White Women Research Articles

Supplemental Material for Children’s Beliefs About Black and White Men’s and Women’s Scientific Knowledge: An Intersectional Approach

Supplemental Material for Children’s Beliefs About Black and White Men’s and Women’s Scientific Knowledge: An Intersectional Approach

Association of race with incidence, characteristics, and mortality from incidental prostate cancer: Analysis of two North American contemporary cohorts.

Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) men are at higher risk both for incidence and mortality from prostate cancer (PCa) compared to Non-Hispanic White (NHW) men, but these findings arise from biopsy-detected PCa reports. We aimed to compare the incidence, subsequent management and cancer-specific mortality (CSM) of incidental PCa among NHB and NHW men, using two different North American cohorts. The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End-Result (SEER: 2004-2017) and our institutional Henry Ford Health (HFH: 1995-2022) databases were queried to identify men diagnosed with incidental PCa. Cumulative incidence estimates were used to calculate CSM differences between NHB and NHW men. Competing-risk multivariable regression analysis tested the impact of race on CSM, after accounting for all available covariates. A total of 418 and 6,124 incidental PCa cases were recorded in HFH and SEER database respectively. No pathological differences were observed between NHB and NHW men in both the cohorts, except for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value at diagnosis, which was higher in NHB men. At 10-years, the CSM rates were 5.5% vs 7.2% in our cohort and 8.6% vs 10.3% in the SEER cohort for NHW and NHB men, respectively (all Gray's test p-value > 0.05). At multivariable, race was not an independent predictor of CSM in our HFH cohort (HR: 1.46, 95% CI: 0.57-3.71, p = 0.6). In the SEER cohort, NHB men were 34% less likely to die from PCa from 1 year to the next (95% CI: 0.49-0.90, p = 0.008), when compared with NHW men. In the comparison of incidental PCa findings between NHB and NHW men, both groups had similar pathological characteristic and survival outcomes. These findings are different from the 'conventional' screening-detected PCa and suggest that racial differences have minimal to no adverse effects on PCa-specific mortality after incidental diagnosis.

How to Unlearn White Supremacy?

The article pursues the question of how solidarity between white and non-white people can be possible in the face of centuries of dehumanization of non-white life. It focuses on the construction of whiteness as supposedly ‘superior’ and the question of how whiteness can be unlearned. The authors base their reflections on the philosophical concept Ubuntu, in order to clarify what would be necessary to escape from this deep imbalance back to a humanity that is not subject to hierarchization.

Does PhenoAge acceleration impact adverse outcomes following major surgery (rehospitalization or death)? A genome-wide association study and mendelian randomisation

Abstract Background Biological aging reflects the state of an individual's cellular and molecular function, and is distinct from chronological age; which reflects the passage of time[1]. Validated measures of biological aging, such as Phenotypic aging (PhenoAge) estimated from nine routine clinical biomarkers, have been associated with increased risk of age-related diseases and mortality in cohort studies[2]. However, the potential causal relationship between them remains unclear. In this study, we aim to identify genetic variants associated with PhenoAge Acceleration (PhenoAgeAccl) and adverse outcome after surgery (rehospitalisation or death within 365-days] and assess the causal relationship between these two phenotypes using Mendelian Randomization framework. Objectives -Perform a genome-wide association study(GWAS) on adverse outcomes following major surgery. -Assess the potential causal relationship between PhenoAgeAccl and adverse outcomes following major surgery using Mendelian randomization analysis. Methods We conducted a GWAS via plink using participants from the UKBiobank (Application 77596) to generate summary statistics for 6509 participants who had undergone major surgery within 365 days of their baseline assessment date(3). For quality control, SNPs were excluded if they didn't meet the following criteria: (1) imputation information score <0.3 (2) minor allele frequency <1%, (3) Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium test p-value significant at the Bonferroni-corrected level. Summary statistics for PhenoAgeAccl was obtained from a previous GWAS of European descents[4]. Gene enrichment analysis was performed using Multi-marker Analysis of GenoMic Annotation (MAGMA) in Functional Mapping and Annotation (FUMA). Then, genetic instruments for PhenoAgeAccl and adverse outcomes following surgery were identified to conduct a summary-based Mendelian Randomisation [Assumptions are listed in Figure 1]. Results GWAS for adverse outcomes following major surgery identified 3 lead SNPs (rs1360618, rs11848297, rs7978) [Figure 2]. Gene-set analysis showed enrichment in the immune system, cell migration, fear response, and iron metabolism. For PhenoAge Acceleration, gene-set analysis showed enrichment in immune system, and cell signalling pathways. 17 SNPs were selected which were used for the Two-Sample MR. We found no causal relationship, as the beta coefficient for Inverse variance weighted was -0.308 [standard error - 0.075, p=0.68]. For every 5-year increase in PhenoAge compared to chronological age, the risk of emergency re-hospitalisation or death increased by 21% (HR 1.16 – 1.3, p < 0.001). Conclusion Gene-set analysis for adverse outcomes following major surgery showed enrichment in immune system, iron metabolism, and fear response which have all recently been associated with mortality post-surgery in cohort studies(4,5). No causal relationship between PhenoAgeAccel and mortality post-surgery was established.Mendelian Randomisation assumptionsManhattan plot adverse-outcomes post-sur

