White Female Subjects Research Articles

Esophageal transit and in vivo disintegration of branded risedronate sodium tablets and two generic formulations of alendronic acid tablets: A single-center, single-blind, six-period crossover study in healthy female subjects

Background: Delayed esophageal transit or disintegration of oral bisphosphonate tablets before they enter the stomach may be of concern with respect to iatrogenic complications among patients receiving longterm treatment. Different formulations of generic bisphosphonate tablets meeting regulatory requirements may have substantial differences in pharmaceutical attributes from the branded product that may result in different characteristics during esophageal transit. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate and compare esophageal transit times and in vivo disintegration of 3 bisphosphonate formulations, one branded and the others generic, that are commercially available in Canada and the United Kingdom. Methods: This was a single-center, randomized, singleblind, 6-period crossover study in healthy postmenopausal women aged >50 years. Each subject received a single oral dose of a branded risedronate sodium 35-mg tablet and 2 generic formulations of alendronic acid 70-mg tablets (Novopharm Limited, Toronto, Canada, and Teva UK Limited, Morley, United Kingdom) in both the erect and semisupine (45°) positions. Although the products are labeled to be taken in the erect position, the semisupine position was included to simulate dosing in bedridden patients. Subjects took tablets with 30 mL of water in the morning after an overnight fast. The tablets were radiolabeled with technetium-99m ion-exchange resins to enable visualization and measurement of esophageal transit time and disintegration using a gamma camera. Dynamic scintigraphic images were obtained for a total of 10 minutes: 2 images per second for the first 30 seconds and 1 image every 15 seconds for 9.5 minutes. This was a mechanistic study and tolerability was not assessed. Results: The study was conducted in 20 healthy white female subjects with a mean age of 62 years (range, 51–77 years). The effect of body position was statistically significant ( P = 0.043), with the estimated hazard ratio (HR) of 0.74 indicating longer transit time in the semisupine position relative to the erect position. There was a statistically significant difference in transit time among the 3 types of tablets ( P = 0.007), with the Novopharm tablet (HR = 0.59; P < 0.001) and Teva tablet (HR = 0.71; P = 0.042) having longer transit times compared with the risedronate tablet. In 4 instances, the Novopharm tablet disintegrated and dispersed in the esophagus, once in the erect position and 3 times in the semisupine position. Conclusions: In these healthy female subjects, esophageal transit was delayed when the tablets were given in the semisupine position. The branded risedronate tablet had a significantly faster transit time than the 2 generic formulations of alendronate tested.

Association of Common JAK2 Variants With Body Fat, Insulin Sensitivity and Lipid Profile

The leptin signal is transduced via the JAK2-STAT3 (Janus kinase 2-signal transducer and activator of transcription-3) pathway at the leptin receptor. JAK2 also phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate, integral to insulin and leptin action and is required for optimum adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-dependent transport of lipids from cells to apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-I). We hypothesized that common variation in the JAK2 gene may be associated with body fat, insulin sensitivity, and modulation of the serum lipid profile in the general population. Ten tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the gene were genotyped in 2,760 white female twin subjects (mean age 47.3 +/- 12.6 years) from the St Thomas' UK Adult Twin Registry. Minor allele frequencies were between 0.170 and 0.464. The major allele of rs7849191 was associated with higher central fat (P = 0.030), percentage of central fat (P = 0.014) and waist circumference (P = 0.027) the major allele of rs3780378 with higher serum apoA (P = 0.026), total cholesterol (P = 0.014), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P = 0.012) and lower triglyceride (P = 0.023). However, no associations were significant at a level which took account of multiple testing. Although JAK2 is a critical element in leptin and insulin signaling and has a role in cellular cholesterol transport, we failed to establish associations of common SNPs with relevant phenotypes in this human study.

