White Geese Research Articles

Складності перекладу англомовних термінів птахівництва українською мовою

The purpose of this article is to single out some specific problems of English terms translation used in poultry farming into the Ukrainian language, special attention paid to polysemic and homonymous poultry terminological units. The research material is about 700 English zootechnical terms of the poultry farming field. The words were selected from the relevant English texts on the corresponding professional topics (scientific articles and didactic materials, manuals for specialists). The research is methodologically based on the systemic-structural approach, so it enables synchronous analysis of linguistic phenomena that are based on connections and relationships between these elements. The analysis of the paradigmatic terminological relations is based on the principles of semantic fields and the thematic organization of terminology. Descriptive and comparative methods are also applied. The review of the relevant scientific literature confirmed the ambiguity in interpretation of homonymy and polysemy in terminology. Problems in the translation of homonymous and polysemic poultry terms are identified and possible ways of solving the problems are proposed. The types of terminological homonymy and polysemy of simple units and abbreviations are described. It has been found out that the most difficulties arise in the translation of intra-industry simple terms. The analysis of the notion “term” has shown that terms can be scientific and technical words used only in certain field, as well as widely used words that have commonly known meanings; when translating polysemous and homonymous terms, intra-industry ones are the most difficult to interpret adequately, since their translation completely depends on the context. The translation of a homonymous or polysemic term requires good knowledge in the poultry farming field as well as clear understanding of the English term volume, awareness of the relevant Ukrainian terminology is necessary. Obviously, the most adequate way to translate a term is to convey it using the equivalent available in the language of translation. In general, the terms that are formed from Greek and Latin languages have clear equivalents. In the terminological apparatus of poultry farming, most of these words refer to the anatomy of industrial birds and the process of their breeding. The most frequent translation transformations used in translation of poultry terms are: transcription, transliteration, calque and descriptive translation. We believe that it is best to use transcription, transliteration ("Ayam Cemani" – Ayam Cemani (exotic breed of chickens)), calque translation (Broad Breasted White – broad-breasted white goose (breed of geese)) when translating names of breeds of industrial poultry. Descriptive translation method is most often used when working with verb terms: "to mate" – to cross breeds, "to sex" – to divide the brood by sex, "to go broody" – to hatch eggs, "to hatch" – to incubate eggs, hatch, "to breed" – to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way.

Molecular cloning and functional studies on magang goose toll-like receptor 5

Disease outbreaks heavily impact the economic viability of animal industries. Little is known about the mechanisms of immune system-related diseases in geese. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a major role in the anti-inflammatory immunity process in most animal species, but they have not been studied in the Magang goose. To elucidate the role of TLRs, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and PCR amplification of cDNA ends (Smart RACE) were used to clone the Magang goose TLR5 gene (mgTLR5). The full-length cDNA of mgTLR5 was 2967 bp in length, including a 5′-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 215 bp, a 3′-terminal UTR of 384 bp, and an open reading frame of 2583 bp that encodes a protein of 860 amino acids. Structurally, mgTLR5 has a toll/interleukin-receptor (TIR) domain, a transmembrane domain, and seven leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) domains. Homology alignment of TLR5 and its TIR domains with other species revealed that mgTLR5 shared 98 % and 81.3 % of sequence similarity with white goose TLR5 and chicken TLR5, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that the mgTLR5 gene of the goose is widely expressed in all tested tissues, with the highest expression in the kidney and spleen. The increase in NF-κB promoter activity stimulated by flagellin was dependent on mgTLR5 expression in 293 T cells. Salmonella pullorum and flagellin significantly upregulated the expression of TLR5, IL-8, and IL-1 mRNA in peripheral blood mononucleotide cells of Magang goose cultured in vitro. Stimulation by S. pullorum for 24 h upregulated mgTLR5 expression in the cecum and kidney. We conclude that Magang goose TLR5 is a functional TLR5 homologue of the protein in other species and plays an important role in bacterial recognition.