Utility of the triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio in older adult patients in Colombia

Abstract Introduction Alterations in lipid metabolism are responsible for atherogenesis and an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) is used to assess the risk of cardiovascular diseases; however, it has not been evaluated in older adults. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the TG/HDL-C ratio in elderly patients and analyze its correlation and discriminatory capacity with cardiovascular risk factors according to data from the SABE Colombia survey. Purpose Describe the sociodemographic characteristics, cardiovascular history, lifestyle, and cardiovascular risk score in the older adult population included in the SABE Colombia Study.Describes the distribution of triglyceride levels, cholesterol, and the TAG-HDL ratio in the older adult population included in the SABE Colombia Study. Evaluate the relationship between the TAG/HDL Cholesterol Index and cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease Determine if there is a correlation and the degree of correlation between the TAG/HDL Cholesterol ratio and variables related to higher cardiovascular risk and stablish cutoff points of the triglyceride to HDL cholesterol ratio as indicators of the onset of risk factors Materials and Methods Cross-sectional study in adults aged 60 years and older included in the national SABE Colombia survey (National Survey of Health, Well-being, and Ageing conducted in Colombia in 2015), which included 244 municipalities from all departments of the country. A correlation test was performed to assess the presence and degree of correlation between the TAG/HDL index and cardiovascular risk factors, and ROC curve analysis was conducted to evaluate the performance of the TAG/HDL index in identifying risk factors. Results A total of 23,694 patients with the necessary information for the study were included. The median age was 69 years, 57.3% were women, and 34.3% were of white race. 23.5% had hypertension, and 16.4% had diabetes mellitus. 13.4% had a history of cardiovascular disease, and 2.5% had cerebrovascular disease. While the specific correlation between the index and different cardiovascular risk factors is generally low to moderate, good discriminatory capacity was found for diabetes and metabolic syndrome with the following values: diabetes, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.871 and a cut-off point of 9.17; and for metabolic syndrome, the AUC was 0.840, with a cut-off point of 8.81. Conclusions Our findings show that the TG/HDL ratio has intermediate correlation for different cardiovascular risk factors; however, it has excellent predictive ability for the presence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. These findings are very useful in the clinical evaluation, screening, and detection of cardiovascular risk factors in the population aged 60 years and older in Colombia.Scatter plots of TAG/HDL ratio comparedROC curves for diabetes and metabolic s

Media Representation of Scientists in Jornal Nacional: Reaffirmation of Stereotypes During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic

ABSTRACT In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, scientific authorities were routinely consulted by mainstream media outlets through interviews, statements and/or supporting images. In this framework, our goal in this study was to analyze the media representation of scientists in Brazil during the first year of this global public health crisis. To this end, we applied a research protocol and, using statistical techniques, quantitatively analyzed newscasts on the country’s main TV news program, Jornal Nacional. On this program, scientists were interviewed about “vaccination,” a topic of broad interest given that the vaccine had been described from the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic as a response to cope with the public health crisis. We discuss information about gender, age, and race, the speaking time and screen time of these social actors, the format in which scientists are inserted into news reports, and the presence/absence of science icons. The data reveal that the predominant image of the scientist transmitted to the audience – a mature white man – reinforces stereotypes that persist in the media and in the public understanding of science.

