White Blood Cell Ratio Research Articles

Effects of Oliviera decumbens and Satureja khuzestanica extract on some immunological and haematological parameters of Cyprinus carpio

Immunity stimulants are applied to improve the immune system of aquatic organisms. In this study, the effect of oral administration of Marze (Satureja khuzestanica) and mountainous Lael (Oliviera decumbens) extracts on haematological parameters and lysozyme activity stimulation in Common carp was investigated during a 5-week period. At the end of this period, blood samples were taken for haematological and immunological assays (lysozyme activity). The result showed that white blood cell count (p > 0.05) and the ratio of white blood cells (p > 0.05) were not significantly affected by plant extract administration. There were significant differences between the serum lysozyme activities in different treatments (p < 0.05). Generally, it can be concluded that Marze extract, as an immune stimulant, has a positive effect on the immune system and increased the resistance of Common carp. The combination of Marze and Mountainous Lael extracts was also an effective immune stimulant, but Mountainous Lael extract on its own did not stimulate the immune system of Common carp.

Skin rubdown with a dry towel, ^|^lsquo;kanpu-masatsu' is an aerobic exercise affecting body temperature, energy production, and the immune and autonomic nervous systems

Skin rubdown using a dry towel (SRDT) to scrub the whole body is a traditional therapy for health promotion. To investigate its mechanism, 24 healthy male volunteers were studied. Body temperature, pulse rate, red blood cells (RBCs), serum levels of catecholamines and cortisol, blood gases (PO(2), sO(2), PCO(2) and pH), lactate and glucose, and the ratio and number of white blood cells (WBCs) were assessed before and after SRDT. After SRDT, pulse rate and body temperature were increased. PO(2), sO(2) and pH were also increased and there was no Rouleaux formation by RBCs. Lactate level tended to increase, whereas that of glucose did not. Adrenaline and noradrenaline levels increased, indicating sympathetic nerve (SN) dominance with increase in granulocytes. WBC number and ratio were divided into two groups according to granulocyte ratio (≤ or < 60%) before SRDT: a normal group and a SN group. Only in the SN group did the granulocyte ratio decrease and the lymphocyte ratio and number increase after SRDT. It is suggested that SRDT is a mild aerobic, systemic exercise that might affect the immune system via the autonomic nervous system.

Challenging the use of the lymphocyte to white cell count ratio in the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis by analysis of a large cohort of monospot test results

We investigated the hypothesis that a lymphocyte/white cell count ratio should be used as a diagnostic indicator of infectious mononucleosis. Retrospective study to compare lymphocyte counts and white blood cell counts, against the criterion standard, the mononucleosis spot test. Department of Otolaryngology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. We reviewed 1000 patients who had Monospot assays, 500 positive and 500 negative. The lymphocyte counts and white blood cell ratio was calculated and compared with the monospot result to calculate the sensitivity and specificity at various ratios. The lymphocyte counts and white blood cell ratio was significantly different in the positive and negative monospot groups (P < 0.05). The mean lymphocyte counts and white blood cell ratio in the positive group was 0.49 and the mean lymphocyte to white cell count ratio in the monospot negative group was 0.29.A ratio of 0.35 had a specificity of 72% and a sensitivity of 84% for the detection of glandular fever. A higher ratio will give a greater specificity, but a lower sensitivity, and vice versa. The mean lymphocyte to white cell count ratio is not sufficient to diagnose or exclude infectious mononucleosis. Thus, this study does not confirm the conclusions of earlier studies.

Measurement of hematological and biochemical studies on wild marine carnivorous fishes from Vellar estuary, southeast coast of India

Hematological parameters have been recognized as valuable tools for monitoring fish health. Hematological and serum biochemical parameters were studied and compared between four marine carnivorous fish. Statistical analysis revealed that differences in hematological parameters between marine carnivorous fish were significant (P < 0.01). The result revealed that hematological red blood cells (RBC)/white blood cells (WBC) ratio, mean corpuscular volume, and mean cell hemoglobin concentration were significantly correlated at the P < 0.05 level. The RBC/WBC level increased due to the decrease in WBC during the study. Serum biochemical parameters can be used for confirming the maturity and monitoring any changes in the quality of waters and related soils.

