White Head Cabbage Research Articles

STATE AND PROSPECTS OF WHITE HEAD CABBAGE PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE. EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGIES

Purpose: To overview the white head cabbage market in Ukraine, outline major problems, assess production capacity, and determine directions for improving efficiency in the future. Methods. Mathematical/statistical methods, grouping, analysis of time series, abstract-logical and dialectical approaches of cognition. Results. The current state of white head cabbage production in Ukraine is discussed. The shares of this crop in the total sown area and gross vegetable production have been determined; data on the location of white head cabbage production in different natural-climatic zones of Ukraine and farm categories have been summarized. The causes restraining the effective development of this segment of the vegetable market have been elucidated; they include outdated technologies and lack of innovations; few facilities for finishing, packaging, storage, and processing; lack of professional branding and effective infrastructure; weak development of agro-logistics; non-compliance of domestic vegetable products with European standards. The general strategy and priority areas of scientific support for future white head cabbage production in the context of integration processes are outlined. Conclusions. As the material well-being of the population rises, the food basket structure changes towards increased consumption of vegetables, including white cabbage. To justify the future development of vegetable growing in Ukraine, one should be guided by this benchmark, along with the expediency of the maximum use of the available natural and economic potentials for white head cabbage production. The further development of white head cabbage production in Ukraine must be directed towards high-intensity production based on the scientifically sound introduction of new high-yielding cultivars and hybrids with good palatability. At the same time, in the future, technical re-equipment of vegetable growing, development of information support, creation of marketing services, and development of market infrastructure will be required.

Changes in some physical properties of the soils tread with wheat straw and rice husk under the rotation of white-head cabbage, tomato and wheat

This study was carried out silty clay (SiC) textured soil and silty land (SiL) textured soil in order to reveal the changes in some physical properties of the soil in white-head cabbage (WHC), tomato (T) and wheat (W) rotation after the application of wheat straw (WS) and rice husk (RH). Soil organic matter (OM), bulk density (BD), total porosity (F), aggregate stability (AS), mean weight diameter (MWD), field capacity (FC), volumetric water content (Ɵ), penetration resistance (PR), relative saturation (RS) and initial infiltration (In) values were determined, after harvest of each plant. As the results of the experiments pointed out, soil OM contents and F values increased, while BD values decreased after WHC, T and W harvest with WS and RH application. With a higher C/N ratio, WS application increased soil OM content more than RH application. The lowest BD, AS, and MWD values were generally obtained after the WHC and T harvest, and the highest BD, AS, PR and in values after the W harvest. Soil OM content showed very significant negative relationships with BD (-0.561**), MWD (-0.680**) and RS (-0.528**) in the silty clay (SiC) textured soils, while it showed very significant negative relationships with BD (-0.809**), AS (-0.543**), MWD (-0.830**), PR (-0.555**) and very significant positive relationships with FC (0.728**), Ɵ (0.814**), RS (0.767**) in the silty loam (SiL) textured soils.

Developing an Algorithm for Robotic Precision Application of Crop Protection Products

The existing range of plant identification methods and tools is considered limited in real agrotechnical tasks. The image parameters tend to differ significantly in applied solutions. (Research purpose) To develop an algorithm for crop plant recognition by a robotic device using a state-of-the-art convolutional neural network (R-CNN) and deep learning technology. (Materials and methods) A robotic device has been developed for variable rate application of plant protection products able to recognize both useful crops and weeds, determine the area of processing, namely the coordinates of the processing center and the processing radius. Mask R-CNN and Deeplabv3 plus segmenting neural networks were chosen for crop (white head cabbage) detection. The network-based algorithm detects, segments, and positions plants based on a dataset collected in the image-mask and COCO dataset formats. The data set was formed by aerial photography using an unmanned aircraft. The original images are taken by Xiaovv HD Web USB 150 degree Full HD 1080P webcam and Logitech C270 HD 720p webcam. The trained neural network for the robotic device was installed on the Nvidia Jetson AGX Xavier platform. (Results and discussion) As a result of assessing the accuracy of the model on the test data, the following values were obtained: the number of plants detected is 98 percent, the accuracy of contour detection is 94 percent. (Conclusions) It is proved that the trained neural network can be applied to any cultivated crops, taking into account the heterogeneity of their location in the field, soil types, and the percentage of weeds. As a result, the model is trained to extract the bounding box coordinates and the object (cabbage) location by pixels with the required accuracy for both synthetic and real data.

