White-collar Crime Research Articles

The donation method: A new behavioral measure for white collar crime?

AbstractTo comprehensively grasp, predict, and address the complexity of white collar crime, robust measurement tools are imperative. The burgeoning interdisciplinary interest in this domain has spurred the development of diverse assessment tools aimed at capturing offending behavior and its proxies. In the present paper, we provide an overview of the strengths and weaknesses of several commonly employed measures, including official statistics, victimization surveys, self‐report surveys, and (quasi)experimental measures. Drawing insights from this review, we then introduce a novel behavioral measure: the donation method. Although the task was originally designed to examine behaviors of interest to behavioral economists, we carefully outline strategies to refine and implement the donation method to assess white collar crime, addressing challenges such as task suitability and controlling for respondent behavior. Additionally, we provide a sample task to illustrate how such a tool could be used within this field. We conclude by underlining the appeal of adopting innovative measurement tools like the donation method to advance our collective understanding of white collar crime. By advocating for its widespread adoption and providing guidance for its use, we endeavor to catalyze progress in the field, facilitating unique insights and, potentially, more efficacious strategies for confronting and surmounting the methodological obstacles inherent in studying this elusive form of criminal activity.

일반긴장요인과 화이트칼라 범죄 발생의 상호관계 검증

The purpose of this study is verifying the impact on white-collar crime intentions through applying general strain theory, particularly by categorizing white-collar workers into subordinates, middle managers, and executives, and comparing the differences in criminal intention depends on their job levels. The intention for white-collar crime, specifically focusing on embezzlement, was suggested as The dependent variable. Also, rather than direct measurement about embezzlement, and respondents were prompted to response their behaviors and perceptions in specific situations with suggested crime scenarios The independent variables included strain factors proposed by the General Strain Theory, such as the loss of positive stimuli, failure to achieve goals, and the occurrence of negative stimuli, along with negative emotions. To achieve the goal of this research, data was collected focusing on office, business, and management workers in the metropolitan area. As a result, general strain factors did not affect to the intent for white-collar crime at the executive level. However, it was suggested that the smaller the size of the company, the more significant affect on the intention for white-collar crime. In the case of subordinate and middle management workers, both general strain factors and negative emotions affected significantly to the intention for white-collar crime. Therefore, to counteract white-collar crime, it is requested the differentiated strategies for each job levels. For small and medium-sized enterprises, controls to executives should be strengthened, and for large enterprises or conglomerates, a fair promotion system and adequate economic rewards, such as appropriate wage increasing, should be enhanced to mitigate the feelings of deprivation among lower-level employees and middle managers.

Research Paper Examining the Obstacles Encountered by Indian Authorities in the Investigation and Prosecution of White-collar Crimes, Supplemented by a Case Study of the Nirav Modi Scandal

Research Paper Examining the Obstacles Encountered by Indian Authorities in the Investigation and Prosecution of White-collar Crimes, Supplemented by a Case Study of the Nirav Modi Scandal

Exploring the Efficacy of Legal Frameworks in Combatting Sophisticated White-Collar Crimes: A Comparative Analysis

This research aims to critically analyze and compare the effectiveness of legal frameworks and regulatory mechanisms in addressing sophisticated white-collar crimes across different jurisdictions. By examining case studies and legislative measures, the study seeks to identify strengths and weaknesses in existing legal systems and propose recommendations for enhancing enforcement strategies, regulatory oversight, and corporate accountability. Additionally, the research will explore the evolving nature of white-collar crimes in the digital age and assess the adaptability of legal frameworks in combating emerging threats such as cyber fraud, insider trading, and corporate espionage. Through a comparative approach, this study aims to contribute insights into best practices for law enforcement agencies, policymakers, and legal practitioners in the ongoing fight against white-collar crime.

