White Lady Research Articles

Interspecific somatic hybrids between wild potato Solanum acaule Bitt. and anther-derived dihaploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Solanum acaule Bitt. is a disomic tetraploid (4x) wild potato species which is resistant to several potato diseases. Introgression of disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance to the tetrasomic tetraploid (4x) cultivated potato (S. tuberosum L.) gene pool via crossing has been limited due to the difference in the endosperm balance number. In the present study, protoplast fusion was applied to produce hexaploid (6x) somatic hybrids between the parental lines, tetraploid (4x) S. acaule and two anther-derived dihaploid (2x) lines of S. tuberosum cv. White Lady. One callus (0.4%) of a total of 229 calli obtained regenerated into shoots in the fusion combination S. acaule (+) White Lady 15.dh.8.2.2. All the regenerated shoots were confirmed to be interspecific somatic hybrids using species-specific RAPD markers. In another fusion combination, S. acaule (+) White Lady 7.dh.23.1.1, fifteen calli (5%) regenerated into a total of sixteen shoots from 289 calli. All the analysed somatic hybrids between S. acaule and S. tuberosum were hexaploid. The mean DNA content (2C value) of the combination S. acaule (+) White Lady 15.dh.8.2.2 somatic hybrids (4.55 pg), was approximately the sum (4.69 pg) of the DNA contents of the parental lines, S. acaule (2.95 pg) and S. tuberosum (1.74 pg). In the greenhouse, the two somatic hybrids analysed were normal in their morphological characteristics and more vigorous than their parental lines. Most of the morphological characteristics were closer to the tetraploid S. acaule than to the dihaploid S. tuberosum. The interspecific somatic hybrids are currently being tested for frost tolerance and glycoalkaloid composition.

Plant seed classification using pyrolysis mass spectrometry with unsupervised learning: The application of auto-associative and Kohonen artificial neural networks

Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) was used to gain high dimensional (150 m/z values) biochemical fingerprints from Begonia semperflorens Summer Rainbow, Campanula carpatica White Gem, Lobelia erinus White Fountain, and Lobelia erinus White Lady plant seeds. Rather than homogenizing the seeds and analysing the extracts, the sample preparation of the seeds in this study was novel and merely involved crimping the metal foil sample carrier around the seeds. Compared to extractive procedures the technique exploited in this study will give a fair representation of the seed, is rapid and thus amenable to the analysis of a high volume of samples. To observe the relationship between these seeds, based on their spectral fingerprints, it was necessary to reduce the dimensionality of these data by unsupervised feature extraction methods. The neural computational pattern recognition techniques of self organising feature maps (SOFMs) and auto-associative neural networks were therefore employed and the clusters observed compared with the groups obtained from the more conventional statistical approaches of principal components analysis (PCA) and canonical variates analysis (CVA). When PCA was used to analyze the raw pyrolysis mass spectra replicate samples were not recovered in discrete clusters; CVA, which minimises the within-group variance and maximises the between-group variance, therefore had to be employed. Although B. semperflorens and C. carpatica seeds were recovered separately and away from the L. erinus, plant seeds, the two types of L. erinus seeds could still not be discriminated between using this approach. CVA uses a priori information on which spectra are replicates; we therefore encoded this information by employing a novel preprocessing regime where the triplicate mass spectra from each of the seeds were averaged in pairs to produce three new spectra; these were then used by each of the unsupervised methods. PCA still failed to separate the two L. erinus; however, auto-associative neural networks could be used successfully to discriminate them. It is likely that this was due to their ability to perform non-linear mappings and hence approximate non-linear PCA. SOFMs could also be used to separate all four seeds unequivocally. To obtain quantitative information regarding the similarity of these seeds from their pyrolysis mass spectra, SOFMs were trained with different numbers of nodes in the Kohonen output layers. The results observed from this procedure are often difficult to report in tables or visualise using topological contour maps; to simplify the graphical representation of the similarity between the seeds we therefore performed the novel construction of a dendrogram from the various SOFMs analyses. This study demonstrates the potential of PyMS for discriminating plant seeds at the genus, species and sub-species level. Moreover the clusters observed were a true reflection of the known taxonomy of these plants. This approach will be invaluable to the plant taxonomist in representing biological relationships among plant taxa or in describing genomic relationships without the need for cultivation of the propagule.