Complete Genome Sequence of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris SB80, a Race 4 Strain Isolated from White Head Cabbage in Turkey.

ABSTRACTHere, we report the complete genome sequence of the race 4 strain Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris SB80, which was isolated from a symptomatic white head cabbage leaf in Samsun Province, Turkey, in 2019. The genome consists of a circular chromosome (5,129,762 bp) with a G+C content of 64.98%, for which 4,159 putative protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA operons, 54 tRNAs, and 86 noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) were predicted.

Valorization of waste cabbage leaves by postharvest photochemical treatments monitored with a non-destructive fluorescence-based sensor.

The biosynthesis of polyphenolic compounds in cabbage waste, outer green leaves of white head cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata subvar. alba), was stimulated by postharvest irradiation with UVB lamps or sunlight. Both treatments boosted the content of kaempferol and quercetin glycosides, especially in the basal leaf zone, as determined by the HPLC analysis of leaf extracts and by a non-destructive optical sensor. The destructive analysis of samples irradiated by the sun for 6days at the end of October 2015 in Skierniewice (Poland) showed an increase of leaf flavonols by 82% with respect to controls. The treatment by a broadband UVB fluorescent lamp, with irradiance of 0.38Wm-2 in the 290-315nm range (and 0.59Wm-2 in the UVA region) for 12h per day at 17°C along with a white light of about 20μmolm-2s-1, produced a flavonols increase of 58% with respect to controls. The kinetics of flavonols accumulation in response to the photochemical treatments was monitored with the FLAV non-destructive index. The initial FLAV rate under the sun was proportional to the daily radiation doses with a better correlation for the sun global irradiance (R2=0.973), followed by the UVA (R2=0.965) and UVB (R2=0.899) irradiance. The sunlight turned out to be more efficient than the UVB lamp in increasing the flavonols level of waste leaves, because of a significant role played by UVA and visible solar radiation in the regulation of the flavonoid accumulation in cabbage. The FLAV index increase induced on the adaxial leaf side was accompanied by a lower but still significant FLAV increase on the unirradiated abaxial side, likely due to a systemic signaling by mean of the long-distance movement of macromolecules. Our present investigation provides useful data for the optimization of postharvest photochemical protocols of cabbage waste valorization. It can represent a novel and alternative tool of vegetable waste management for the recovery of beneficial phytochemicals.

Effect of Botanical Extracts on the Growth and Nutritional Quality of Field-Grown White Head Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata).

Nutraceuticals and functional foods are gaining more attention amongst consumers interested in nutritious food. The consumption of foodstuffs with a high content of phytochemicals has been proven to provide various health benefits. The application of biostimulants is a potential strategy to fortify cultivated plants with beneficial bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, it has not yet been established whether the proposed higher plants (St. John’s wort, giant goldenrod, common dandelion, red clover, nettle, and valerian) are appropriate for the production of potential bio-products enhancing the nutritional value of white cabbage. Therefore, this research examines the impact of botanical extracts on the growth and nutritional quality of cabbage grown under field conditions. Two extraction methods were used for the production of water-based bio-products, namely: ultrasound-assisted extraction and mechanical homogenisation. Bio-products were applied as foliar sprays to evaluate their impact on total yield, dry weight, photosynthetic pigments, polyphenols, antioxidant activity, vitamin C, nitrates, micro- and macroelements, volatile compounds, fatty acids, sterols, and sugars. Botanical extracts showed different effects on the examined parameters. The best results in terms of physiological and biochemical properties of cabbage were obtained for extracts from common dandelion, valerian, nettle, and giant goldenrod. When enriched with nutrients, vegetables can constitute a valuable component of functional food.