Racial, ethnic, and sex disparities in the utilization and outcomes of tricuspid valve surgery

Abstract Background Data on racial/ethnic and sex disparities in the utilization and outcomes of tricuspid valve surgery (TVS) in the United States are scarce. Purpose We aimed to evaluate the impact of race/ethnicity and sex on the utilization and outcomes of TVS. Methods We analyzed the National Inpatient Sample database from 2016 to 2020 to identify hospitalizations for tricuspid valve surgery. Racial/ethnic and sex disparities in tricuspid valve surgery outcomes were determined using logistic regression models. Results Between 2016 and 2020, 19,395 hospitalizations for tricuspid valve surgery were identified. The utilization rates (defined as the number of tricuspid valve surgery performed per 100,000 US hospitalizations) were lower in Black and Hispanic patients compared with White patients for surgical tricuspid valve repair (331 versus 493 versus 634, p<0.01) and surgical tricuspid valve replacement (312 versus 601 versus 728, p<0.01). Similarly, the utilization rates were lower for women compared with men for surgical tricuspid valve repair (1,021 versus 1,364, p<0.01) and surgical tricuspid valve replacement (930 versus 1,316, p<0.01). Compared to White men undergoing tricuspid valve surgery, all women had lower odds of acute kidney injury (aOR 0.65, 95% CI 0.55-0.78) and higher odds of blood transfusion (aOR 1.30, 95% CI 1.07-1.59), and Black men had higher odds of blood transfusion (aOR 1.59, 95% CI 1.08-2.35). In-hospital mortality and other surgical complications were similar between all groups (all p>0.05). Conclusions Significant racial/ethnic and sex disparities exist in the utilization of tricuspid valve surgery in the United States. Further studies are needed to understand the reasons for these disparities and to identify effective strategies for their mitigation.

A multi-center retrospective cohort analysis of age and racial disparities in patients undergoing repeat ablation for recurrent atrial fibrillation

Abstract Introduction Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia, and its prevalence has been increasing worldwide. Current data shows that AF is more common in white males compared to blacks despite blacks having multiple cardiovascular comorbidities. There is paucity of data showing the recurrence of AF re-ablation after index ablation specifically as it pertains to race, gender, and age. We sought to explore the rates of recurrent AF re-ablation in this retrospective cohort analysis. Methods Using a multi-center database, we examined 23,558 encounters and 10,530 had readmission records i.e. readmitted within 3 years. The encounters included adults (18+) who had an ablation procedure for atrial fibrillation between 1/1/2018-06/30/2020. We used binary logistic regression models and Tukey-Kramer procedure to analyze pairwise comparisons among different subgroups of race, sex, and age group. The primary endpoint was recurrence of repeat ablation. Secondary endpoints included non-fatal stroke and myocardial infarction. Results Our sample size was 23,558 patients, 20,276 were white patients (86%) and 3,282 were non-white patients (14%). The average age was 66.29 years (SD 10.43) and average age at the time of repeat ablation was 65.97 years. The average BMI was 21.55. Out of the 23,558 patients, 14.30% (N= 3368) had re-ablation within 3 years of the index ablation. The odds ratio of re-ablation for patients in their 50s is 1.4229 (95% CI [1.1172, 1.8122]) compared to patients in their 80s. Similarly, the odds ratio is 1.4330 (95% CI [1.1466, 1.7909]) for the 60-69 group, 1.3075 (95%CI [1.0458, 1.6346]) for the 70-79 group and 1.3443 (95% CI [1.0088, 1.7914]) for patients below 50 compared to over 80 group. The LR for re-ablation was 0.8438 (p=0.3583) in females. The incidence of non-fatal stroke and MI were 0.27% (N= 63) and 0.19% (N= 45). Average length of time to re-ablation was 415.5 days. Discussion When controlling for age group and sex, race was not significantly associated with an increased likelihood of repeat ablation. When controlling for race and age group, sex was not significantly associated with an increased likelihood of repeat ablation. When controlling for race only, females were not at a higher risk of re-ablation. However, when controlling for race and sex, patients in their 50s are 42.3% more likely to have re-ablation when compared to patients in their 80s. In contrast, the age of patients at their first ablation increased, there appeared to be a rising trend indicating a higher chance of AF recurrence within 3 years when controlling for race and sex. Conclusion The incidence of repeat AF ablation is not higher in racial minorities when compared to whites. Interestingly, there appears to be an decreasing rate of AF re-ablation in older patients despite a higher rate of AF recurrence as age increases possibly owing to more conservative therapeutic approach such as medical management.