Electrofusion of protoplasts of anther-derived dihaploid lines of commercial potato cultivars

Somatic hybrids of anther-derived dihaploid (2x) potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) lines were produced by electrofusion of protoplasts. Using RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers, six new combinations of dihaploid parental lines from cultivars Matilda, Nicola, Pito, Stina, Van Gogh and White Lady were identified. RAPD marker identification of the putative hybrids was mostly done using two distinct parental line specific primers. 43% of the 76 regenerated calli from the six combinations produced hybrid shoots. Most of the somatic hybrids were tetraploid (4x), but in four fusion combinations plants of hexaploid (6x), octoploid (8x) or mixoploid level were also identified by chromosome counts or flow cytometric nuclear DNA analysis. The mean nuclear DNA content (2C value) of the tetraploid and hexaploid somatic hybrids was lower than the expected DNA content (i.e. the 2C values of the original tetraploid cultivars or the sum of the 2C values of the dihaploid fusion parents). Some somatic hybrids having the expected nuclear DNA content were also found.

Enhanced production of dihaploid lines via anther culture of tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum) clones

A total of 1000 anther-derived plants was regenerated from tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes. Capacity to undergo androgenesis was analysed in 41 potato cultivars and 7 clones grown either in the greenhouse or in the field. Of the 48 genotypes, 33 produced embryos and 23 regenerated shoots from embryos. Anther-derived plantlet production was determined in genotypes 86110, Agria, Calgary, Escort, Helios, Idole, JO 0982 JO 1432, Kainuun Musta, Kardal, KE48, Matilda, Nicola, Petra, Pito, Rustica, Stirling, Torridon, Ute, Van Gogh, Vebeca, Vento and White Lady. The highest number of shoots (24 shoots/100 anthers) was obtained from cv. Calgary, when anthers were isolated from field-grown donor plants. Incubating anthers at 28 C, rather than at 20 C or 24 C, enhanced embryo production in four genotypes tested. However, shoot production was improved only in cv. Pito cultured at 28 C. When anthers of cv. Petra were cultured at 28 C for four weeks, followed by reduction of culture temperature to 24 C, a high rate of shoot production was recorded (14 shoots/100 anthers). The ratio between dihaploids and tetraploids varied among the anther-derived plants of the different genotypes. The number of dihaploids was highest in potato clone JO1432 (100%) and in cv. Calgary (93%) and lowest in cvs. Pito (21%) and Torridon (6%).

Gender and the funeral industry: the work of citizenship

The popularity of White Lady Funerals is an indication that taboos on women organising funerals are breaking down and that changes are taking place in the Australian way of death. This paper sets out to examine the factors contributing to the changing role of women in the funeral industry. It is argued that women's participation is symbolically important because funerals are an area of public ritual in which appropriate gender relations are affirmed in ways that have implications for women's citizenship. More is at stake than equal opportunity in the workplace. As Kearl puts it, the funeral 'not only serves as a rite of passage for the survivors and the dead but it also reflects the cultural ethos and entire social order' (1989: 170).