Effects of Microbial Fertilizer Application on Germination and Seedling Growth in Lettuce and White Head Cabbage

Günümüzde çevreye verilen öneme paralel olarak, tarımsal üretimde kullanılan kimyasal gübreler yerine alternatif olarak mikroorganizmaların kullanımı gittikçe önem kazanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, ülkemizde en çok üretilen kışlık sebzeler arasında yer alan marul ve beyaz baş lahanada mikrobiyal gübre uygulamasının çimlenme ve fide gelişimi üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bitkisel materyal olarak Green Wave marul çeşidi ve Bayraklı-85 beyaz baş lahana çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada EM.5 isimli ticari mikrobiyal gübrenin 5 farklı dozu (0, 5, 10, 15 ve 20 mL L-1) uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda mikrobiyal gübre dozları arasında incelenen özellikler bakımından önemli farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre mikrobiyal gübrenin marulda çimlenme oranı, fide boyu, fide kuru ağırlığı, kök kuru ağırlığı ve kuru madde oranını; beyaz baş lahanada ise fide boyu, fide yaş ağırlığı ve kuru madde oranını kontrole göre önemli oranda artırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Genel olarak, mikrobiyal gübre uygulamalarının tohum çimlenmesi ve fide büyüme parametreleri üzerinde olumlu etkilerinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Mikrobiyal gübre dozları değerlendirildiğinde, 15 mL L-1 uygulamasının hem marulda hem de beyaz baş lahanada çimlenme ve fide gelişimi üzerinde daha etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kontrol uygulaması ile karşılaştırıldığında, 15 mL L-1 uygulaması marulda fide boyunu %35.71 oranında ve beyaz baş lahana ise fide yaş ağırlığını %38.18 oranında artırmıştır. Mikrobiyal gübre uygulamasının marul ve beyaz baş lahanada çimlenme ve fide gelişimini artırmada alternatif bir uygulama yöntemi olarak başarılı bir şekilde kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Effect of different vernalization duration on seed yield in white head cabbage

Effect of different vernalization duration on seed yield in white head cabbage

The effect of putrescine on DNA methylation on cabbage plant under salt stress conditions

Although studies on tolerance to abiotic stress conditions in cabbage species and varieties have been carried out, these studies have generally been conducted in field and greenhouse pot experiments. In such studies, morphological measurements and evaluations have been made. However, there are deficiencies in physiological and molecular detection studies. Therefore, this study focused on detecting any DNA methylation change in the genome of cabbage seedlings when NaCl salt stress in combination with putrescine Put was applied. Different concentrations of NaCl and Put were applied to white head cabbage Brassica oleraceae L. cv Yalova-F1 . Germination rate, root length, shoot length, seedling index and variation coefficient of germination timewere examined. Eight RAPD primers were used in the CRED-RA analysis. Polymorphism ratios were calculated for each concentration and averages were taken. The results showed that MspI enzyme used in the study was cut from the methylation site and the HpaII enzyme was cut when the methylation did not occur. A total seventy-eight methlation sensitive bands were determined based on the treatments. Class IV was the highest methylation type. This was followed by Class I, Class III and Class II, respectively. Total methylation rate % was varied from 59.0% to 71.8%. It was determined that the full methylation rate % was higher than hemi-methylation rate in all treatments. As a result of this study, it was determined that Put applied in both NaCl stress and stress-free conditions caused demethylation.

Modeling of asymmetric division of somatic cell in protoplasts culture of higher plants

The key result of the work is the selection of factors for the cultivation of protoplasts of higher plants in vitro, which allowed induction of asymmetrical cell division during the first cell cycle phase. Gibberellin has been proved to be one of the main cofactors of asymmetric division of plant cells. The objects of research were plants of the following cultivars aseptically grown in hormone-free MS medium: tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), SR-1 line; Arabidopsis thaliana var. columbia (L.) Heynh; potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), Zarevo cultivar; cultivated white head cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata L.) of the following varieties: Kharkivska zymnia, Ukrainska osin, Yaroslavna, Lika, Lesya, Bilosnizhka, Dithmarscher Früher, Iyunskarannya; rape (Brassica napus L.) of Shpat cultivar; winter radish (Raphanus sativus L.) of Odessa-5 cultivar. In experiments with mesophilic and hypocotyl protoplasts of the above-mentioned plant species it has been proved that short-term osmotic stress within 16–18 hours being combined with subsequent introduction of high doses of gibberellin GK3 (1 mg/L) into the modified liquid nutrient media TM and SW led to the occurrence of pronounced morphological traits of cytodifferentiation already at the initial stages of the development of mitotically active cells in a number of higher plants. Meanwhile, in all analyzed species, there was observed the division of the initial genetically homogeneous population of mitotically active cells into two types of asymmetric division: by the type of division of the mother cell into smaller daughter cells and by the type of the first asymmetric division of the zygotic embryo in planta. In this case, the first type of asymmetric division occurred during unusual cytomorphism of the mother cells: a pronounced heart-shaped form even before the first division, which is inherent in the morphology of somatic plant embryo in vitro at the heart-shaped stage. A particular study of the effect of osmotic stress influencing protoplasts of various cultivars of white cabbage, isolated from hypocotyls of 7–9 day etiolated seedlings, revealed quite a typical consistent pattern: the acquisition and maintenance of the axis of symmetry in growing microcolonies occurred without extra exogenous gibberellin (GK3), which was added to the nutrient medium earlier. While analyzing the effect of growth regulators on the formation of microcolonies with traits of structural organization, the conclusion was made regarding the commonality of the revealed morphogenetic reactions of cells within the culture of protoplasts of higher plants in vitro with similar reactions studied earlier on other plants, both in vitro and in planta. Modeling of asymmetric cell division in protoplast culture in vitro has become possible by carrying out a balanced selection of growth regulators as well as their coordinated application through time along with changes in osmotic pressure of a nutrient medium.

