area; thus, there has to be strong efforts towards the implementation of safe and effective management strategies.

Field efficacy of insecticides for suppressing white mango scale insect (Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in southwest Ethiopia

White mango scale (WMS) Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is a polyphagous armored scale insect which is considered one of the key pests of mango (Mangifera indica L.) around the world. Mango is widely grown in Ethiopia whereas its production is challenged by WMS in the last decade. Effective formulations that could help manage the scale as part of IPM practice were sought from field experiments at Seka mango farm, Ethiopia in 2019 and 2020 seasons. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of some formulations against WMS on mango trees. Randomized complete block designs with three replications were used for the experiments and each tree served as a plot. Allocation of each treatment within each replication was done randomly. The treatments were applied sequentially three times at 14 days interval using motorized Knapsack sprayer coinciding with peak period of natural infestation. Scale numbers before and after each spray were counted using a microscope with LCD. Sum of live crawler, female and male was registered as WMS count data. Results showed that dimethoate, diazinon, imidacloprid & λ-cyhalothrin sprayed alone; dimethoate rotated with imidacloprid & λ-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos-ethyl rotated with paraffin, and diazinon rotated with azadirachtin, caused total mortality of the scales. The results also showed that, chlorpyrifos-ethyl, deltamethrin, paraffin oil and λ-cyhalothrin sprayed alone caused percent reduction with range 83–95 % in both seasons. Hence, the study revealed that dimethoate, diazinon, imidacloprid & λ-cyhalothrin applied individually, dimethoate rotated with imidacloprid & λ-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos-ethyl rotated with paraffin and diazinon rotated with azadirachtin fully protect mango trees from WMS and significantly superior to other treatments. Therefore, chemical control of A. tubercularis may consider the use of these materials as foliar application and can be used as components for integrated pest management plans for WMS. However, application in the form of rotation is preferred to the alone spray as the former could substantially reduce the likelihood of inducing pesticide resistance. Cost implications and effects of the products on the natural enemy and residual toxicity in fruits need to be studied.

Population Estimates of the White mango scale insect Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Relation to Biotic and Abiotic Factors in Damietta Governorate,.

Population Estimates of the White mango scale insect Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Relation to Biotic and Abiotic Factors in Damietta Governorate,.

Evaluation of Rotational Application of Various Insecticides against White Mango Scale Insect (Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspidadae) on Mango, Southwestern Ethiopia

Evaluation of Rotational Application of Various Insecticides against White Mango Scale Insect (Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspidadae) on Mango, Southwestern Ethiopia

Design and synthesis of novel N, N′-substituted benzamide derivatives as potential insecticidal agents against the white mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

The white mango scale insect Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), which causes defoliation, drying out of young twigs, dieback, poor flowering, and decreased fruit output, causes serious damage to mango trees in Egypt. Attacks on mango fruits result in pink imperfections that lower their value as a commercial and export item. The current report aims to support the development of integrated management plans to combat A. tuberculosis and to identify more effective, eco-friendly insecticides. The bug may cause a considerable decrease in mango production and jeopardize the sustainability of mango plantation production if no management measures are taken. Currently, the application of a small number of insecticides—the majority of which have poor performance and are disruptive is the primary method used to manage A. tubercularis. In order to suppress this insect, we created novel pesticides called insect growth regulators (N, N′-substituted benzamide derivatives). By using both traditional and elemental spectroscopic investigations (IR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR), these synthesized compounds which are linked to the most well-known insect growth regulator insecticides had their structures validated. The findings showed that A. tubercularis nymphs were more responsive to the evaluated treatments than adult females. After one day of application, all tested treatments resulted in a sizable proportion of mortality; the percentage of mortality increased with time for both A. tubercularis nymphs and adult females. Furthermore, the treatment with compound 3b was more effective than other synthesized compounds, with a LC50 of 0.318 ppm against nymphs and a LC50 of 0.993 ppm against adult females of A. tubercularis. While the treatment with compound 5 was the least toxic for controlling this pest, many assessments are essential to studying the efficacy of these treatments on advantageous insects.