Association of a Common Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 (IRF5) Variant with Increased Risk of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) belongs to a family of transcription factors that control the transactivation of type I interferon system-related genes, as well as the expression of several other genes involved in immune response, cell signalling, cell cycle control and apoptosis. Two recent studies reported a significant association between the IRF5/rs2004640 T allele and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The purpose of this study was to determine whether the reported rs2004640 T allele association could be replicated in our independent SLE case-control sample. We genotyped DNA samples from 370 white SLE-affected female subjects and 462 white healthy female controls using the TaqMan Assay-on-Demand for rs2004640, and performed a case-control genetic association analysis. Frequency of the rs2004640 T allele was significantly higher in cases than in controls (56.5% vs. 50%; P= 0.008). The odds ratio for T allele carriers was 1.68 (95% CI: 1.20 - 2.34; P= 0.003). Our results in an independent case-control sample confirm the robust association of the IRF5/rs2004640 T allele with SLE risk, and further support the relevance of the type I interferon system in the pathogenesis of SLE and autoimmunity.

Nasolabial angle in finger sucking patients

The purpose of this study is to analise the nasolabial angle and other cephalometric measurements that express the anteroposterior relationship of maxilla and mandibule in individuals with finger sucking habit. Thirty lateral cephalograms were selected from the patient files of the scientific documentation service, Orthodontic Graduation Course of the Piracicaba College of Dentistry, FOP/UNICAMP. The selection criteria was white Brazilian female subjects, 7 to 10 years old, in the phase of mixed dentition, and presenting finger sucking habit. The observed cephalometric measurements were: nasolabial angle, SNA, SNB, ANB, 1.NA, 1-NA and Nperp-A. The results were compared using Student’s ‘t’ test and, significance level of 5% (a = 0,05). The analysis showed no differences in the nasolabial angle in subjects presenting finger sucking habit; the maxilla and mandibule was well positioned, relative to the cranial base, and the upper incisors were well positioned.

Politics and the White Southern Woman Writer

Eudora Welty and Politics: Did the Writer Crusade? Edited by Harriet Pollack and Suzanne Marrs. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2001. 208 pp. $42.95 Revising Flannery O'Connor: Southern Literary Culture and the Problem of Female Authorship. By Katherine Hemple Prown. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 2001. 208 pp. $35.00 Even we shall lie enfolded in perspective one day: what we hoped along with what we did, what we didn't do, and not only what we were but what we missed being, what others yet to come might dare to be. For we are our own crusade. Before ever we write, we are. —Eudora Welty, "Must the Novelist Crusade?" A telling confusion between novels and novelists lurks at the heart of Eudora Welty's famous essay "Must the Novelist Crusade?" Of course good novels do not crusade, but that's not the point: good novelists frequently do. Welty must have known—to cite but two examples—of Zola's campaign for Dreyfus and, more immediately, Katherine Anne Porter's crusading for Sacco and Vanzetti. Yet when Welty allegedly receives a midnight call "over long distance" from a "stranger" who asks "All right, Eudora Welty, what are you going to do about it? Sit down there with your mouth shut?" Welty interprets the question—which interestingly figures the midnight tug of conscience as the belligerent yammering of the outside agitator leading us to ask where the voice is really coming from—as a call not, say, to march with King, but to write [End Page 167] bad, polemical fiction. Enabled in part by the caller's allegedly addressing her by her pen name, this elision of any distinction between person and writer frees her from having to imagine taking action except in the latter role—action which aesthetic integrity precludes her from taking. As Dana Carvey's Church Lady—the Flannery O'Connor of the 1990s, from her Yaegerian "poetics of torture" right down to her granny glasses—so often put it, "how convenient." Thanks to Eudora Welty and Politics: Must the Novelist Crusade? we now have a much better sense of what Welty did at least dare to be. And, thanks to Revising Flannery O'Connor: Southern Literary Culture and the Problem of Female Authorship, we have a better sense of what O'Connor did not. The essays in the first book—an important contribution to Welty scholarship that may even be said to define the present moment for Welty criticism—are a bit uneven in quality, and there is a certain diffusion to the collection because the word politics can and must be defined in so many different ways. Perhaps the most important implication of the collection is that Welty's photography is much more unabashedly edgy and political than the rest of her creative output. The medium may have liberated Welty from responsibility for the content of her work: as Barbara Ladd reminds us in her essay, Welty felt that "in a photograph one can 'compose' or 'frame' the subject but cannot, in quite the same way, 'choose' or invent the subject." It seems important, too, that her photographs were shown in New York City; such a venue may have freed Welty a bit from the constraints of writing fiction that might always be read "back home." One implication of the collection's emphasis on the photography, therefore, seems to be that Welty's fiction may have been written more out of something like the pre-civil rights "tight place" of African American articulation Houston Baker has recently identified. The individual essays are difficult to summarize in this brief space. The best is probably Harriet Pollack and Suzanne Marrs' "Seeing Welty's Political Vision in her Photographs." The authors define that "political vision" to encompass photographs both of actual political rallies and of white female and African American subjects. Pollack and Marrs are enviable and provocative readers of photographs, and this essay—which includes reproductions of the images...