The Effect of Botanical Extracts Obtained through Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on White Head Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea L. Var. Capitata L.) Seedlings Grown under Controlled Conditions

This research presents the possibility of using innovative botanical extracts as biostimulants of plant growth to improve plant nutritional value, growth, and development. It is important to increase agricultural production but this process should be carried out in a sustainable way, without causing risks for both the environment and consumers. For this reason, we have focused on the use of 14 natural raw materials and ultrasound assisted extraction for the production of biostimulants. Results proved that higher plants can be used to obtain valuable products for the application in modern horticulture and agriculture. For instance, extract based on Urtica dioica L. showed the highest biostimulatory properties: in the group sprayed with 0.1% extract cabbage seedlings were longer by 31%, while with 1.0% extract of Polygonum aviculare L. roots were longer by 72% than in the control group treated with water. Extracts based on Equisetum arvense L. (0.5%) and Urtica dioica L. (leaf) (0.1%) increased the fresh weight of sprouts by 113% and 112%, respectively. The highest root weight was observed in groups treated with Equisetum arvense L. (0.5%), Polygonum aviculare L. (0.5%), and Urtica dioica L. (leaf) (2.5%)—heavier by 207%, 206%, and 205%, respectively. Most of biostimulants increased the content of pigments involved in photosynthesis (e.g. 156% more chlorophyll for 0.1% Hypericum perforatum L. extract), decreased the content of polyphenols (e.g. 47% less for 2.5% Trifolium pretense extract), and showed a varied impact on antioxidant activity. There is an increasing interest in botanical extracts due to their high content of biologically active compounds and wide variety of application possibilities.

Economic efficienty and agro-ecological assessment of herbicides usage for the cultivation of white cabbage parent plants

The composition of agrobiological groups of weeds in the agrocenosis of white head cabbage queen-cell under conditions of irrigation of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine is analyzed. It was proved the effectiveness of soil herbicides Stomp and Butisan in reduction of weed spreading in the phase of two or three leaves of the crop by 71.5–76.2 %. The introduction of the Fusilade Super herbicide causes a decrease in the number of grass weeds at the time of formation of cabbage leaf rosette by 80.2 %, the use of Lontrel – a decrease in the number of dicotyledonous weeds by 83.6 %. At the use of herbicides, there is a tendency to increase the interphase growth periods and biometric parameters of white head cabbage plants. The use of Stomp and Butisan ensures the preservation of the yield of cabbage queen-cells at the level of 9.3–10.3 t/ha and forms a low-risk level of agrocenosis contamination (agroecotoxicological index ranged from 0.003–0.063). Key words: herbicides, white head cabbage, biometric parameters, yield, agroecotoxycology index.