Seasonal Population Dynamics of White Mango Scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis at Different Agroecologies and its Cardinal Direction Preferences in Western Oromia, Ethiopia

Seasonal Population Dynamics of White Mango Scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis at Different Agroecologies and its Cardinal Direction Preferences in Western Oromia, Ethiopia

Primary parasitoids of Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) occurring in Spanish mango orchards

The white mango scale (WMS), Aulacaspis tubercularis, is the main pest of mango crops in Southern Spain. Field surveys were carried out from July 2019 to May 2022 to investigate the identity, seasonal abundance and active parasitism rates of A. tubercularis primary parasitoid species, using yellow sticky traps and periodic leaf sampling. The combination of morphological characters and DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mtCOI) and 28S ribosomal (28S rDNA) genes allowed the identification of only two parasitoid species belonging to the genus Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). The most prevalent, E. citrina (Crawford), is a widespread species and proved to be the dominant species in the sampled mango orchards. Next, Encarsia sp., is an unidentified species genetically close to E. lounsburyi Berlese but significantly differs in the sequences of the mtCOI and 28S rDNA regions. Population abundance and active parasitism rates of Encarsia parasitoids depended on the presence of susceptible WMS stages for parasitism and on the abiotic conditions. The seasonal abundance of these parasitoid species fluctuated around the year, being lower during the winter but it increased in late spring, reaching the highest values at the end of summer. The average percentage of active parasitism was 12.48% for female scales and 13.97% for male scales but reached maximum values of 38.56 and 43.52%, respectively at specific seasons in the year. The highest rates of parasitism for female scales were observed in summer, while for male scales were observed in winter. The natural occurrence of parasitoids was unable to control the WMS populations and, consequently, complementary measures should be implemented to reduce its density levels.

A Review on White Mango Scale Biology, Ecology, Distribution and Management

The white mango scale (WMS) insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is a polyphagous, multivoltine pest which is a serious threat to qualitative mango production and export. The WMS insect sucks sap from leaves, branches and fruits. The heavy infestation of this pest may cause the falling of young leaves, drying up of twigs, poor flowering, and, finally, reduce the quality of fruits by producing pink spots on fruits’ surface. This review paper was written to provide comprehensive information about pest biology, ecology and management in different parts of the world. WMS was first reported on the island of Formosa on Mangifera indica in 1929 and later on in the Caribbean Islands, India and Brazil. Now it is found in almost 69 mango-producing countries of the world. The thermal regime may affect the population of pests. In Australia, the life cycle is completed in 35–40 days in summer and 70–85 days in winter. Variety, age of plants, number of trees per acre, canopy size and sunlight penetration affect the density of WMS. Different Coccinellid beetles and parasitoid Encarsia femorosa feed on WMS; however, farmers most commonly use insecticides to get rid of this pest. In Pakistan, WMS is a growing threat to the export of mangoes; hence IPM plan is needed to reduce the pest numbers and enhance qualitative mango production.

First record of Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Costa Rica, a scale insect affecting mango (Mangifera indica) in Alajuela urban environments

Introduction. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is widely cultivated around the world and in Costa Rica nearly 8200 hectares are dedicated to the production of this crop. More than 400 species of phytophagous insects and mites have been reported on mango worldwide. Among them are around 73 species of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), of which Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead is one of the most serious pests of mangos in many parts of the world. Objective. In the present work, we report for the first time the occurrence in Costa Rica of the white mango scale, A. tubercularis. Materials and methods. Mango tree samples were collected in San Rafael, a town located in the central canton of Alajuela province in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica. Insects found on leaves were examined under a stereomicroscope, counted and classified according to the condition of their wax covers, which provided evidence of activity by natural enemies. Slide mounts of adult females were prepared and examined under a light microscope. Results. The armored scale was identified as A. tubercularis and the frequency of occurrence on the mango trees sampled was 90%, where 12% of adult females showed evidence of predation and 2.5% showed evidence of parasitization. Conclusion. A. tubercularis was recorded for the first time in Costa Rica. Further investigations on the population dynamics and natural enemies are needed to provide useful information in order to implement adequate control strategies.

White Mango Scale (Aulacaspis tubercularis) infestation on mango: distinct scenarios of the pest status in Ethiopia and Kenya

Infestation of the White Mango Scale (WMS) (Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on mango was known in Kenya for a longer time, yet the severity of its impact has only been reported frequently in Ethiopia where the first record of the pest was only about a decade. This study investigated the WMS statuses in Kenya and Ethiopia. A total of four fields, two from each country, were addressed to determine the population abundances of the pest at different developmental stages. Five blocks, one at the center and the rest at each corner of the study orchards were set in Ethiopia. In Kenya, Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was employed to determine the levels of susceptibility of different mango varieties to the pest. The abundance of WMS was significantly different (p < 0.05) between Arjo-Gudetu and Bako-Tibe sites in Ethiopia. Sessile mango scales in hundreds and eggs and crawlers each in thousands per leaf were recorded in Ethiopia. In contrast, very low WMS populations were recorded from the Kenyan orchards, with most leaves bearing no mango scale. However, the sessile stage populations observed were significantly different (p < 0.05) between Kimani-Sofia and Samuru-Kandara orchards. In each of these orchards, the levels of pest infestation varied significantly (p < 0.05) among the mango varieties, Kent and Vandyke being the most infested at Kimani-Sofia and Samuru-Kandara, respectively. In conclusion, these studies revealed the presence of a very high population abundance of mango scale in Ethiopia, whereas in Kenya it was very low. This variation may pertain mainly to the differences in mango production and pest management practices between the two countries. However, because these studies were conducted in different years in the two countries, cross-sectional investigations which include data from a considerable period may be required to better compare the levels of pest infestation in Kenya and Ethiopia.