Cryptocurrency-crime Investigation: Fraudulent use of Bitcoin in a Divorce Case

Bitcoin and cryptocurrency adoption has increased significantly over the past few years. The significant growth in the industry has been matched by growth of crimes in this domain; not only in scams and dark-web illegal trading, but also in white-collar crimes with fraud and perjury occurring increasingly. With blockchain technology, the world of financial infidelity has become increasingly sophisticated. There is a common belief that blockchain and cryptocurrency provide means of hiding funds from the public or close associates who may not be familiar with the technology. The rise of cryptocurrency has also led to spouses hiding digital assets during divorce settlements. This study presents a use case of a couple in the midst of a divorce where one of the spouses was accused of perjury for failure to declare bitcoin holdings, obtained via Bitcoin mining, and possibly other forms of cryptocurrency and digital assets to the court. The plaintiff is entitled to fifty percent of all assets. While property, stocks, bonds, and bank accounts can easily be traced, cryptocurrency assets are more complex to trace but it is not impossible. This paper illustrates how such a case can be investigated by following the flow of funds on the blockchain, using tools such as Maltego and QLUE. The paper thus presents an investigative process that can be followed for a new category of forensic investigation.

Redefining the Fight Against White Collar Crime: a Moral and Value-centric Perspective

This article delves into the intricate nature of White Collar Crime (hereinafter, WCC for short), a subject challenging to define yet easier to understand from a practical lens. It argues that the crux of the issue lies in the moral and ethical values guiding both individual actions and societal norms. The central thesis is that while legal compliance is essential for maintaining order and administering justice, moral standards have a more profound role in effectively addressing WCC. The paper advocates for an approach that transcends traditional legal solutions, proposing the development of a comprehensive socio-economic culture grounded in elevated moral and value-based principles. This perspective offers a more holistic understanding and strategy in combatting WCC, suggesting that the solution lies not just in legal reforms but in a fundamental shift in societal values and ethics.

Понятие и система экономических преступлений по уголовному праву Индии

The article deals with the institution of criminal offenses under the criminal law of India. The main approaches to the concept of the economic offence within the framework of Indian legal studies were studied. A theoretical analysis of the definitions of the term “economic crime/offence” and the study of the connection of the term with the criminological term “white-collar crime” were carried out. Based on the results of the analysis, a description of the system of economic crimes in accordance with the Indian criminal law was given. It was found out that at the present time the Indian legislation on economic crimes encompasses a significant number of acts, including the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and a number of statutory laws (e.g. the Income Tax Act, 1961; the Companies Act, 2013 and others).

Qui Est Au Courant? A Comparison of Sociodemographic Predictors of Knowledge About White-Collar Crime in France and the US

The current study proposes a comparison of sociodemographic correlates of knowledge about white-collar crime in France and the US, and predicts cross-national differences in how white-collar crime information is both obtained and processed. A total of 1,068 participants (536 from the US and 532 from France) answered an online survey that measured their level of familiarity with various aspects of white-collar crime as well as their sociodemographic characteristics. In both countries, age, income, and politically liberal views were positively associated with knowledge about white-collar crime, as was education (in France only). In addition, subjects who used internet news sites as their main source of information were generally better informed than those who relied on other media. On the other hand, conservatives (in the US only), men, younger participants, and social media users were more likely to adhere to white-collar crime myths. These findings imply that knowledge about white-collar crime may be increased by disseminating relevant information to targeted audiences. They also suggest, however, that some segments of the population may not be subject to reasoned persuasion.

Corporate fraud and White-Collar Crime: Legal Responses and Enforcement

The purpose of this study is to help novices think theoretically and conceptually about white-collar crime. The purpose of this research paper is to discuss the many sorts of white-collar crimes. The influence of white-collar crime on the business world, the economy, and other sectors is also discussed. This study provides a comprehensive review of past crimes that have happened in India as well as the causes of such crimes. One type of white-collar crime that is commonly addressed in all areas of society—political, social, and economic—is corruption. However, no significant action has been done to counter this threat. The goals of this article are to define white-collar crime, examine its historical evolution, and offer potential remedies.

Book Reviews: Crimes of the Powerful: White-Collar Crime and Beyond

Book Reviews: Crimes of the Powerful: White-Collar Crime and Beyond

Public Knowledge About White-Collar Crime in France and the US: A Cross-National Comparison

The few studies that measured public knowledge about white-collar crime and its consequences suggested a positive relationship between awareness and punitiveness. However, the participants were found to be, at best, only partially informed about upper-class criminality. Almost a decade later, whether public levels of information have increased is unknown. The present study proposes to (1) capture current levels of public knowledge about white-collar crime in the US and (2) determine if such knowledge is unique or shared by French citizens. A total of 1068 subjects, half of them from the US and the other half from France, answered an online survey that measured their awareness and acceptance of several key evidence-based facts about white-collar crime. Although US participants were found to be more knowledgeable than their French counterparts, they were still largely misinformed about elite deviance and more likely to endorse various myths. These findings imply that more work needs to be done to educate the public about this serious social issue and dispel unfounded beliefs which might affect legal responses to upper-word offenses.