Deep-sea hydrothermal communities in Southwestern Pacific back-arc basins (the North Fiji and Lau Basins): Composition, microdistribution and food web

During the year 1989, two diving cruises of the French deep-sea submersible Nautile were devoted to the study of hydrothermal vent biology in spreading centers of two Southwestern Pacific back-arc basins (Lau Basin and North Fiji Basin). In both cases, two major active sites were visited: White Lady and Mussel Valley in the North Fiji Basin and Hine Hina and Vaï Lili in Lau Basin. The faunal associations clustered around active vents are dominated by two species of snails Ifremeria nautilei and Alviniconcha hessleri and one or two species of mytilids belonging to Bathymodiolus. These species are associated with chemoautolithotrophic bacteria in intracellular symbiosis as detected by the activity of the Calvin-Benson cycle diagnostic enzyme RuBPcase. Pedunculate and sessile barnacles dominated the outer rim of the site and are analogs of the fiter-feeding serpulids living in the EPR sites. The hot extremes of the sites are poorly or not colonized by alvinellids or other taxa. In the Lau Basin, “cold seep” sites are found at the periphery of active hot or warm ventsand are dominated by vestimentiferans and pogonophorans. No major differences were seen between associations of the two back-arc basins at the generic level with the exeption of the abundance of synaptid holothurians associated with Bathymodiolus in side the “Mussel Valley” site.

"Yours Very Truly": Ellen Craft--The Fugitive as Text and Artifact

Hide the outcast. Bury not him that wandereth. Let mine outcasts dwell with thee. Be thou a covert to them from the face of the spoiler. - Isaiah 16:3-4 (qtd. in Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom; or, the Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery 98) From 1830-1860, in the decades that foregrounded the Dred Scott Decision, Fugitive Slave Law, Secession, and Civil War, the published lives of African American women resulted from both restless imaginings and raw guts. Free African American women who wrote of their sisters and themselves in letters to the antislavery press constantly negotiated matrices of silence and speech, of servitude and freedom, of chaos and humanity, of ignorance and education, of solitude and community. One paradigm for the issues enunciated by these letters of antebellum African American women and extended in their separately published autobiographies is provided by material written by and about the American fugitive Ellen Craft. As proof of the difficulties that African American women endured in setting their own voices down in print, most of what we now possess of Ellen's story is contained, and occasionally subsumed. It is in a bricolage of letters, reports, and reminiscences written and delivered by others that Ellen's story appears. The best known source of this testimony is Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom (1860), husband William's recounting of their tandem flight from bondage in Macon, Georgia, and subsequent sensational adventures as fugitives. In December 1848 the couple undertook an audacious escape from their captivity. As William's narrative recalls, the light-skinned, virtually white Ellen, child of own white master and her mother his slave (2), disguised herself as a wealthy yet rheumatic Southern gentleman on pilgrimage to Philadelphia for ameliorative treatments. Since husband William possessed black skin and discernably African features, he undertook the charade of posing as his master's attentive, obedient servant [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 1 OMITTED]. Cross-dressing as a means of eluding detection - born of the Crafts' keen, creative resolve to be free - was not unique to this couple. William Still, who escorted hundreds to safety along the corridors of the Underground Railroad, remembered, Men disguised in female attire and women dressed in the garb of men have under very trying circumstances triumphed in thus making their way to freedom (1). One example of such ingenuity was Clarissa Davis of Virginia, who sidled aboard a New England-bound boat clothed as a man; Mary Millburn, too, elected to escape captivity by stealing aboard a ship attired as a man; and Maria Weems from the District of Columbia, as a girl of fifteen, devised to evade pursuers by masquerading in male disguise (Still 60-61, 177-89, 558-59). We are also told that Harriet Tubman, most illustrious among the Southern fugitives, once disguised a Black man as a bonneted woman in order to obstruct his arrest and re-enslavement by Northern deputies; and Tubman herself, who wore pants during raids with Union soldiers, was valorized for posterity as Moses by fellow African Americans (Sterling, Sisters 222-23, 260-61). Thus, while Ellen and William's decision to escape as a pair distinguishes their flight from other examples of role reversal, Ellen's masculine disguise in and of itself was no innovation. In truth, writes William in his narrative, Ellen herself no ambition whatever to disavow gender, and would not have done so had it been possible to have obtained our liberty by more simple means; but we knew it was not customary in the South for ladies to travel with male servants; and therefore, notwithstanding my wife's fair complexion, it would have been a very difficult task for to have come off as a free white lady, with me as slave; in fact, not being able to write would have made this quite impossible. (35) Difficulties arose from Ellen's lack of reading and writing skills (William, too, was illiterate when they escaped): Both had, by stratagem, learned the alphabet while in slavery, but not the writing characters (85). …