Body mass index, waist circumference, and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in a biracial sample of children and adolescents.

To derive optimal body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference thresholds for children and adolescents, to predict risk factor clustering. Cross-sectional receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The Bogalusa Heart Study, a community-based study of cardiovascular disease risk factors in early life. A total of 2597 black and white children and adolescents, 5 to 18 years of age, who were examined between 1992 and 1994. The presence or absence of > or =3 age-adjusted risk factors (low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, high triglyceride level, high glucose level, high insulin level, and high blood pressure) was predicted from age-adjusted BMI and waist circumference values. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were significantly different from 0.5 for both BMI and waist circumference for all gender/race groups, ranging from 0.73 to 0.82. The optimal BMI thresholds were at the 53rd and 50th percentiles for white and black male subjects, respectively, and at the 57th and 51st percentiles for white and black female subjects, respectively. Similarly, the optimal waist circumference thresholds were at the 56th and 50th percentiles for white and black male subjects, respectively, and at the 57th and 52nd percentiles for white and black female subjects, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity at the thresholds were similar for all gender/race groups, ranging from 67% to 75%. The use of BMI and waist circumference for the prediction of risk factor clustering among children and adolescents has significant clinical utility. In this sample, race and gender differences in the optimal thresholds were minimal.

Análise facial frontal em repouso e durante o sorriso em fotografias padronizadas: parte I – avaliação em repouso

Considerando a importância da análise facial frontal no diagnóstico, esse trabalho propõem-se a apresentar uma análise facial frontal em fotografias padronizadas, em repouso e durante o sorriso, que possa auxiliar no diagnóstico e planejamento do tratamento ortodôntico e cirúrgico como também na avaliação dos resultados obtidos. Fizeram parte da amostra estudada 40 mulheres, com idade média de 22 anos, leucodermas, com faces agradáveis, Classe I de Angle, sem história prévia de tratamento ortodôntico e/ou cirurgia plástica na face. Foram obtidas fotografias faciais frontais (10x15cm coloridas), padronizadas. Em repouso e durante o sorriso máximo. Sobre as fotografias, foram realizadas medidas lineares, angulares e proporcionais. As medidas foram avaliadas por meio de teste de normalidade, estatística descritiva e desvio padrão do erro. Os resultados mostraram que algumas das medidas utilizadas em nosso trabalho se assemelham às encontradas na literatura e outras diferem muito. E a partir desse estudo propõe-se uma análise facial frontal para utilização no diagnóstico e planejamento do tratamento ortodôntico e cirúrgico.

Comparative study of bone mineral density, calcium, and vitamin D status in the Gujarati and white populations of Leicester

Objectives: To evaluate differences in bone mineral density (BMD), calcium, and vitamin D status between the Gujarati (South Asian) and white populations resident in Leicester and to determine whether this...