Detecting frauds in financial statements: a comprehensive literature review between 2019 and 2023 (June).

Purpose- The purpose of this study is to determine studies on detecting different types financial frauds, financial statement frauds and methods used in these studies. Financial statement fraud is one of the most common types of white-collar crime that has plagued various industries worldwide. It involves manipulating financial information in order to deceive stakeholders, such as investors and regulators, for personal gain or advantages. Financial statement fraud has significant implications for stakeholders, including investors, regulators, and the general public. Detecting fraudulent activities in financial statements is crucial for ensuring transparency, reliability, and trust in financial reporting. Methodology- This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of studies focused on detecting frauds in financial statements in between 2019 and first half of 2023 inclusive on Science Direct. Findings - The review encompasses a range of research articles, providing insights into various methodologies, techniques, and advancements in fraud detection. The findings of this review contribute to the understanding of fraud detection mechanisms in financial statements and inform future research directions in this critical area. Conclusion - This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on the topic of detecting financial statement fraud, focusing on current trends and approaches employed in the field. By examining a wide range of scholarly articles, research studies, and industry reports, this review aims to provide an overview of the existing knowledge, methodologies, and tools utilized in the detection of financial statement fraud. In recent years, it has been observed that studies using machine learning in the field of fraud detection have increased. Keywords: Fraud detection, machine learning, data mining literature review, financial statements JEL Codes: M42, M21, M41

Forensic Accounting Techniques and White-Collar Crime in Nigeria Public Sector

Forensic Accounting Techniques and White-Collar Crime in Nigeria Public Sector

Uncover the thriving supply - demand relationship between professional firms and white-collar criminals in 21st century: perspective from international financial crime

Uncover the thriving supply - demand relationship between professional firms and white-collar criminals in 21st century: perspective from international financial crime

Deterrence effects despite lack of prosecution: Punishment outcomes of white-collar crime investigations in Norway

Abstract The national authority Økokrim was established several decades ago to become a policing centre of excellence in the investigation and prosecution of economic and environmental crime in Norway that is especially concerned with white-collar and corporate crime. This article focusses on deterrence effects from Økokrim investigations that never lead to prosecution or conviction. The research raises the issue of the use of law enforcement publicity regarding investigations of potential offenders, often long before possible convictions. The issue is explored by the press releases from the Norwegian body. The apparent shift in strategy and practice at Økokrim might be explained by the devastating evaluation of the national authority some years ago. The evaluation was initiated after the Transocean court scandal where all defendants were acquitted of all charges. Deterrence strategy by investigations implies that Økokrim passes negative consequences on suspects who never have a chance to defend themselves in court. In jurisdictions with criminal justice, a suspect should always have the benefit of the doubt. Conviction should only occur when guilt is proven beyond any reasonable and sensible doubt. Until eventually proven guilty, a suspect is supposed to be considered innocent. This is a basic principle of justice.

Understanding the battleground of identity fraud

Identity fraud has rapidly expanded into one of the fastest-growing white-collar crimes in the US. Beyond its substantial economic toll, resulting in billions of dollars in losses to the economy, identity fraud inflicts significant financial losses and mental distress upon its victims. With increasing online activity and the growing frequency of significant data breaches, the complexity and scale of identity fraud continue to grow. However, most academic research in this space has been focused on identifying cognitive behaviors and interventions at the individual level. Addressing a complex, multifaceted social issue like identity fraud necessitates a more comprehensive understanding of its underlying drivers at a broader macro level. We employed statistical methodologies to examine and analyze the factors influencing identity fraud in the US across a wide spectrum of variables using data from 2005 to 2021. A total of 12 explanatory variables, including macroeconomic indicators, sociodemographic factors, and criminal behavior, were analyzed. We identified the statistically significant variables associated with identity fraud through multiple linear regression, ANOVA, and multicollinearity analysis. Our analysis supported the hypothesis that the national unemployment rate, online banking usage, and incidence of fraud-related offenses were statistically significant variables in explaining identity fraud. Although not statistically significant, the increasing occurrence of data breaches and cyber-attacks and their implications for data security and privacy may warrant further attention. The overarching objective of this study was to establish a macro-level framework to understand identity fraud better, thereby fostering subsequent research and intervention efforts at both the individual and societal levels.