POPULATION FLUCTUATION OF WHITE MANGO SCALE (Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead) AND ITS NATURAL ENEMIES IN ‘MANILA’ MANGO ORCHARDS

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background.&lt;/strong&gt; White mango scale (WMS) is present at any physiological stage of the mango tree, can remain on leaves and fruits, and affects photosynthesis and fruit aesthetics. Knowing the population fluctuation of WMS and its natural enemies over time will help to design efficient control strategies. &lt;strong&gt;Objective.&lt;/strong&gt; To determine the annual population fluctuation of WMS and its natural enemies in three mango-producing areas, in Veracruz, Mexico. &lt;strong&gt;Methodology. &lt;/strong&gt;In three mango orchards cv. 'Manila' in productive stage, located in the municipalities of Actopan, Medellín, and Tierra Blanca (one orchard at each municipality), the number of female individuals and male colonies of WMS, and its natural enemies &lt;em&gt;Chilocorus cacti&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Scymnus &lt;/em&gt;spp., &lt;em&gt;Azya orbigera&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Ceraeochrysa&lt;/em&gt; spp. and &lt;em&gt;Pentilia&lt;/em&gt; spp., were monitored for 12 consecutive months. &lt;strong&gt;Results. &lt;/strong&gt;Higher densities of WMS and &lt;em&gt;Ceraeochrysa&lt;/em&gt; spp. were found in the Actopan orchard. The density of natural enemies changed according to species and time of year. The density of &lt;em&gt;Pentilia&lt;/em&gt; spp., &lt;em&gt;Scymnus&lt;/em&gt; spp., and &lt;em&gt;Ceraeochrysa&lt;/em&gt; spp. correlated with the WMS density, with a higher and lower density of individuals per leaf in December-May and June-October, respectively.&lt;strong&gt; Implications.&lt;/strong&gt; The time when the highest and lowest populations of WMS and its natural enemies occur in different 'Manila' mango-producing areas in Veracruz were identified. This knowledge will help to define the most appropriate timing and strategy for WMS control. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion. &lt;/strong&gt;The greater WMS population coincides with the fruiting stage, so its control should start in winter, during the flowering stage. Considering that the population of &lt;em&gt;C. cacti&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Pentilia&lt;/em&gt; sp., &lt;em&gt;Scymnus&lt;/em&gt; spp., and &lt;em&gt;Ceraeochrysa&lt;/em&gt; spp. present positive correlation with the WMS, it is recommended to reduce the use of broad-spectrum pesticides and to increase the use of cultural practices to benefit the population of these natural enemies.&lt;/p&gt;

Predicting the habitat suitability of the invasive white mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis; Newstead, 1906 (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) using bioclimatic variables.

The white mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is an invasive pest that threatens the production of several crops of commercial value including mango. Though it is an important pest, little is known about its biology and ecology. Specifically, information on habitat suitability of A. tubercularis occurrence and potential distribution under climate change is largely unknown. In this study, we used four ecological niche models, namely maximum entropy, random forest, generalized additive models, and classification and regression trees to predict the habitat suitability of A. tubercularis under current and future [representative concentration pathways (RCPs): RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 of the year 2070] climatic scenarios, using bioclimatic variables. Models' performance was evaluated using the true skill statistic (TSS), the area under the curve (AUC), correlation (COR), and the deviance. All models sufficiently predicted the occurrence of A. tubercularis with high accuracy (AUC ≥ 0.93, TSS ≥ 0.81 and COR ≥ 0.77). The random forest algorithm had the highest accuracy among the four models (AUC=0.99, TSS=0.93, COR=0.90, deviance=0.26). Temperature seasonality (Bio4), mean temperature of the driest quarter (Bio9), and precipitation seasonality (Bio15) were the most important variables influencing A. tubercularis occurrence. Models' predictions showed that countries in east, south, and west Africa are highly suitable for A. tubercularis establishment under current conditions. Similarly, Mexico, Brazil, India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia are also highly suitable for the pest to thrive. Under future conditions, the suitable areas might slightly decrease in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa under both RCPs. However, the range of expansion of A. tubercularis is projected to be higher in Australia, Brazil, Spain, Italy, and Portugal under the future climatic scenarios. The results reported here will be useful for guiding decision-making, developing an effective management strategy, and serving as an early warning tool to prevent further spread toward new areas. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Factors Influencing White Mango Scale (Aulacaspis tubercularis) Infestation Status at Assosa and Bambasi Districts, in Benishangul Gumuz Region, Western Ethiopia