FATTENING AND MEAT QUALITIES OF GEESE OF OBROSHIN SELECTION WITH GRAY AND WHITE PLUMAGE

The research work provided a solution to the problem of preserving the gene pool of Obroshyn gray (OS) and Obroshyn white (OB) geese, which will improve and enhance the valuable qualities of the original flock of geese, gain the desired economic characteristics and thus ensure the competitiveness of the industry in modern conditions.
 The research was conducted in the laboratory of small livestock ISGKR NAAS and on the basis of SE DG "Miklashiv".
 The main method of breeding is the selection and selection of individuals with high productive qualities in order to obtain the same type of bird that would meet the planned performance parameters.
 Selection work was carried out by individual mass selection, aimed at consolidating the standard for each breed group of traits. Before the beginning of the breeding period, males and females of both groups were individually assessed by the exterior, typical plumage, live weight.
 It was found that both Obroshyn gray and Obroshyn white geese were well selected for productive characteristics and showed high fattening and meat qualities. All birds are well adapted to the natural conditions of the western region.
 Body sex measurements (chest circumference, torso length, keel, and metatarsus) were higher in males of the Obroshyn gray breed group of geese. Males at different ages had higher rates than females.
 Obroshyn gray geese (group I) outperformed their peers from group II in terms of meat qualities, the weight of uncorked and gutted carcass, and yield of edible parts.
 The pre-slaughter live weight of carcasses of males of group I (OS) was 4722 g and prevailed over peers of group II (OB) by 2.94%, and the live weight of females was 4149 g and was higher by 4.19%.
 It was found that the difference in the number of erythrocytes in males and females was insignificant and almost does not change with age, and hemoglobin on the contrary - increases with age. Males in all study periods had higher serum total protein compared to females. The lowest rate was in males and females аt 4 weeks of age, however, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and total protein content.

Comparative Analysis of the Duodenum Microbial Communities of Zhedong White Goose (Anser cygnoides) at Different Reproductive Stages by High-Throughput Sequencing

Comparative Analysis of the Duodenum Microbial Communities of Zhedong White Goose (Anser cygnoides) at Different Reproductive Stages by High-Throughput Sequencing

The Human Rights Violation A Study of the Indigenous People of Biafra Agitation (IPOB)

The proliferation of ‘violent-oriented' ethnic organizations and agitation groups operating in Nigeria, is a result of the inability of the Nigerian state to resolve the questions of citizenship, resource control, federalism and political representation. This, of course, is an expression of sub-nationalism and irredentism, hence posing a threat to the survival of the fragile democracy and nation-building in the country. No doubt, the Igbo people who bore the brunt of the Nigerian Civil War has been relegated to the background and are being treated as a minority group in the country, even though they are one of the three major ethnic groups in the country. Another problem is the fact that they have been used as scape goats in any political crises in Nigeria. They have been extra-judicially killed and their property wantonly destroyed. All these infringed on their fundamental human rights. These are the factors that have fuelled the recurrent agitation and demand by the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) for a separate state was their rights can be protected. This study, therefore, concludes that the development of Nigeria will remain a mirage, and Nigeria, making a positive impact in international politics, a white goose chase, should the country fail to tackle her internal political problems.

Characterization of ovarian morphology and reproductive hormones in Zhedong white geese (Anser cygnoides domesticus) during the reproductive cycle.

Zhedong white goose (Anser cygnoides domesticus) is a native Chinese breed with strong broodiness and low egg production, which is related to the physiology of reproduction. However, thus far, the physiology of goose reproduction has not been well elucidated. In the present study, the ovarian morphology and reproductive hormones of Zhedong white geese were investigated during the reproductive cycle (the laying and brooding periods). The results showed that the surface of the ovary was atrophied and follicular atresia appeared to some extent in the brooding period compared with the laying period. The concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone, progesterone and luteinizing hormone were significantly higher than those in the brooding period (p<0.05). In contrast, the concentrations of prolactin (PRL) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in the laying period were significantly lower than those in the brooding period (p<0.05). In addition, the mRNA expression levels of PRL, AMH, dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) and cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) were detected in the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries by using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that AMH mRNA was expressed specifically in ovary tissue. The expression levels of DβH and PRL in the brooding period was significantly higher than those in the laying period in the three tissues, especially in the early and middle stages of the brooding period. Moreover, AMH mRNA expression in the ovaries presented the same trend. In addition, P450scc mRNA was highly expressed in both the ovary and pituitary in the laying period. These results revealed the remarkable features of ovarian morphology and characterized the hormonal pattern and expression profile during the reproductive cycle, all of which contribute to understanding the differences in reproductive physiology between the laying and brooding periods in Zhedong white geese.