An assessment of the physical fitness and coronary heart disease risk factors of white females in the Zululand area that attend health and fitness clubs

Health and fitness clubs play an important role in addressing the causes of hypokinetic diseases and coronary heart disease (CHD). In order to be well prepared, service providers should be aware of the health and fitness profiles of their clients when they join their clubs. In the current study 243 white female subjects between ages 13 to 70 years were assessed, the results analysed for risk factors and the findings compared with existing norms in literature. This study found that 19.8% of subjects smoked > 10 cigarettes per day which is a cause for concern. Although this is lower than the general female population of Durban the current subjects joined a health and fitness centre and could thus be regarded as health conscious. Before joining almost half (49.4%) of the subjects were inactive. The incidence of hypertension (systolic >140 mmHg and/or diastolic > 90 mmHg) as a risk factor for (CHD) among 16.5% of subjects was relatively low when compared to that reported for females in Durban. Cholesterol levels were also lower than the average for Durban females because 28.6% of the subjects were found to be borderline (5.2-6.2 mmol.l-1) and 16.7% to be of a high risk (>6.2 mmol.l-1). When using BMI, 19.3% of subjects were > 37.3 kg.m-2 and therefore in a high-risk group for CHD. Multiple risk factor analysis revealed that 42.0% of subjects displayed two or more risk factors for CHD while 12.0% had three or more and 2.0% had four or more. (S. African J. for Research in Sport, Physical Ed. and Recreation: 2003 25 (1): 13-22)

Moderators of blood pressure development from childhood to adulthood: A 10-year longitudinal study

Objective: To examine the effect of ethnicity on the development of blood pressure (BP) from childhood into early adulthood within the context of height, sex, adiposity, and socioeconomic status (SES). Study design: Individual growth curves of systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were created for 745 black and white male and female youths, with annual assessments over a 10-year period (age range, 4.9-27.5 years). Results: Blacks had higher SBP levels (P <0.01) than whites, respectively. Moreover, black female subjects showed a greater SBP increase over time (P <.05) than white female subjects. Black male and female subjects also showed higher DBP levels (P <.001) than white male and female subjects, respectively, but the rate of change of DBP did not differ. Ethnic differences in BP trajectories persisted after adjusting for SES and/or changes in height and/or adiposity in both male and female subjects. Conclusions: Ethnic differences in SBP become manifest in childhood in girls, in early adolescence in boys, and tend to increase with age. Ethnic differences in DBP become manifest in childhood in both boys and girls and remain stable over time. The ethnic differences cannot be entirely explained by individual differences in SES, growth, or adiposity. Identification of mechanisms responsible for increase of BP in childhood will improve prevention of hypertension in adulthood. (J Pediatr 2002;141:770-9)

Rates of growth and loss of bone mineral in the spine and femoral neck in white females.

This study characterizes the rates of growth and loss of bone mass as a function of age in white females. It combines longitudinal data from several studies of bone mass on healthy white female subjects ranging from age 6 to 90 years. Rates of change in bone area, bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) are estimated separately for the spine and the femoral neck of each individual using linear regression. The individual rates of change are then fitted as a nonparametric function of age using weighted moving averages, resulting in a curve of age-specific mean change as a function of age. When the curves of BMD were compared between the hip and the femoral neck, the cessation of bone growth and the onset of bone loss were found to occur at an earlier age at the hip than at the spine. No significant differences in the ages of maximum rates of growth or maximum loss were found between the two skeletal sites. This information will be useful for designing interventions to promote bone growth or retard bone loss.

Young Women With Advanced Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease: New Insights