The White Lady hydrothermal field, North Fiji back-arc basin, Southwest Pacific

The White Lady hydrothermal field, North Fiji back-arc basin, Southwest Pacific

Destructive Denial: A Century of Education in a Southern Town

history of education in Centerville is a history of denial. This denial has occurred throughout the century, and it has not been limited to one race or sex. A pattern of denial exists among White and Black as well as male and female residents. Members of each of these groups have used denial as a coping mechanism to allay their various disappointments with the turn of events and social conditions in this small southern town over the years. present case study, based on interviews with senior citizens and review of early 20th-century issues of the town's newspaper, is intended to alert others to this pattern in the hope that this hazard can be avoided in the future. In early 20th-century Centerville, as in many southern towns, most social gatherings, or as they were called, were associated with either the or the school. These entities often held reciprocal fundraisers for each other. For example, the young White ladies of the town's Progressive Club regularly held ice cream socials on the grounds of the local Baptist to raise money for school textbooks. In return, proceeds from school-based entertainments such as lectures, dialogues, plays, and phonograph-listening sessions often went to local churches. In interviews with members of our research team, Centerville senior citizens recalled morning devotions, blessings at lunch, and chapel programs being conducted at school. Many lectures about education were held in churches. One lecture by a visiting university professor was given at the Centerville Baptist Church in 1900 and published in the town newspaper. In his lecture, entitled The Teacher's Mission in the Coming Century, the speaker asked Centerville residents, Where shall we look for the remedy to the growing evils of materialism and selfishness? His answer: Not to the platform with its mighty machinery, not to the press with its august achievements, but to the teacher, to the schoolhouse that stands by the church (Carlyle, p. 4). Moreover, every year during the town's Fourth of July picnic, the White school's principal, who was also a minister, gave an address entitled The Bible and the Flag.

In situ geological and geochemical study of an active hydrothermal site on the North Fiji Basin ridge

In June 1989 a diving cruise by the submersible Nautile was carried out on the North Fiji Basin spreading ridge. The objective of the cruise was a geological and geochemical study of the active spreading axis and associated hydrothermal processes. This operation was the third cruise of the French-Japanese Starmer project following the two cruises of the R.V. Kaiyo in 1987 and 1988. Six dives along the spreading axis between 16°58′S and 17°00S show that the axial graben consists of alternating N15—trending horsts and grabens. Extinct hydrothermal sites have been observed all along the graben. These consist of fossil chimneys, oxide staining and dead shells. At 16°59′S an active chimney has been discovered and called the “White Lady” because of its almost exclusively anhydrite composition. This chimney expels a peculiar water characterized by low chlorinity and a 285°C maximum temperature. In the northern extremity of the N15 axis a wide fossil hydrothermal site has been explored and sampled. It is located in an area cut by N15, N140 and N60-trending faults and fissures.