The Effect of Plant-Derived Biostimulants on White Head Cabbage Seedlings Grown under Controlled Conditions

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of using natural raw materials that have not been used for the production of biostimulants of plant growth. These products can effectively contribute to overcome the challenge posed by the increasing demand for food. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) was chosen to prepare innovative biostimulants. The expected outcome of this research was to generate products that show beneficial effects on white head cabbage growth, development, and nutritional quality. The results proved that higher plants (mugwort, calendula, purple coneflower, chamomile, basil, giant goldenrod, comfrey, dandelion, and valerian) can be successfully used for the production of biostimulants. For example, products based on common dandelion showed the highest biostimulating activity. In a group treated with 2.5% flower extract, cabbage shoots were 37% longer, whereas in a group treated with 0.5% leaves extract, roots were longer by 76% as compared with a control group treated with water. Biostimulants based on common mugwort (at a dose of 0.5%) and common dandelion (root) (at a dose of 1.0%) increased the mass of cabbage shoots and roots by 106% and 246%, respectively. The majority of biostimulants increased the content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids) and decreased the content of polyphenols. Botanical extracts also showed varied impact on the antioxidant activity of cabbage. Taking into account the benefits for a wide scope of applications, it is expected that the utilization of these types of products should increase in the future. These products can play a key role in sustainable agriculture.

In vitro selection for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans resistance in brassica vegetables

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Fusarium wilt is an issue of concern in economically and nutritionally important Brassica vegetable cultivation. Thus, it deserves measures against the adverse production impact caused by Fusarium wilt.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> In this study, development of resistance to <em>F. oxysporum</em> f. sp. <em>conglutinans</em> in six white head cabbage cultivars, by in vitro chemical mutagenesis and selection, through direct and indirect organogenesis was examined. 6 day and 10 day old hypocotyl, shoot tip and calli, from 6 day old hypocotyl explants, were subjected to chemical mutagenesis treatment (DMSO (4% v/v) + EMS (0.3% v/v) for two hours at 28±2°C) were incubated in MS shoot induction medium (MS+ NAA (0.2 mg/l), BAP (3 mg/l), GA3 (0.01 mg/L) and AgNO3 (0.5 mg/l)). Shoots developed from hypocotyl and shoot tip explants (in the MS shoot induction medium and then in MS + NAA (0.2 mg/l), BAP (3 mg/l), GA3 (0.01 mg/l) for shoot development) and calli following mutagenesis treatment were screened for Fusarium resistance subjecting to 15% and 20% <em>Fusarium</em> culture filtrate for 30 and 60 day selection periods for each strength respectively. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Developed plantlets from all six cultivars tested, showed resistance to<em> </em>Fusarium culture filtrate in the in vitro conditions with different survival frequencies ranging between 12.5% to 84.0% from hypocotyl and 0.0% to 86.7% from shoot tip explants among cultivars indicating development of resistance to <em>Fusarium</em> by in vitro chemical mutagenesis.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Direct organogenesis, and 10 day old hypocotyl and 6 day old shoot tips are potential explants for successful application of in vitro chemical mutagenesis for Fusarrium resistance development in in cabbage.</p><p class="abstract"> </p>

Viruses infecting cool season crops in the northern Turkey.

Virus diseases of cool season vegetable crops (mainly cabbage, white and red head cabbage, broccoli, kale, radish, rocket salad, garden cress, and turnip) were surveyed in Bafra Plain, Turkey during winter 2017, and 2018. Leaf samples were collected from different species of the Brassicaceae family showing mosaic, mottling, necrotic spots, malformation, and chlorosis symptoms. These samples were tested for the presence of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Beet western yellows virus (BWYV), Radish mosaic virus (RaMV), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV), and Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) by biological and serological methods. A total of 455 samples were collected from cole crop fields and tested for the seven viruses by double-antibody sandwich ELISA using specific polyclonal antibodies. According to the results, out of these, 7 % of the samples were infected by at least one of these viruses. TuMV was the most prevalent virus detected in cole crops. TuMV, CaMV, and CMV were detected in 3 %, 2 %, and 2 % of infected samples, respectively, and the infection rate of these three viruses changed significantly among Brassica species.