Predictors of perceived wrongfulness and harmfulness of crime among residents in Portugal

The present study aims to examine crime seriousness perceptions by scrutinising their key components – perceived wrongfulness and harmfulness of crime. It also seeks to examine the extent to which these concepts are related to sociodemographic characteristics, conservation values, legal cynicism, religiosity, and exposure to media coverage of crime. A survey was administered to 408 residents in Portugal containing vignettes pertaining to two seriousness levels of both conventional and white-collar crime. The twenty resulting offence scenarios were grouped into four groups: heavier scenarios of conventional crimes, lighter scenarios of conventional crimes, heavier scenarios of white-collar crime, and lighter scenarios of white-collar crime. The results show that only legal cynicism has a consistent influence on crime wrongfulness perceptions for the four crime groups and some influence on crime harmfulness perceptions for lighter scenarios of conventional crimes. As for conservation values and religiosity, the only effects observed are on the perceived wrongfulness and perceived harmfulness of heavier scenarios of conventional crimes. Exposure to media coverage of crime does not seem to have an impact on the assessment of these two perceptual variables. Sociodemographic characteristics and victimization experiences explain only minor differences in the assessment of the seriousness, wrongfulness, and harmfulness of crimes.

What’s not measured still does not get done: An empirical exploration of the police response to rogue trading incidents

This paper explores the police response given to rogue trading doorstep crime incidents. Using a mixed-methods Applied Thematic Analysis of a year’s records of the Thames Valley Police force’s crime recording database, the research draws upon police officers’ own accounts to illustrate the way the crimes are recorded and investigated. Despite rogue trader criminality meeting a number of police priorities, including protecting vulnerable victims and tackling organised crime, the findings reveal a widespread failure to identify, record, and fully investigate criminal offences. It identifies a lack of consideration of the relevant legal requirements and a failure to investigate the ‘work’ undertaken by suspects to victims’ homes. Discussing these findings within the wider framework of fraud and white-collar crime, this paper proposes that the substandard police response may result from negative organisational cultures as well as a lack of training or familiarity with this crime type.

Upaya Pencegahan White Collar Crime

White collar crime is increasingly prevalent in various corporate sectors and causes significant financial losses and damage to public trust. This type of crime includes embezzlement of funds, manipulation of financial statements, bribery, insider trading in the capital market, and theft of customer personal data. Although it occurs a lot, the prevention of white collar crime is still not optimal and the perpetrators are rarely prosecuted properly. This paper aims to analyze the various determinants that influence the occurrence of white collar crime in order to formulate policy recommendations and prevention strategies in the future. A systematic approach is used by applying the fraud triangle theory which focuses on the three main elements that cause fraud, namely pressure, opportunity and rationalization. The results of the study show that pressure to meet high performance targets and large bonuses often encourage individuals to commit fraud. Meanwhile, weak supervision and lack of transparency create opportunities for fraud. Perpetrators also often justify their actions, for example by assuming that they will not be caught or the value of the loss is small. The complexity of modern corporate operations also increases opportunities for white-collar crime. Effective prevention efforts must be comprehensive by involving various parties and strengthening a number of aspects as controls. The role of internal and external supervisors (auditors) of companies needs to be continuously improved, supported by modem fraud detection technology tools. Whistleblowing mechanisms need to be strengthened in every company and kept confidential to encourage early reporting of fraud indications.

Keterkaitan While Collar Crime dengan Coorporate Crime

White collar crime is a crime committed by respected people, while corporate crime is a crime related to corporations. White collar crime and crinre corporations have also always been linked to the crime economy. White collar crime can be controlled by corporations, therefore a type of crime arises, namely corporate services. The research method is literature study, the aim is to find out what forms of crime are categorized as "white collar crime", the result is that the application of the law given to perpetrators of "white collar crime" crimes has provided justice and legal certainty to the community.