Geometrical characteristics of eggs from 3 poultry species

We studied the correlations between egg geometrical parameters (i.e., egg shape index, sphericity, geometric mean diameter, surface area, and volume) and eggshell qualities, or the organic matrix in eggshell. Eggs were collected from 5 poultry breeds belonging to 3 species (commercial Hy-line Brown Chicken, Shaoxing Duck, Jinding Duck, Taihu Goose, and Zhedong White Goose). The geometrical parameters showed high variation among 3 species of poultry, and even between breeds in the same species. The five geometrical parameters were grouped into 2 sets, one contained shape index and sphericity, the other comprised geometric mean diameter, surface area, and volume. The parameters in the same set can be perfectly fitted to one another. Egg weight, shell membrane weight, and calcified shell weight were significantly correlated with geometric mean diameter, surface area, and volume. In accordance with false discovery rate–adjusted P value, both shell membrane relative weight and calcified shell thickness showed no significant correlations with any of the geometrical parameters. However, the correlations between geometrical parameters and other shell variables (calcified shell weight, shell relative weight, calcified shell thickness uniformity, and eggshell breaking strength) depend on breed. Both constitutive proportions and percentage contents of 3 eggshell matrix components (acid-insoluble, water-insoluble, and both acid and water facultative-soluble matrix) had no effects on egg shape and size. The correlations between the amounts of various shell matrix, egg shape and size depend on breed or species. This study provides a methodology and the correlation between geometrical parameters and eggshell qualities, and between geometrical parameters and organic matrix components in calcified shells.

Seasonal differences in the transcriptome profile of the Zhedong white goose (Anser cygnoides) pituitary gland

In animals, the adaptation to breed at the time of greatest survival of the young is known as seasonal reproduction. This is mainly controlled by the photoperiod, which stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and starts the breeding season. Herein, we have determined the seasonal changes in gene expression patterns of Zhedong white geese pituitary glands under a natural photoperiodism, conducted at autumn equinox (AE), winter solstice (WS), spring equinox (SE), and summer solstice (SS). Pairwise comparisons of WS vs. AE, SE vs. WS, SS vs. SE, and AE vs. SS resulted in 1,139, 33, 704, and 3,503 differently expressed genes, respectively. When compared with SS, AE showed downregulation of genes, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor, prolactin receptor, and thyroid hormone receptor beta, whereas gonadotropin-releasing hormone II receptor was upregulated, indicating that these genes may be responsible for the transition from cessation to egg laying. In addition, the expression levels of 5 transcription factors (POU1F1, Pitx2, NR5A1, NR4A2, and SREBF2) and 6 circadian clock-associated genes (Clock, Per2, ARNTL2, Eya3, Dio2, and NPAS2) also changed seasonally. Gene Ontology term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that “response to oxidative stress” and steroid biosynthesis pathway also participate in regulating the reproduction seasonality of geese. Overall, these results contribute to the identification of genes involved in seasonal reproduction, enabling a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying seasonal reproduction of geese.

Molecular cloning of the goose GnRH gene and identification of GnRH polymorphisms associated with laying traits

ABSTRACT 1. Egg-laying traits are important economic characteristics in goose production (Anser cygnoides). The gene GnRH, which encodes gonadotropin-releasing hormone, is a strong candidate gene for egg-laying traits in avian species. 2. In this study, a 3520 bp genomic sequence and a 279 bp mRNA sequence for GnRH, which encoded 92 amino acids, were determined. The GnRH DNA sequence contains four exons and three introns, and the DNA and deduced amino acid sequences were highly conserved across mammals (human, macaque, cow, and sheep) and avians (chicken, fulmar and quail). 3. Using a direct sequencing method, 46 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the GnRH genomic sequence that were shared between two Sichuan White goose populations (217 and 208 individuals). Furthermore, 44 haplotypes were constructed using a sliding window approach. Association analysis between the SNPs and haplotypes and egg-laying traits showed that 10 SNPs affected the first egg weight, average egg weight, egg number at 48 weeks and egg number at 64 weeks. 4. These results lay the foundation for further studies of the function of GnRH in geese and provide a theoretical basis for marker-assisted selection of egg-laying traits in the Sichuan white goose population.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Suggests Key Roles for 5-Hydroxytryptamlne Receptors in Control of Goose Egg Production.