“Home out of home”: South Africa, Central Europe, and “dark nostography”

The essay provides a comprehensive discussion of South African nostographies which are concerned with the nostographers’ return to their Central European father/motherland. The paper not only explores the poetics of nostographic writing but also attempts to identify specific generic signposts that characterise South African nostos narratives about Central European homecoming. Having analysed – with the support of archival records – several notable examples of second-generation nostographies by South African writers of Central European descent (Gordimer, Zwi, Jacobson), the essay focuses on the first nostos narrative by a second generation South African Pole, i.e. Blood and Silver by Jan Glazewski (2022). The proposed reading of Glazewski’s book pays special attention to the way in which the Polish/Ukrainian “home” to which the author returns partakes in negotiating the “anachronoid” identity of the auto/biographical (homecoming) subject – especially in the context of the subject’s multiple dislocations; and in revealing a new, essentially transnational geography of historical and ideological connections between Central Europe and South Africa. Additionally, the essay argues that Glazewski’s book should be recognised as a specimen of “dark nostography,” i.e. a homecoming narrative in which one’s double home (South African and Central Europe) is acknowledged as a site of trauma, while the homecomer is considered the subject implicated in the past and present forms of injustice and violence.

Trends in prevalence of hypertension and high-normal blood pressure among US adults, 1999–2018

Hypertension and high-normal blood pressure (BP) increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Examining trends in hypertension and high-normal BP among US adults is crucial. Participants aged 20 years or older from the 1999–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, were included. Trend analyses were performed to assess temporal changes in prevalence of hypertension and high-normal BP among US adults. Among the 48,580 participants included in this analysis, the mean (SD) age was 47.2 years (18 years) and 50.9% were women. Age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was stable from 1999 to 2000 (29.5% [95% CI 26.6–32.3%]) through 2017–2018 (31.9%, [95% CI 29.0–34.7%]) (P = 0.265 for linear trend). Age-adjusted prevalence of high-normal BP decreased from 10.9% (95% CI 9.4–12.5%) in 1999–2000 to 8.0% (95% CI 7.1–9.0%) in 2007–2008, then increased to 9.8% (95% CI 8.3–11.3%) in 2017–2018 (P = 0.002 for nonlinear trend). Compared with men, hypertension and high-normal BP was less likely among women (multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratio, 0.90 [95% CI 0.84–0.97]; 0.68 [95% CI 0.52–0.88], respectively). Compared with non-Hispanic Black, high-normal BP was less likely among Mexican American, non-Hispanic White, and other race (multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratio, 0.59 [95% CI 0.44–0.79]; 0.53 [95% CI 0.41–0.69]; 0.56 [95% CI 0.74 − 0.71], respectively). The same held for hypertension.

Passing Down the Mic Signals Trustworthy Intersectional Allyship and Promotes Organizational Identity-Safety

People belonging to more privileged groups are often given the default opportunity to address oppression over multiply marginalized people, perpetuating intersectional invisibility. The present research proposes passing down the mic as a strategy to disrupt intersectional invisibility. Black women ( Ntotal = 584; Experiments 1 and 2) perceived a White woman at an organization’s diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) meeting who passed a speaking opportunity to a Black woman to address Black women’s discrimination compared to speaking herself or allowing another White woman to address women’s or Black women’s discrimination, as a more trustworthy ally to Black women, and thus participants anticipated greater self-sacrificing allyship from the White woman, and greater identity-safety if they worked at the organization. Such benefits transferred, emerging for Latinx women participants whether the mic was passed to a Latina or Black woman ( N = 528; Experiment 3). Findings highlight an intervention route to equitably uplift multiply marginalized people and address intersectional disparities.