We identified a group of 24 young (less than 50 years of age) women with isolated, premature atherosclerotic aortoiliac occlusive disease and attempted to identify distinguishing hemostatic characteristics. Most of these patients (62%) presented with acute thromboembolic events (blue toe syndrome, n = 6; macroemboli, n = 6; or aortoiliac thrombosis, n = 3). Aortoiliac reconstruction (aortoiliac endarterectomy, n = 10, aortobifurcation bypass grafts, n = 6; and percutaneous angioplasty, n = 4) was complicated by early thrombosis in 6 of 20 cases (30%), (1 of 10 endarterectomies, 4 of 6 bypass grafts, and 1 of 4 angioplasties). Fresh thrombus overlying an atherosclerotic plaque was a common finding at surgery. This observation and the relatively high incidence of thromboembolic events led us to hypothesize that a characteristic hemostatic profile might underlie the remarkably similar clinical presentations of these women. Levels of antiphospholipid antibodies (anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, fibrinogen, antithrombin III, protein C, protein S, plasminogen, prothrombin fragment F1 + 2, and D-dimer were determined for these young women and for 21 age-matched white female control subjects without vascular disease and nine white male patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease (mean 61 years, range 43 to 74 years). The incidence of anticardiolipin antibodies was 42% (8 of 19) in the female patients, which was significantly elevated (p = 0.028). The female (62.5%) and male (100%) patients had significantly elevated D-dimer levels (p < 0.001). Deficiencies of antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S were rare. A unique pattern of premature aortoiliac atherosclerosis exists in some young women. Intra-arterial thromboembolic events are common at presentation and complicate surgical management. The role of antiphospholipid antibodies remains uncertain.

Longitudinal changes in the adult facial profile

Longitudinal growth changes in the adult craniofacial complex were studied for 24 white male and 23 white female subjects between the ages of 18 and 42 years who had Class I or end-to-end molar relationships and no excessive protrusions or retrusions. The male profile straightened with age, and both lips became more retrusive. The males increased in all nose dimensions and in soft tissue thickness at pogonion, but decreased in upper lip thickness at labrale superius with a slight decrease in lower lip thickness at labrale inferius. The female profile did not become straighter with age, and the lips did not become more retrusive as with males. The females also increased in nose dimensions but decreased in soft tissue thickness at pogonion, decreased in upper lip thickness at labrale superius, and slightly increased in lower lip thickness at labrale inferius. For males most changes in hard tissue measurements had been accomplished by age 25 years, whereas soft tissue changes in the nose, lips, and chin occurred as much after age 25 years as from age 18 to 25 years. For females, both hard and soft tissue measurements had more changes after age 25 years than before. Those males who had high relative sagittal mandibular growth also experienced larger sagittal maxillary growth, and those who showed greater skeletal growth also had more soft tissue growth at the nose. The females also had good correlation between sagittal growth in the mandible and the maxilla. Later maturing males had greater adult craniofacial skeletal growth in several dimensions. (A M J O RTHOD D ENTOFAC O RTHOP 1994;105:464-76.)

Differences in basal and poststimulation glucose homeostasis in nondiabetic first degree relatives of black and white patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Black Americans (blacks) have a higher prevalence and earlier onset of type 2 diabetes than white Americans (whites). To examine metabolic differences in both races, we measured the basal glucose turnover rates (D-]3-3H]glucose technique) and plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels before and after an oral glucose load in 24 glucose-tolerant black and 14 white female relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes. Eight black and 8 white female subjects with no family history of diabetes served as controls. Mean fasting and postglucose plasma glucose levels were not significantly different between the black and white relatives and the control subgroups. Mean fasting plasma insulin and C-peptide levels were slightly greater but not significantly different between the relatives. After oral glucose ingestion, mean incremental integrated plasma insulin areas were significantly (P less than 0.02) greater in the black than the white relatives (70 +/- 14 vs. 29 +/- 6 nM.min). In addition, incremental integrated C-peptide areas were greater in the black than the white relatives (303 +/- 55 vs. 115 +/- 33; P less than 0.005). Similarly, we found significantly greater integrated incremental insulin (61 +/- 11 vs. 22 +/- 3 nM.min; P less than 0.02) and C-peptide (248 +/- 58 vs. 47 +/- 16; P less than 0.005) areas in the black than the white controls, respectively. The estimated basal and postglucose hepatic insulin extraction values, expressed as molar ratios of C-peptide and insulin, were not significantly different between the relatives. While basal hepatic insulin extraction was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in the black controls, the postprandial insulin clearance was not different between the black and white controls. Mean basal hepatic glucose production was greater (P less than 0.02) in the black than the white relatives (2.49 +/- 0.13 vs. 2.02 +/- 0.12 mg/kg.min). Similarly, the black controls had greater hepatic glucose production than the white controls (2.36 +/- 0.15 vs. 1.81 +/- 0.08 mg/kg.min; P less than 0.001). We conclude that basal and poststimulation glucose homeostatic regulation appear to be different in black and white females, regardless of family history of type 2 diabetes.