To date, research on poultry egg production performance has only been conducted within inter or intra-breed groups, while those combining both inter- and intra-breed groups are lacking. Egg production performance is known to differ markedly between Sichuan white goose (Anser cygnoides) and Landes goose (Anser anser). In order to understand the mechanism of egg production performance in geese, we undertook this study. Here, 18 ovarian stromal samples from both Sichuan white goose and Landes goose at the age of 145 days (3 individuals before egg production initiation for each breed) and 730 days (3 high- and low egg production individuals during non-laying periods for each breed) were collected to reveal the genome-wide expression profiles of ovarian mRNAs and lncRNAs between these two geese breeds at different physiological stages. Briefly, 58, 347, 797, 777, and 881 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 56, 24, 154, 105, and 224 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (DElncRNAs) were found in LLD vs. HLD (low egg production Landes goose vs. high egg production Landes goose), LSC vs. HSC (low egg production Sichuan White goose vs. high egg production Sichuan white goose), YLD vs. YSC (young Landes goose vs. young Sichuan white goose), HLD vs. HSC (high egg production Landes goose vs. high egg production Sichuan white goose), and LLD vs. LSC (low egg production Landes goose vs. low egg production Sichuan white goose) groups, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis of these DEGs and DElncRNAs suggest that the “neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction pathway” is crucial for egg production, and particularly, members of the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (HTR) family affect egg production by regulating ovarian metabolic function. Furthermore, the big differences in the secondary structures among HTR1F and HTR1B, HTR2B, and HTR7 may lead to their different expression patterns in goose ovaries of both inter- and intra-breed groups. These results provide novel insights into the mechanisms regulating poultry egg production performance.

A 14-bp insertion in endothelin receptor B-like (EDNRB2) is associated with white plumage in Chinese geese

BackgroundGang goose is a native species with gray plumage in Sichuan, China. As a result of overhunting, the number of gray Gang geese has decreased dramatically. To keep the species from extinction, conservation work for Gang geese was undertaken. In the process of pure breeding of gray Gang geese, approximately 2% of the offspring of each generation were white. This study aims to explain the genetic mechanism of this phenomenon and provide reliable molecular markers for goose-related plumage color breeding.ResultsWe used the method of pooled whole genome sequencing and Fst (fixation statistics) to identify the differentiation degree of alleles between gray Gang geese and white Gang geese from their offspring. In this way, EDNRB2, a key gene that affects the migration of melanoblasts, was identified. Then, the transcriptome was sequenced for the two geese plumage color populations, and the DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were analyzed. The results indicated that EDNRB2, as a possible candidate gene, had a significantly differential mRNA expression. In addition, a 14-bp insertion (NW_013185915.1: g. 750,748–750,735 insertion. CACAGGTGAGCTCT) in exon 3 of EDNRB2 was analyzed and found to have a significant association between gray geese and Chinese white breeds (P = 0.00), while this mutation was not found in European geese. Meanwhile, the insertion was homozygous in all the white geese we detected and heterozygous in gray geese, indicating that this mutation is recessive. Furthermore, this 14-bp insertion leads to a frameshift mutation in the EDNRB2 coding region and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.ConclusionOur study strongly suggests that the 14-bp insertion in exon 3 of the EDNRB2 gene is associated with the white plumage phenotype in Chinese geese. This study is the first to investigate the relationship between EDNRB2 and white plumage in geese.

Технологія вирощування гусенят на м’ясо

Goal. To study selection and tech­no­logical measures to improve fattening and meat qualities of Obroshyn grey and white geese, to improve the technology of growing geese for meat to 9 weeks of age. Methods. The basic method of selection and technological work was selecting and matching individuals with high productive properties, with the aim of obtaining the same type of bird that corresponds to the predetermined parameters of productivity. From the number of geese they formed 4 groups with 50 birds in each. Feeding was carried out with complete feed mixtures. Birds were kept in equipped poultry houses, which took into account territorial characteristics and needs of each bird for space. Results. Goslings for meat were grown in 2 periods: the 1st — preparatory (brooder), lasting from daily to 20-day age, taking into account the weather conditions and time of year, and the 2nd (growing) — from 21 to 65–75 days. They studied the growth and development of young geese and meat quality. The productivity of geese of Obroshyn white breed group (group I) was characterized by the following indicators of productivity: the live weight of geese at 9 weeks of age — males — 3,90 kg, females — 3,59 kg; survival rate — 92%. Crossbred geese Ob x Legart (group II) had higher performance: the live weight of geese at 9 weeks of age: males — on 18.2%, females — on 15.9%, the survival rate was below on 0.2%. Geese of Obroshyn grey breed group (group III) was characterized by the following indicators of productivity: the live weight of geese at 9 weeks of age: males — 4,05 kg, females — 3,67 kg; survival rate — 87%. Crossbred geese OS x VS (group IV) respectively were characterized by a higher live weight of geese at 9 weeks of age: males — on 6.7%, females — on 4.6%; survival rate — on 2%. According to the results of slaughter, it was determined that the crossbred geese (groups II and IV) surpassed coevals in live weight before slaughter, in weight of viscerateb carcass, in weight and edible parts of the body. Conclusions. Owing to the selection and technological work productivity of geese in compliance with growing technology, the relevant standards of temperature and feeding with complete feed mixtures can be increased by 10–12%.