Patterns of leukocyte counts on admissions for acute heart failure — presentation and outcome — results from a community based registry

To determine the correlation between differential white blood cell (WBC) count and characteristics and outcome of acute heart failure (AHF) syndromes. Previous studies suggested that different white blood cell count patterns are related to outcome in patients with heart failure (HF) and other cardiovascular disorders. Data from all qualifying AHF admissions to a city hospital (n=340) was prospectively collected. Patients were followed from admission up to 6 months post-discharge. The relationship between patients' demographics, clinical and laboratory characteristics and outcome were assessed in relation to WBC count and lymphocyte to WBC ratio (LWR). WBC count >10,100×10 (9)/L (upper tertile) on admission was associated with higher admission blood pressure, lower oxygen saturation, higher heart rate and increased troponin, with no impact on either short-term worsening HF or long-term adverse outcome. Lower LWR was associated with higher BUN and troponin and lower hemoglobin, but not with a distinct clinical presentation. The lower LWR tertile (≤13%) was associated with a 60% increase in worsening HF risk and a substantially higher 1 month (15% versus 2%) and 6 months mortality (23% vs. 3%) for lowest versus highest quartile (p<0.0001). While increased WBC count is associated with a more "vascular presentation" and certain severity markers, it is not related to worse patient outcome. Low LWR (≤13%) is predictive of worse outcome and higher mortality. It is also associated with certain laboratory abnormalities, but not related to a specific clinical profile.

고강도 근저항트레이닝 적용시 근육량, 1RM, 면역글로블린 및 혈구세포비율을 통한 Whey protein 및 β - carotene 섭취의 효용성 평가

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility assessment of whey protein and β-carotene supplementation for muscle mass, 1RM, immunoglobulin and white blood cell ratio during high intensity muscular resistance training Subjects were divided 2 group(whey protein and β-carotine supplementation group, non-supplementation group) from 15 health trainers. The subjects performed muscular resistance training of 80% 1RM for 3 weeks and effects on muscle mass, 1RM, immunoglobulin, white blood cell ratio have been evaluated. Analysis of the muscle mass, the supplementation group showed better improvement than non-supplementation group. But 1RM, immunoglobulin, white blood cell ratio showed that the interaction of supplementation was not significant.

Influence of pulmonary artery perfusion with solution of washed red blood cells on lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass

To observe the influence of intra-operative pulmonary artery perfusion with hypothermic washed red blood cell (RBC) solution on lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Thirty patients of mitral disease with pulmonary hypertension undergoing mitral valve replacement were randomly divided into 2 equal groups: control group, and perfusion group (with the pulmonary artery infused with 4 degrees C washed RBC protective solution during CPB). The blood cell count, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), white blood cell (WBC) ratio (venous blood/arterial blood), plasma malonyldialdehyde (MDA), and oxygenation index (OI), were measured and the time of mechanical ventilation was obtained as well. (1) The PVR at the end of CPB, and 12 h and 24 h after CPB of the perfusion group were 46.4 kPa.s.L(-1) +/- 8.1 kPa.s.L(-1), 48.5 kPa.s.L(-1) +/- 7.0 kPa.s.L(-1), and 36.1 kPa.s.L(-1) +/- 6.3 kPa.s.L(-1) respectively, all significantly lower than those of the control group (65.7 kPa.s.L(-1) +/- 5.3 kPa.s.L(-1), 79.8 kPa.s.L(-1) +/- 8.7 kPa.s.L(-1), and 47.9 kPa.s.L(-1) +/- 7.1 kPa.s.L(-1) respectively, all P < 0.05). (2) The levels of MDA at the end of CPB, and 12 h and 24 h after CPB of the perfusion group were 14.3 mmol/L +/- 0.8 mmol/L, 16.1 mmol/L +/- 0.7 mmol/L, and 13.3 mmol/L +/- 0.5 mmol/L respectively, all significantly lower than those of the control group (18.9 mmol/L +/- 0.9 mmol/L, 21.6 mmol/L +/- 0.4 mmol/L, and 22.5 mmol/L +/- 0.7 mmol/L respectively, all P < 0.05). (3) The WBC ratios of vein and artery (V/A) a the end of CPB and 12 h after CPB of the perfusion group were 1.16 +/- 0.05 and 1.20 +/- 0.05 respectively, both significantly lower than those of the control group (1.53 +/- 0.07 and 1.68 +/- 0.25 respectively (both P < 0.01). (4) The OI at the end of CPB, and 12 h and 24 h after CPB of the perfusion group were 370 +/- 33, 388 +/- 41, and 414 +/- 39 respectively, all significantly higher than those of the control group (217 +/- 30, 210 +/- 36, and 222 +/- 33 respectively (all P < 0.05). (5) The time of mechanical ventilation the perfusion group was 13 h +/- 4 h, significantly shorter than that of the control group (27 h +/- 6 h, P < 0.01). Pulmonary artery perfusion with hypothermic washed RBC protective solution alleviates the lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass.