Mortality after hip fracture among Black and White women: Findings from a northern California integrated healthcare system.

Mortality after hip fracture among Black and White women: Findings from a northern California integrated healthcare system.

Overlapping conditions in Long COVID at a multisite academic center

BackgroundMany patients experience persistent symptoms after COVID-19, a syndrome referred to as Long COVID (LC). The goal of this study was to identify novel new or worsening comorbidities self-reported in patients with LC.MethodsPatients diagnosed with LC (n = 732) at the Mayo Long COVID Care Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota and Jacksonville, Florida were sent questionnaires to assess the development of new or worsening comorbidities following COVID-19 compared to patients with SARS-CoV-2 that did not develop LC (controls). Both groups were also asked questions screening for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) and orthostatic intolerance. 247 people with LC (33.7%) and 40 controls (50%) responded to the surveys.ResultsIn this study LC patients averaged 53 years of age and were predominantly White (95%) women (75%). The greatest prevalence of new or worsening comorbidities following SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with LC vs. controls reported in this study were pain (94.4% vs. 0%, p < 0.001), neurological (92.4% vs. 15.4%, p < 0.001), sleep (82.8% vs. 5.3%, p < 0.001), skin (69.8% vs. 0%, p < 0.001), and genitourinary (60.6% vs. 25.0%, p = 0.029) issues. 58% of LC patients screened positive for ME/CFS vs. 0% of controls (p < 0.001), 27% positive for GJH compared to 10% of controls (p = 0.026), and a positive average score of 4.0 on orthostatic intolerance vs. 0 (p < 0.001). The majority of LC patients with ME/CFS were women (77%).ConclusionWe found that comorbidities across 12 surveyed categories were increased in patients following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our data also support the overlap of LC with ME/CFS, GJH, and orthostatic intolerance. We discuss the pathophysiologic, research, and clinical implications of identifying these conditions with LC.

INTERNAÇÃO POR FRATURA DE FÊMUR NO BRASIL NO PERÍODO DE 2012 A 2022: ANÁLISE DE ACORDO COM A COR DA PELE

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively analyze the total number of hospitalizations for femoral fractures in the elderly according to regions in Brazil and skin color, from 2012 to 2022. METHODS: Ecological and retrospective time series study that evaluated data on femoral fractures in the elderly, based on data available on the Ministry of Health websites. The following variables were evaluated: Total hospitalizations according to skin color, age group and type of service used. RESULTS: The number of white people was much higher in the private health service. Regarding brown skin color, the north and southeast had more people hospitalized in the public sector. Regarding hospitalization according to age group, all categories had the same behavior, with an increase in the number of hospitalizations as there is an increase in age magnitude. There was an increase in the number of hospitalizations over the years, only between 2019 and 2020, there was a slight decrease, observed especially in people with brown skin. CONCLUSION: There is a discrepancy in the number of hospitalizations for femur fractures in the elderly between Brazilian regions. This study shows that femoral fractures continue to be a health problem present in the Brazilian population, regardless of skin color and that their increasing behavior over the years reflects the aging of the population.

Association Between Race and Comorbid Conditions Among Older Adults with Dementia