Nuclear profile area of osteoblasts in normal, osteoporotic, and fluoride treated subjects

Osteoblasts undergo changes both in shape (progressive flattening) and function (progressive decline in matrix synthesis) during their life span. Nuclear volume, apart from changing systematically during their cell cycle, is believed to be a general index of cell vigor. Accordingly, we measured the nuclear profile area of osteoblasts classified as pre (Group I), cuboidal (Group 11), intermediate (Group III), and terminal (Group IV) in iliac cancellous bone in 6 premenopausal normals, mean age in years (SD) 40.2 (4.8), 5 postmenopausal normals, age 65.8 (2.4), 15 postmenopausal osteoporotics, age 65.3 (4.9), 5 patients with fluorideinduced osteomalacia, age 69.2 (5.0), and two patients with endemic fluorosis, age 70.5 (5.5). A total number of 4,085 osteoblast nuclei were examined and measured. In each group there was a systematic decline in nuclear profile area through stages I-IV, corresponding to an average decline in nuclear volulne of greater than 90%. The inajor difference among groups was that in type I1 (cuboidal) osteoblasts, nuclear profile area was significantly greater in premenopausal normals than in the other four groups, which did not differ significantly. The effect seems to be related to age, rather than to disease or treatment. The fitnctional significance of this age-related morphologic change remains to be determined, but it may be related to the decline in apposition rate with age. (The J Histoteclztzol 19:3 13-3 15, 1996) ogy and tetracycline labeling, kinetics of matrix and mineral apposition rates, and the relationship of turnover and cell morphology (1,2). The changes we found were relatively high proportion of cuboidal (Type 11) osteoblasts associated with thick osteoid seams, a moderate proportion of intermediate (Type 111) osteoblasts linked with normal osteoid thickness, and a considerable proportion of flat (Type IV) osteoblasts associated with thin osteoid seams. More recently we measured the nuclear profile area of different types of osteoblasts at the cancellous bone surface in transiliac biopsy cores from a group of patients classified as premenopausal normals, postmenopausal normals, postmenopausal osteoporotics, fluoride-induced osteomalacia and endemic fluorosis. The current report is to present our study with data on the distribution and nuclear profile area of various types of osteoblasts at the cancellous bone surface from biopsies collected in Henry Ford Hospital's Bone and Mineral Research Laboratory. . Materials and Methods Specii7zeizs The materials consisted of transiliac bone biopsy cores from 33 white female subjects. Six patients were healthy normal premenopausal (N.Pre), mean age 40.2 -t 4.8, and 5 patients were normal postlnenopausal (N.Post), mean age 65.8 + 2.4, who were selected and considered ~netabolicafi~

Effect of chronic carbonic anhydrase inhibitor therapy on bone mineral density in white women

A limited, dual-photon absorptiometry, single-center study of bone mineral density (BMD) was conducted on white female glaucoma subjects who were chronic users of the carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors acetazolamide (Az) or methazolamide (Mz). In postmenopausal subjects long-term (greater than 4 years) CA inhibitor use was associated with a bone-sparing effect as judged by spinal BMD in comparison to controls matched for age, sex, weight, and ethnic group or in comparison to a national normative data base. Short-term (0-2 years) postmenopausal CA inhibitor users and premenopausal subjects using CA inhibitors showed no sparing of spinal BMD. Femoral neck BMD was not affected by CA inhibitor therapy in any of the groups. This study supports a proposed role for carbonic anhydrase in human bone resorption and suggests a possible future utility for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in prophylaxis or management of primary involutional osteoporosis. Future studies are necessary to verify and expand these findings, assess the effects of CA inhibitors on bone mechanical competence, and further develop CA inhibitors with some specificity for bone.