CLASSIFICATION OF NATIONAL VARIETY ACCESSIONS OF CABBAGE BRASSICA OLERACEA L. WITH THE USE OF SSR MARKERS

It is important to reveal the genetic base of breeding genetic material used for development of new breeding accessions among diverse Brassica oleracea L. (CC, 2n = 18). Traditional varieties, hybrids and new ones recently developed are the main genetic resources. Classification of a collection with DNA markers enables to reveal valuable genotypes and establish the breeding accession pedigree that allows developing the new accessions with sustainable economically valuable traits. The use of microsatellite markers (SSR) in B. oleracea L. has shown high efficiency in discovering genetic polymorphism between varieties and within varieties as well. In this study, 16 primer pairs have been taken to amplify microsatellite loci of genomic DNA in national 24 breeding accessions of cabbage. On the basis of the data obtained the dendrogram has been constructed with use of Jaccard’s coefficient. All loci studied were high informative, where 14 out of 16 had a PIC > 0.5. As a result, the level of genetic polymorphism has reached 85.7%. The large cluster of head cabbages consists of three subclusters: mid-maturing and early-maturing accessions of white head cabbage, red head and savoy cabbages, late-maturing and midmaturing accessions of white head cabbage, respectively. Maximum genetic distance in the cluster of head cabbages was obtained between head cabbage ‘Slava 231’ and ‘Vertu 1340’ with genetic similarity 44.7%. The two varieties of red head cabbage ‘Gako 741’ and ‘Kamennaya Golovka 447’ were genetically similar at 71.1%. The relatively low genetic similarity of these varieties can be explained by that they belong to different varietal groups. The most genetically closest varieties were ‘Zimovka 1474’ and ‘Podarok‘ with genetic similarity 86,5%. Information on topologic differentiation obtained from cluster analysis can be the basis for selection of genetically valuable breeding material with the use of DNA markers (Marker Assisted Selection).

THE ROLE OF VEGETABLE BREEDING AND MODERN RESEARCHES IN FOOD STABILITY

The vegetable production is one of the main factors for food security, as vegetables play an important role in the structure of nutrition. The Federal Scientific Vegetable Center creates competitive varieties and hybrids of vegetable crops that meet market requirements to meet the needs of domestic producers and thereby contributes to food security. As a result of national breeding program, the varieties and hybrids adapted to different growing conditions, with resistance to local races of pathogens, temperature stresses, and ground frosts were developed to provide the sustainable production of vegetables with high nutritional and medicinal qualities. The varieties and hybrids F1 of white head cabbage that have been created for the last 5 years are distinguished from foreign ones by taste qualities, appropriate pickling characteristics with increased sugar, and decreased cellulose contents. The local onion varieties combine long shelf life, early maturing, well bulb formation, high dry matter content (18-20%) and ability to form the bulb for one year. Breeders have developed bee-pollinated and parthenocarpic hybrids of cucumber well adapted to local growing conditions and suitable for open field cultivation in different regions of Russia. Parthenocarpic heterotic hybrids of the multi-propose use, corresponding to the modern variety model with high productivity, early-ripening, bunch ovary disposition, resistance to abiotic stresses, and most harmful diseases. The carrot and red beet varieties with high nutritional qualities, long shelf-life, ecological plasticity that are widely used for seed production have been created. The varieties of Solanaceae crops have been developed to cultivate in Non Chernozem zone, Far East, Western Siberia, the Middle Belt of Russia and the south of Russia, are also suitable for different greenhouse complexes located in different light zones of the Russia. Wide application of varieties produced through national vegetable breeding programs can provide the population with our own products of high quality.

Ecological assessment of vegetable products grown in the city of Zhytomyr and its residential suburb

The purpose of the given research was to carry out complex ecological assessment of vegetables grown in the city of Zhytomyr and in its residential suburb as to the content of nitrates and heavy metals in them. The results of the research showed that on the average from the whole amount of samples selected on the territory of the city the excess nitrate content was found in potatoes, bulb onion, green onion, garden radish and red beet. In the rest of vegetable and fruit samples the excess of the nitrate level was not found. In vegetables grown under the conditions of agroecosystems of suburban settlements the excess nitrate content was fixed in 44.6 % of the samples selected. Most often the excess of the norm was observed in potatoes (75 % of the samples). The comparative analysis of vegetable products grown under different conditions showed that vegetables grown in settlements of the residential suburb were more polluted with nitrates than those grown in urban ecosystems.It has been established that in the selected samples of vegetables grown under the conditions of the city higher content of heavy metals, especially lead and cadmium, is observed. From the total amount of the samples the most dangerous for human consumption proved to be leaf parsley in which the excess of lead, cadmium and zinc level was on the average 5.1, 7.3 and 3.2 times respectively, and the safest vegetable was garden carrot. As a result of the investigations into the content of heavy metals in vegetables grown in the residential suburb, it has been established that absolutely safe for man are garden carrot, red beet, cucumbers, tomatoes and onion in which the level of heavy metals is substantially lower than the maximum permissible one. Lead content in white head cabbage and parsley was fixed at the level of 1.25 and 3.45 mg/kg. Slight increase in cuprum content was found in white head cabbage, and in potatoes the content of zinc exceeding the norm was fixed. It has been proved that crop products grown under the conditions of urban ecosystems contain higher amount of heavy metals as compared with the same crops grown in the residential suburb.When conducting the investigations into the content of nitrates and heavy metals in different vegetable parts we found that distribution of pollutants among organs of plants was first of all determined by their species and biological characteristics of organs themselves.