Diagnosis of bowel and mesenteric injuries in blunt abdominal trauma: a prospective study

Purpose Currently, nonoperative management is the procedure of choice for solid organ injury in patients with a blunt abdominal trauma. Missed blunt bowel and mesenteric injuries (BBMIs) are possible because diagnosis is difficult. The aim of our study was to test a new algorithm for BBMI diagnosis using abdominal ultrasonography (AUS), computed tomography (CT), and diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL). Methods We reviewed cases of blunt abdominal injuries over a 10-year period, then we designed an algorithm that was prospectively tested in hemodynamically stable patients over a 2-year period. An abnormal AUS led to helical CT. When the CT showed more than 2 findings suggestive of BBMI, laparotomy was performed. In case of 1 or 2 abnormal CT findings, we performed a DPL and calculated the ratio of white blood cells (WBCs) to red blood cells (RBCs) (WBC/RBC ratio) in the lavage fluid and divided this by the WBC/RBC ratio in peripheral blood. A ratio of 1 or higher was considered positive for BBMI, and a laparotomy was immediately performed. Patients with a ratio of less than 1 were managed nonoperatively. Results In the retrospective study, 26 (1%) of 2126 patients admitted to our trauma center for blunt trauma had a BBMI, including 15 (58%) diagnosed after a median delay of 24 hours. In the prospective study, 531 patients were admitted for blunt trauma with multiple injuries, including 131 with abdominal trauma. Computed tomography was performed in 40 patients. There were 2 criteria or more of BBMI in 1 patient, 0 criteria in 27 patients (with an uneventful follow-up), and 1 or 2 criteria in 12 patients who had DPL with a median ratio of 0.82 (ranges, 0.03-9). Five patients had a ratio of 1 or higher. They underwent immediate laparotomy. In all 5 cases, BBMI was found. The 7 patients who had a ratio of less than 1 were observed in ICU and treated for extra-abdominal injuries. No BBMI injury was missed in these patients. The accuracy of the algorithm was 100% (95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.00). Conclusion The proposed algorithm (based on AUS, CT, and DPL) had a high accuracy to diagnose BBMI while requiring the performance of DPL in only a few (2%) patients.

Leptin ameliorates burn-induced multiple organ damage and modulates postburn immune response in rats

The present study was designed to determine whether exogenous leptin reduces remote organ injury in the rats with thermal burn trauma. Leptin (10 μg/kg) or saline was administered intraperitoneally after burn injury, and the rats were decapitated at either 6 or 24 h. Plasma samples of 24-h burn group were assayed for the determination of monocyte and neutrophil apoptosis. Thermal injury increased tissue-associated myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and microscopic damage scores in the lung, liver, stomach, colon and kidney of both 6- and 24-h burn groups. In the 6-h burn group, leptin reduced microscopic damage score in the liver and kidney only, while damage scores in the 24-h burn group were reduced in all the tissues except the lung. Also, in both burn groups, leptin reduced elevated MPO activity in all tissues except the lung. The percentage of mononuclear cells was significantly reduced at the 24 h of burn injury, while the granulocyte percentage was increased. Leptin treatment, however, had no significant effect on burn-induced reversal of white blood cell ratios. On the other hand, burn-induced increase in the death of mononuclear cells and granulocytes was significantly reduced in leptin-treated rats. The results of the present study suggest that leptin may provide a therapeutic benefit in diminishing burn-induced inflammation and associated multiple organ failure.