Perceived parental behavior and the social desirability response set

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential effects of the social desirability response set as a confounding variable in research involving self-report measures of perceived parental behavior. Scores on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-C SDS) were correlated with each of the three factors on the Bronfenbrenner Parental Behavior Scale (BPB): (1) Loving, (2) Punishing, and (3) Demanding. Fifty-eight young adults participated in the study; the sample included roughly equal numbers of black and white subjects, male and female subjects, and college students and other community residents. Scores were analyzed by sex of subject and sex of parent as well as in combined groups. Significant correlations (p<.05, p<.01) were obtained from female subjects on BPB factors 2 and 3. Implications for the BPB's validity and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Relationship of skeletal pattern and nasal form

This article investigates the relationship of skeletal facial pattern and soft-tissue nasal form. The case sample comprises 123 white female subjects, aged 11.0 to 20.6 years, with no histories of pathology, trauma, surgical intervention, or orthodontic treatment. Measurements were made from cephalometric radiographs, posteroanterior radiographs, and the physioprint photographs. Skeletal classifications were based on the relationship of the maxilla to the mandible; the three classifications were straight profile, retrusive chin profile, and prognathic profile. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were used to test intercorrelations of all quantitative variables (including age) with each other. Correlations were highly significant for age, the three profile measurements, and two of the frontal measurements. Hence, noses and skeletal structures showed, as expected, increases with age. Also, profile measurements were highly significantly correlated; larger noses were larger in all profile dimensions. A stepwise discriminant analysis was used to study nonquantitative categories of nasal shape (straight, convex, and concave). This analysis indicated that more than 86% of patients in the sample of 123 demonstrated a correlation of nasal shapes with specific skeletal groupings. Patients with straight profiles tended to have straight noses; convex profiles accompanied convex nasal shapes; and concave profiles were found with concave nasal shapes. The clinical significance of this research is to emphasize the importance of total facial harmony (especially nasal shape) during orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.

Experimenter Effects in Exercise Tolerance Testing: The Race and Gender of the Tester and the Tester/Subject Relationship

Abstract Two studies examined the effects of the experimenter on heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and time to voluntary exhaustion on a graded treadmill test in college students. The first study determined the effects of the gender and race of the tester on black and white subjects of both sexes. Four testers (black female—BFT, white female—WFT, black male—BMT, and white male—WMT) tested 5 subjects of each gender and race. Differences based on gender and race were determined by a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA. The second study dealt with the tester/subject relationship. One tester tested 20 subjects. Ten were his friends (5 males, 5 females) and 10 (5 males, 5 females) did not know him. Differences were determined by 2 × 2 ANOVA. In both studies, the female subjects had poorer performance than the males. HR during moderate and heavy exercise was not affected by the race and gender of the tester or the tester/subject relationship. For time to exhaustion, white female subjects (WFS) exercised long...

Influence of subject and interviewer characteristics on the reliability of young adults' self-reports of drinking

The influence of subject and interviewer characteristics on the reliability of self-reports of alcohol consumption among young adults was investigated. Data were gathered from black and white college students of both sexes (N's=24) using a time-line procedure. The results snowed that these young adults provided highly reliable self-reports regarding their use of alcohol. Test-retest correlations for a criterion interval of 90 days were .96, .93, and .97 for the numbers of abstinent, moderate-drinking, and heavy-drinking days, respectively. Analyses also showed that white female subjects generally provided more reliable reports of abstinent and heavy-drinking days and that white female interviewers gathered more reliable reports across the three drinking disposition categories. These findings suggest that nonalcoholic young adults' retrospective reports of their drinking behavior can be reliably assessed using the time-line methodology. Future research is required to determine the validity of these self-reports and to understand the differential influence of subject and interviewer characteristics on the levels of reliability found.