Background/Objective: Dementia is estimated to affect over 150 million individuals by 2050. Individuals with dementia commonly suffer from other comorbid conditions which can affect quality of life and result in increased health care expenditures. We conducted this study to determine the frequency of comorbid conditions between representative samples of non-Hispanic Black and White US adults aged ≥65 with dementia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on non-Hispanic Black and White adults aged 65 and older with dementia whose data were retrieved from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2016–2021, and the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2016, 2018, and 2019. Dementia was defined based on medical record abstraction. The exposure was Black vs. White race. The outcome was a sum of 13 comorbid conditions, including obesity, hypertension, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, and coronary artery disease, assessed in older adults with dementia. Results: A total of 1354 non-Hispanic (1175 White and 179 Black) participants were studied. The mean number of comorbid conditions, as well as the prevalence of obesity, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, and coronary artery disease, was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the Black vs. White study participants. The Black participants were more likely to have more than two comorbid conditions relative to those who were White (odds ratio 2.5; 95% confidence interval 1.6 to 3.7). Conclusions: A higher burden of comorbid conditions was observed among non-Hispanic Blacks compared to non-Hispanic White older adults with dementia. Future studies should examine the quality of life and health care utilization implications of this finding.

Large-scale analysis reveals racial disparities in the prevalence of ADHD and conduct disorders

The primary purpose of this study is to highlight trends in the prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) and conduct disorders (CD) between non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black populations and identify potential diagnostic disparities between these groups. De-identified electronic health record data on the TriNetX platform of patients diagnosed with ADHD, CD, or both between January 2013 and May 2023 from 50 healthcare organizations in the US were used to investigate racial and sex disparities in the prevalence of ADHD and CD diagnoses. With a cohort of 849,281 ADHD patients and 157,597 CD patients, non-Hispanic White individuals were ~ 26% more likely to receive ADHD diagnosis and ~ 61% less likely to be diagnosed with CD than non-Hispanic Black individuals. The mean age of diagnosis of ADHD was over 8 years older for White patients than for Black patients, with a disproportionately higher number of White patients diagnosed in adulthood, compared to a comparatively negligible number of Black patients diagnosed with ADHD in the same age group. Additionally, Black females were the cohort least likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, while White females were the cohort least likely to be diagnosed with CD. Race disparities exist between Black and White populations, and sex disparities exist within each population. More information is needed to determine contributors to these differences, although implicit biases and systemic racism may be key contributing factors. Presenting evidence and increasing awareness of culturally relevant diagnoses can reduce unconscious bias and move toward more informed and objective psychiatric evaluations.

Estimating the impact of social distance policy in mitigating COVID-19 spread with factor-based imputation approach

AbstractWe identify the effectiveness of social distancing policies in reducing the transmission of the COVID-19 spread. We build a model that measures the relative frequency and geographic distribution of the virus growth rate and provides hypothetical infection distribution in the states that enacted the social distancing policies, where we control time-varying, observed and unobserved, state-level heterogeneities. Using panel data on infection and deaths in all US states from February 20 to April 20, 2020, we find that stay-at-home orders and other types of social distancing policies significantly reduced the growth rate of infection and deaths. We show that the effects are time varying and range from the weakest at the beginning of policy intervention to the strongest by the end of our sample period. We also found that social distancing policies were more effective in states with higher income, better education, more white people, more democratic voters, and higher CNN viewership.

Racial and ethnic and sex differences in at-home estimates of sleep-disordered breathing parameters among Mexican American, Black, and Non-Hispanic White adults.