Background: This research was conducted to assess factors affecting white mango scale infestation status from August 2018 to April 2019. Methods: Survey data was collected from randomly selected of 7 kebele administration and 35 mango orchards as 5 per kebele administrations within 5-10 km interval. Stratified sampling method was used for selecting 3,150 sample leaves from 35 mango trees for counting the clusters of white mango scale. Result: The survey result showed that temperature in contrary with rain fall and relative humidity was significantly and positively related with the infestation status. Mango orharchds characterstics of old age, tall size, crowded canopy, other plant availability in the orchards, mango trees planted without appropriate spacing and weed infestation provide favourable condition for the aggravation of infestation status. Therefore it is recommended to develop regular inspection, monitoring and appropriate agronomic practices for providing sustainable management approach.

Pest categorisation of Aulacaspis tubercularis.

The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), the white mango scale, for the EU. A. tubercularis is a tropical species that originates from Asia but is now established in several tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. It also occurs within the EU and is established in Italy, Portugal and Spain. A. tubercularis is not listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. It is polyphagous, feeding on plants in more than 37 genera in 23 families and is most frequently reported on mango (Mangifera indica). Indeed, it is considered one of the key pests of mango crops around the world. No evidence was found indicating damage to crops other than mango. A. tubercularis is established in southern Spain (Andalusia) with four overlapping generations and two population peaks, one in summer and another in autumn. Andalusia is the main mango producing area of the EU and A. tubercularis can cause losses through downgrading of fruit. The main natural dispersal stage is the first instar, which crawls over the host plant or may be dispersed further by wind and animals. Plants for planting and fruits provide potential pathways for further entry and spread. Climatic conditions and availability of host plants in southern EU countries are conducive for establishment. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of further entry and further spread. A. tubercularis satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest.

Efficacy of Some Insecticides on White Mango Scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on different cultivars of mango trees

Efficacy of Some Insecticides on White Mango Scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on different cultivars of mango trees

White Mango Scale (Aulacaspis tubercularis) Management approaches: A Review

There are different species of insects and diseases that contribute to low yield of mango tree throughout its stages of development. This review was intended to collect research works on white mango scale with special focus on research works done in Ethiopia. Different findings of research works on the insect were carefully studied. The white mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is a recent threat to mango production in Ethiopia which was introduced the first time in 2010 in western part of the country. It has spread to all mango producing areas of the country within a short period of time reducing the production and quality of mangos. Control measures taken against the white mango scale include use of chemical insecticides, quarantine, cultural practices, biological control using parasitoids and predators and integrated pest management. Quarantining the insect is the management method recommended in many cases. Generally, the current reports revealed that mango production in Ethiopia will be under serious threat which can even destroy total mango production in the future.

Population dynamics of white mango scale Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and its natural enemies in Bahir Dar area, Northwest Ethiopia

The invasive white mango scale (Aulacaspis tubercularis) was introduced accidentally to Ethiopia in 2010 (through plant materials) and to Bahir Dar area, north western Ethiopia, in 2017. Its population dynamics was studied from October to May 2018/19 on randomly selected mango trees from which number of scales and their natural enemies were recorded using leaves as samples. Analysis of variance, correlation and regression were used for data analysis. Significantly more male colonies, live males, live females and number of eggs were recorded in October than in other months. The number of dead female scales was significantly and positively correlated with rainfall (r = 0.6), maximum temperature (r = 0.34), minimum temperature (r = 0.70) and wind (r = 0.5). Regression analyses showed significant association of weather variable and live females (r 2=0.75), adult predators and Aphytis spp. (r 2=0.48), dead females (r 2=0.62) and eggs (r 2=0.68). Four species of natural enemies, i.e., Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Chilocorus stigma, Chilocorus bipustulatus larvae, Chrysoperla carnea and an unknown lady beetle larvae were found preying on white mango scale. Scale population varied with time and space, and different developmental stages responded differently to weather variables and predators.

Status, Importance, and Management of the White Mango Scale ( Aulacaspis Tubercularis Newstead) In Ethiopia: A Review

The white mango scale has been identified as a new, fast-spreading, and overwhelming insect pest of mango. It emerged as a shocking insect pest that currently damages mango production, causing 50 to 100% losses and forcing the plant out of production in most mango-growing areas of Ethiopia. Since the pest establishment in 2010, it has been distributed rapidly in all directions of the country due to fewer quarantine regulations, and easy transferability through transporting agents in a far from i

Molecular identification of white mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Homoptera: Diaspididae), and its associated natural enemies in western Ethiopia

Molecular identification of white mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Homoptera: Diaspididae), and its associated natural enemies in western Ethiopia