TEROIDES THE STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF HIGH AND LOW STARTING TITRE IN THE MODEL ENVIRONMENTS TO CHANGES IN ACTIVE AND TITRATABLE ACIDITY DURING THE CULTIVATION OF WHITE CABBAGE VARIETIES PARUS LACTIC ACID BACTERIA L. LACTIS AND L. MESENTEROIDES

The aim of the research was to study the dynamics of active and titratable acidity with a low and high initial titer, while cultivating white head cabbage of the variety ‘Parus’ with lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc lactis VKPM V-12150 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides VKPM V-8818 in the basic model medium (BMS) and the modified model medium (MMC) during fermentation . In this experiment, two important questions were considered: the creation of favorable conditions for the growth of lactic acid microorganisms and the suppression of undesirable pathogenic microflora, which can eventually lead to product spoilage. One of the key questions is to scale the results of studies related to the fermentation of plant objects by microorganisms on initially non-sterile raw materials that is the requirement to create as possible fast the conditions that restrain the reproduction of Cl. botulinum, preventing toxin accumulation in the product. Therefore, an important factor is the observance for the necessary boundary condition where for international standards, it reaches pH ≤ 4.6, and for Russian standards it reaches pH ≤ 4.2. Hence, an analysis of the experimental data showed that these boundary conditions were reached after the expiration of essentially different time intervals during the cultivation of microorganisms with different starting titers. As a result, it was shown with which lactic acid microorganisms the optimal parameters for the dynamics of active and titratable acidity were obtained, when the boundary condition reached pH 4.2. Since this value determines more stringent requirements for product safety. As a result of studies it was found that optimal parameters for the dynamics of active and titratable acidity when a limit pH value of 4.2 is obtained in the cultivation of lactic acid bacteria L. mesenteroides in the MMC, revealing that the value of the starting titer ranging from 3*103 to 3*105 CFU/g.

FIRST REPORT OF PSEUDOMONAS VIRIDIFLAVA CAUSING CABBAGE BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT IN TURKEY

In the autumn of 2016, white head cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba) showing circular to irregular lesions 2–3 mm in size surrounded by a yellow halo and necrotic areas on the leaves, were observed in the Samsun province of Turkey. Extract from symptomatic tissue macerated in plastic bags (Bioreba AG, Switzerland), plated on King’s medium B (King et al., 1954) and incubated at 26°C for 48 h yielded colonies with the same LOPAT profile of Pseudomonas viridiflava strain M66 from tomato. They were levan-, oxidase-, arginine-negative, caused hypersensitive reactions on tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) and macerated potato slices. Molecular characterization using ERIC-PCR (Rademaker et al., 1998) yielded the same band pattern for strains BT5X and M66. Blastn analysis of a 1400 bp 16S rDNA and a 835 bp gyrB gene sequence (GenBank accession Nos. KY769809, MF314821) showed 99% and 100% similarity to the sequences of the type strain ATCC13223T =CFBP 2107 (NR_114482- HM190239) of Ps. viridiflava deposited in GenBank. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) produced by maximum likelihood method using concatenated sequences of 16S rDNA and gyrB allowed clustering of our strain in the same clade together with the type strain ATCC13223T and other representive P. viridiflava strains retrieved from GenBank. Cabbage plants (cv. Beyaz Bursa) were spray-inoculated with a suspension of 108 CFU ml-1 of an overnight culture grown in Luria-Bertani broth reacted six days post inoculation with spots similar to those observed in the field. Reisolated colonies were fluorescent under UV light and had the same morphology on King’s medium B as the original culture and positive strain M66. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. viridiflava causing a leaf spot disease of head cabbage in Turkey.