Background Racial and ethnic and sex differences in sleep may exist, but there are limited data directly comparing objective estimates of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), particularly in rapid eye movement (REM) versus non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, among Black, Mexican American (MA) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) men and women. Our goal is to investigate health disparities in SDB in a new, diverse cohort of older adults. Research Question Do SDB parameters during REM and NREM sleep differ by race and ethnicity or sex in community-dwelling older adults?. Methods The Dormir Study conducted a comprehensive sleep examination among eligible participants enrolled in the ongoing community-based Health and Aging Brain Study-Health Disparities (HABS-HD) cohort (2020-4), among Black, MA, and NHW adults aged 50 years and older. Here we characterize racial and ethnic and sex differences in SDB indices assessed by an FDA-approved Peripheral Arterial Tonometry (PAT)-based home sleep testing system. Results We examined 821 participants, including 543 (66.1%) women, and 284 (34.6%) MA and 174 (21.2%) Black individuals, with a mean age of 66.6±8.5 years. Around half (50.5%) of the participants had moderate to severe SDB as defined by the respiratory event index (REI based on 3% desaturations) of ≥15/ hour, 72.7% with moderate to severe REM SDB (REM-REI ≥ 15/hour) and 39.5% with moderate to severe NREM SDB (NREM-REI ≥15/hour). The prevalence of SDB did not differ by race or sex. However, significant racial and ethnic and sex differences were observed for REM-specific SDB metrics. Overall, Black women had the highest REM REI, and NHW men had the lowest REM REI and REM ODI. After controlling for age, sex, education, income, employment status, cognitive status, BMI, history of hypertension, diabetes, stroke, and coronary heart disease, and sleep medication use, Black participants had a REM-REI that was 3 events per hour higher than that of NHW adults, while NREM-REI were similar. MA individuals had similar REM or NREM SDB parameters compared to NHW adults but exhibited higher average blood oxygen levels. Conclusions In this community-based cohort of middle- to older-aged NHW, MA, and Black adults, PAT-based measures of in-home sleep indicate a higher prevalence of REM SDB in Black adults, particularly Black women, compared to their NHW counterparts; this contrasts with the similar NREM parameters observed across racial and ethnic groups. Given the close link between REM SDB and adverse health outcomes, clinicians should pay more attention to this sleep apnea phenotype, especially in minoritized populations.

Top-down racial biases in size perception: A registered replication and extension of

Biases in the perception and judgment of members of race-based and ethnicity-based minority groups are prevalent, often resulting in detrimental outcomes for these individuals. One such bias is a threat-related stereotype, associating specific race and ethnicity-based social groups with aggressiveness, violence, and criminality. In the US context, Black men are often victims of such bias. Recent evidence suggests that threat-related stereotypes are also linked to biased perceptions, such that perceivers overestimate the body size of Black relative to White men, even in the absence of perceptual differences between them. That is, mere top-down social category information was sufficient to induce perceptual biases in size perception related to threat (Wilson et al., 2017, Study 7). Considering the novelty of this finding and its theoretical importance, we suggested a registered replication of this finding to assess its robustness across laboratories, participants, and social groups. We conducted a direct replication (Study 1, N = 280) of the effect reported by Wilson and colleagues, followed by a conceptual replication (Study 2, N = 280) that tested the generalization of the original findings to another population (Israeli residents) and a different target social group (Muslim Israelis) frequently stereotyped as threatening in this population. Participants did not overestimate the body size of Black or Muslim Israeli targets, pointing to a failed replication of the original effect. These findings suggest that the effects of purely top-down social category information on threat-related perception and judgment are less robust than previously assumed.

An Intersectional Approach to Cervical Cancer Screening Disparities by Race/Ethnicity and Immigrant Status.

Background: Disparities in cervical cancer (CC) screening exist within racial/ethnic minority and immigrant groups. However, few studies have explored the joint influence of race/ethnicity and immigrant status on screening, and the disparities that have been identified by existing studies remain incompletely explained. This study aims to identify the joint influence of race/ethnicity and immigrant status on CC screening and elucidate the barriers contributing to identified disparities. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of 25,660 U.S. women from the 2005, 2010, and 2015 National Health Interview Surveys was done. The CC screening up-to-date status of cases was analyzed by race/ethnicity and immigrant status using logistic regression models. Conceptualized mediators were added to models to identify their contribution to identified disparities. Results: All immigrants had lower screening odds than U.S.-born non-Hispanic White women with foreign-born non-Hispanic Asians having the lowest odds (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26-0.49) followed by foreign-born non-Hispanic White (aOR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.36-0.76), Hispanic/Latinx (aOR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.47-0.73), and non-Hispanic Black women (aOR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.38-0.99). Adjusting for only socioeconomic status or access to care attenuated the aOR: for foreign-born Hispanic/Latinx and non-Hispanic Black women only. Adjusting simultaneously for language and acculturation attenuated the aOR: for all immigrants. Conclusions: Disparities in CC screening were only found in the immigrant populations of various racial/ethnic groups. Targeting insurance and health care access may address disparities in immigrant Hispanic/Latinx and non-Hispanic Black women. Focusing on culturally and linguistically competent care and education may be more crucial for immigrant non-Hispanic Asian and White women.