The Tambourine Lady

NOW I LAY ME DOWN TO SLEEP ... there would be new shoes in the morning. New shoes and an old dress white as new. White and starched as angel wings and hair perfect as heat and grease could press it to her skull. There would be hands to hold as she rose up from the curb onto the one step which took you from Homewood Avenue, which was nowhere, to the door of the church wide as heaven. Hands she'd need to steady her across the threshold, the tall, red doors, from cement to the velvet cushioned wobble of God's purple carpet. Always unsteady as she passed to His world. Like that first step off the moving stairs in Kaufmann 's Department Store downtown when you think you might be falling and the hard cold floor rushing up to crack your knees and elbows. At the door of the church her mother's hand, the hands of Miss Goings in her soft white gloves to help her through. She might lose her breath, her heart would stutter but she wouldn't fall. Old Miss Goings in her starched nurse's uniform. Her hand was like petting a rabbit. Miz Goings smelling like Johnson's Baby Powder who'd say, My sweet girl or Bless you, Darling daughter or just Sugar so the wide doors did not swallow you or slam in your face. New shoes pinched your feet sometimes. Too big, too small, too much money, too ugly for anybody. The white ladies who sold them would stick any old thing on your feet and smile. But sometimes when her feet were in new shoes she couldn't feel them at all. She floated, unsure whether or not the shoes were still down there, stepping when she stepped, wondering if she'd lost them, brand new and costing money nobody has, lost them a long time ago because that's how they felt. Like the shoes didn't belong to her when they were new and shiny because she wasn't new and shiny like them. She was nobody, nowhere, dream ing about a little girl in new shoes she'd never own, shoes that wouldn't be down there if she looked to the end of the white socks at the ends

<i>Roderick Hudson</i>, and: <i>The Portrait of a Lady</i>, and: <i>What Maisie Knew</i> (review)

Henry James. Roderick Hudson. The World's Classics. Introduction by Tony Tanner. Oxford Univ. Press, 1980. liii + 389 pp. pb $4.95. Henry James. The Portrait of a Lady. The World's Classics. Introduction by Graham Greene. Oxford Univ. Press, 1947. Pb reissue 1981, with Note on the Text by Nicola Bradbury and Chronology by Leon Edel, xli + 645 pp. $4.95. Henry James. What Maisie Knew. The World's Classics. Introduction and Notes by Douglas Jefferson. Oxford Univ. Press, 1966. Pb reissue 1980, edited by Douglas Jefferson and Douglas Grant, [xxxi] + 272 pp. $2.95. These three reprints of significant novels by Henry James are part of Oxford's grand series caUed The World's Classics. The three books are handsome paperbacks with the smooth, floppy feel of limp leather . Each has an attractive cover illustration . Roderick Hudson offers an IppoUto Caff i Roman "Monte Pincio" scene. The Portrait of a Lady cover reproduces James Lavery's "The Lady in White," who perhaps resembles pert Isabel Archer; and What Maisie Knew cleverly features that part of Georges Seurat's "La Grande Jatte" which shows a child dancing between two couples, and more adults in the offing. Each book reprints the New York Edition text and includes James's appropriate Prefaces. And each has an introduction by a distinguished authority. Tony Tanner's introduction to Roderick Hudson is both the longest (it is too long) and the best. Graham Greene's introduction to The Portrait of a Lady, first pubUshed in 1947, is the shortest, least academic, and most subjective. Douglas Jefferson's introduction to What Maisie Knew falls in between, is somewhat bland, and, going back to 1966, is also outdated in part. As for bibliographical apparatusTanner provides none. After Greene's introduction , Nicola Bradbury offers a short note discussing James's revisions for the 1907 New York Edition text, revisions both stylistic and thematic that permit quicker pace, racier irony, a heightened "chiaroscuro of manipulation and betrayal" (xvi), a more cartooned Henrietta Stackpole, a stronger feeling between Isabel and Ralph Touchett, and Isabel's greater "attraction and repulsion—not hesitation" (xviii)—in her final scene with Caspar Goodwood. Bradbury also includes a forty-item bibUography that is both balanced and sensible. Added also is a chronology prepared by Leon Edel. After the introduction by Jefferson, he and his co-editor Douglas Grant in a brief note discuss, a bit dogmatically, the still-unsettled consequences of James's abridgment of the serialized novel for later serial publication, then later revisions for editions in book form, including the New York Edition. Of revisions for this last, the editors say that "very few embody significant modifications of meaning" (xxx). Next comes "A Short Guide to Further Reading," which is too short to be of much help and which is nearly all British to boot. At the end of the main text, some three pages in paraUel columns give samples of changes both "striking . . . and . . . less important" (269) between first English book edition and New York Edition. In his richly insightful introduction to The Portrait of a Lady, Tony Tanner takes his sweet time setting the stage for the appearance of James's first real novel. Tanner suggests that it grew out of both James's awareness of cultural barrenness in post-Civil War America and his fear that Europe by contrast offered an over-stimulating initiatory banquet for the starved Yankee artist. Another bipolar inspiration for James was The Marble Faun of Nathaniel Hawthorne, with its expatriate American artist in Rome: such artists were in danger of being rendered impotent through too religious a reverence for the Old Masters. These Americans lose their New England Transcendental idealities but resist what Tanner neatly caUs the "Descendentalism " (xv) of Europe, particularly Flemish "secular opacity" (xv)—aU of this in the golden atmosphere of Rome of the Volume V 75 Number 1 The Henry James Review FaU, 1983 1870s, which James looked back to nostalgically when he wrote his William Wetmore Story much later. In Roderick Hudson, Rowland Mallet represents New England Puritanism, with its whip-like conscience, which both Hudson and Story avoided by expatriation, but at great cost. When James labels Story...