On the Diversity and Morphology of Anserini (Aves: Anatidae) from the Late Miocene of Western Mongolia

New previously unstudied geese bones (two coracoids and tarsometatarsus) are described from the late Miocene locality Hyargas Nuur 2 in Western Mongolia. A tarsometatarsus, previously unknown for Anser devjatkini Kurochkin, 1971, indicates close phylogenetic relationships of this extinct species with modern grey geese. Previously noted similarity with white geese is treated as plesiomorphic. Morphological transition from white to grey geese thus was associated with changes in locomotor specialization of the hind limb (swimming versus running adaptations). Two coracoids are different from those in modern Anser and Branta, but are close to “Branta” woolfendeni Bickart, 1990 from the late Miocene of Arizona (USA), from which they differ in their bigger size. These latter finds represent a distinct extinct unnamed genus of geese, which was widespread across Central Asia and North America in the late Miocene. Late Miocene evolution and paleogeography of geese is further discussed. The remarkable diversity of geese at the Hyargas Nuur locality (at least 3‒4 species) may be explained by wintering of these birds on the large lakes of Central Asia.

Molecular cloning and functional analysis of TRAF6 from Yangzhou great white goose Anser anser

TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is an adaptor protein and an E3 ubiquitin ligase mediating multiple cell signaling pathway activation in a context-dependent manner. TRAF6 plays critical roles in innate immune response and regulates function of antigen-presenting cells. Here, we cloned the goose TRAF6 (goTRAF6) gene from a healthy Yangzhou great white goose (Anser anser), which had a typical TRAF structure and shared a high-sequence identity with TRAF6 of other birds. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that goTRAF6 mRNA was broadly expressed in all the studied tissues, with highest expression in the heart and pectoral muscle. Overexpression of goTRAF6 caused NF-κB activation in a dose-dependent manner and substantially upregulated IFN-β expression in HEK293T cells. Following Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand stimulation of goose peripheral blood mononuclear cells, goTRAF6 and downstream inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels considerably up-regulated, especially at early stages. Salmonella Enteritidis challenge caused overexpression of goTRAF6 and cytokine mRNA in all the examined organs. These findings demonstrated that goTRAF6 played a substantial role in TLR-TRAF6 signaling cascade, and further contributed to the antibacterial-responses in host.

The carcass traits, carcass nutrient composition, amino acid, fatty acid, and cholesterol contents of local Turkish goose varieties reared in an extensive production system

This study was performed to determine the slaughter and carcass traits, meat color, pH, nutrient composition, fatty acids, amino acids, and cholesterol content of local Turkish goose varieties. In the present study, a total of 80 geese from white, black, gray, and multicolored varieties were reared in an extensive production system at 28 wk of age. Quality analysis was performed on breast and thigh meat, as well as on the skin and abdominal fat of studied geese. Slaughter and carcass weights were significantly higher in the white variety (P < 0.01). Measured abdominal fat was lower in black and gray geese. Furthermore, the color and pH values were significantly different on breast, thigh, and skin among varieties. Additionally, measured breast meat b*, thigh meat L*, and b* values were higher in male geese. Breast meat protein levels were lower in black and gray geese, and also lower in the thigh meat of gray geese. Total breast meat amino acids were lower in white geese, and the amino acid content of thigh meat was lower in multicolored varieties. Moreover, differences in fatty acid composition were found among the studied varieties. However, cholesterol levels did not differ for either sex or variety.

Relatedness Among Three Native Geese in Erbil Governorate Using Hematological and Molecular Methods

The objective of the present study was to determine genetic diversity among three geese color types using RAPD markers and hematological parameters. The overall mean, of the live weights, Hemoglobin, Hetrophil %, Lymphocyte %, Monocyte %, and H/L ratio were 3.006 (kg), 14.64, 36.896, 49.896, 2.233 and 0.736 respectively. The breed, sex and interaction between them have a significant effect on live body weight, Hemoglobin, and Monocyte %. Ten primers were used and six out of them were selected based on their number of bands (NB) and polymorphic characteristics. A total of 309 bands observed, ranged from 30 in primer OPB-07 to 54 bands in OPA-20. Five unique bands were found only in white goose, whereas the highest unique band was obtained in primer OPB-01 locus. Overall genetic distance among native geese arrived 64.122 and phylogenetic dendrograms showed that 3 clusters, the first cluster content only white geese (Male and Female) breed, the second one cluster is included piebald geese breed (Male and female) and the third one was including gray geese (Male and female) breed. It was concluded that the white geese was closer to piebald geese than to the gray geese breed. The high genetic distance (64.122%) and variation in phenotypic value such as live weight (2.375 to 3.600 kg/bird) for three native geese indicate that these native geese have a good amount of genetic resources to made genetically improvement in further and it means the three goose samples are independent breeds.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Mayang white goose and its phylogenetic analyses

Mayang white goose (MYW) is one of the famous indigenous breeds of Hunan province in China. It is the first time that the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the MYW was reported. The total length of the mtDNA is 16,738 bp. It contains the typical structure, including 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and one non-coding control region (D-loop region). The overall composition of the mtDNA was estimated to be 30.12% for A, 22.58% for T, 32.11% for C, and 15.18% for G. Phylogenetic analyses using N-J computational algorithms showed that the analyzed 23 Anseriform species are divided into four major clades: Anatinae, Anserinae, Dendrocygninae, and Anseranatidae. In addition, our work confirmed that MYW is different from other goose species in Hunan province in that it has a close genetic relationship with fellow tribal members Anser fabalis and Anser anser. This work will provide an important data set for the study in the genetic mechanism of goose in Hunan province.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Sichuan white goose and its phylogenetic analyses

Sichuan white goose (SCW) is one of the famous indigenous breeds in China. It is the first time that the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the SCW has been reported. The total length of the mtDNA is 16,741 bp. It contains the typical structure, including 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and 1 non-coding control region (D-loop region). The overall composition of the mtDNA was estimated to be 30.27% for A, 22.62% for T, 32.09% for C, and 15.02% for G. Phylogenetic analyses using N-J computational algorithms showed that the analyzed 18 Anseriform species are divided into four major clades: Anatinae, Anserinae, Dendrocygninae and Anseranatidae. In addition, our work confirmed that SCW has a close genetic relationship with Anser albifrons. This work will provide an important dataset for studying the genetic mechanism of goose in China.

Продуктивні якості оброшинських білих гусей у ІІ поколінні

Продуктивні якості оброшинських білих гусей у ІІ поколінні

Evaluation on the performance of quilts based on young people's sleep quality and thermal comfort in winter

This study evaluated the performance of three different quilts (white duck down quilt, white goose down quilt and cotton quilt) based on sleep quality and thermal comfort of young people in non-heating bedroom in winter. Thermal comfort and sleep quality were subjectively evaluated before and after sleep. Electroencephalograms (EEG), skin temperatures and bed climate were measured throughout the all-night sleep. Both subjective and physiological results showed that quilt materials had a significant effect on sleep quality and thermal comfort. The goose down quilt was evaluated the most comfortable in overall sleep comfort and sleep thermal sensation. The duration of slow wave sleep as calculated by EEG signal was longer, the skin temperatures and bed climate were higher when the goose down quilt was used. The results also show that there are gender differences in skin temperatures. Compared with males, the mean skin temperature (MST) of females was higher, while their foot temperature was significantly lower, which suggest that for females more attention should be paid to maintain warmth of extremity during sleep in winter. Our results suggest that sleep quality and thermal comfort is the most desirable when using goose down quilt and undesirable when using cotton quilt. Duvet could guarantee a comfortable bed climate in non-heating bedroom in winter of East China. Results also showed that lighter quilts would have a higher degree of satisfactions, indicating that young people in East China may have a preference for light quilt.