Pollination of the Small White Lady's-slipper (Cypripedium candidum) in Lambton County, southern Ontario

Pollination of the Small White Lady's-slipper (Cypripedium candidum) in Lambton County, southern Ontario

The White Lady of Great Britain and Ireland

The White Lady of Great Britain and Ireland

Racial Understanding through Literature

THE best way of knowing what it means to be a Negro is to be a Negro. To put it more poignantly, as Baldwin says, Search in his shoes, for a job, for a place to, live, ride, in his skin, on segregated buses, see with his eyes, the signs saying 'White' and 'Colored' and especially the signs saying 'White Ladies' and 'Colored Women'.1 Griffin, author of Black Like Me (New American Library of World Literature), tried this approach by medically darkening his skin to discover what it is like to be black in America. Obviously, there are obstacles inherent in this direct kind

Interpreting the 'White Lady' Rock-Painting of South West Africa: Some Considerations

Interpreting the 'White Lady' Rock-Painting of South West Africa: Some Considerations

THE IMMIGRANT SCHOOL LEAVER

We know now that Enoch Powell's school classroom with only one white child in it is as much a myth as his street with only one little old white lady and the hospital with only one doctor and he an immigrant speaking no English. And it is tempting to say that with the present strict control of immigration the problem of educating the children of immigrants is a limited and transient one. The temptation must be resisted, though the difficulties are different from those most people imagine.

White ladies at worcester

White ladies at worcester

A Cerebral Vascular Accident

stantly and still appeared to be a very nervous girl. She said she did not want to have to lie down in the middle of the day. I told her that rest was important for her and that sitting was also a way of resting. Princess taught me something about patience and also about calmness. She was persistent-when she wanted something, she wanted it immediately. She and I both learned that I could do only what I could do, when I could do it, the best I could do it! This brought a sense of calmness even eventually to her, I believe. She was not spoiled, she was really appreciative, sweet, and sincere. Princess is now revived, and is on her way to becoming a Lady in White, I hope!

THE ROCK PAINTINGS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. Vol. I: ‘The White Lady of the Brandberg.’By H. Breuil. Translated by Mary Boyle. Trianon Press for the Abbé Breuil Trust. Distributed by Faber and Faber, London, 1955. pp. X, 31; 24 plates. 17photographs, I map. £5 5s.

THE ROCK PAINTINGS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. Vol. I: ‘The White Lady of the Brandberg.’By H. Breuil. Translated by Mary Boyle. Trianon Press for the Abbé Breuil Trust. Distributed by Faber and Faber, London, 1955. pp. X, 31; 24 plates. 17photographs, I map. £5 5s. - Volume 31 Issue 121