Testosterone, dominance signalling and immunosuppression in the house sparrow, Passer domesticus

The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH) suggests that dominance signals are costly because their development is controlled by testosterone, which is immunosuppressive. Signal control therefore links an increased disease risk with a high quality signal. The chest bib of the house sparrow, Passer domesticus, is a signal known to be related to dominance and under control of testosterone levels. We experimentally manipulated testosterone in male sparrows during the breeding season and again independently during the post-breeding period to test whether variation in levels of testosterone could cause variation in levels of immunocompetence. There was no effect of testosterone manipulation on the cell-mediated response of birds to phytohaemagglutinin injection, nor did testosterone levels appear to affect either white blood cell ratios or red blood cell counts. In contrast, both breeding season and post-breeding season testosterone levels had significant effects upon the humoral response of the birds to sheep red blood cell injections. However, whilst testosterone during the breeding season appeared to act immunosuppressively, the role of post-breeding levels is less clear. In concordance with a previous study, there was an indication that corticosterone is involved in mediating the immunosuppressive effects of testosterone. The strength of the secondary humoral response and the cell-mediated response were negatively related suggesting the possibility of a trade-off between the different arms of the immune system. These results provide some support for the ICHH as a mechanism promoting the evolution of costly badges of status, although the results question whether the immunosuppressive cost can be mediated by testosterone at the time of badge development.

Interpretation of Traumatic Lumbar Punctures: Who Can Go Home?

To determine whether a ratio of observed to predicted (O:P) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white blood cells (WBCs) after a traumatic lumbar puncture (LP) can be used to predict which patients do not have meningitis and can safely be discharged from the hospital. A retrospective medical record review was performed on 2 cohorts of previously healthy children who had received an LP at Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago, IL. All children were older than 1 month and had a red blood cell (RBC) count in the CSF >500/mm(3). Cohort 1 consisted of children who were examined in 1990 through 1999 and had CSF cultures positive for a bacterial pathogen. Cohort 2 consisted of children who were tested during January through December 1999 and had a CSF culture negative for any bacterial pathogen. Exclusion criteria included patients who received antibiotics within 72 hours before evaluation, patients with a previous neurosurgical procedure or CNS bleed, and patients whose complete blood count was not done within 6 hours of LP. The predicted CSF WBC count was calculated using the formula CSF WBC (predicted) = CSF RBC x (blood WBC/blood RBC). The O:P ratio was obtained by dividing the observed CSF WBC by the predicted CSF WBC. The simple ratio of WBCs to RBCs was also calculated. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated to predict the absence of disease. Receiver operator characteristic curves were generated for the O:P ratio and the WBC:RBC ratio. Continuous variables were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U test. Among the 57 patients who fit all of the study criteria, 12 (21%) had positive CSF cultures for bacterial pathogens. The patients with meningitis were significantly older (median: 7.8 months; range: 1-106 months) than the patients without meningitis (median: 1.3 months; range: 1-139 months). The O:P ratio was significantly lower in the patients without meningitis (median: 0.064; range: 0.000054-1.09) as compared with patients with meningitis (median: 1.26; range: 0.045-4.72). The WBC:RBC ratio was significantly lower in the patients without meningitis (median: 0.001; range: 0-4.46) as compared with patients with meningitis (median: 1.98; range: 0.04-24.45). The specificity and positive predictive value of an O:P ratio <or=0.01 and a WBC:RBC ratio <or=1:100 were 100% predicting the absence of disease. The area under the curve for the O:P ratio (0.981) did not differ significantly from the area under the curve for the WBC:RBC ratio (0.970). A WBC:RBC ratio of <or=1:100 (0.01) and an O:P ratio of <or=0.01 identified a large group of patients without meningitis. Using these methods in children younger than 1 month, the majority of patients without meningitis can be differentiated from those with meningitis despite the CSF abnormalities associated with a traumatic LP. However, the clinician should examine all clinical and laboratory information before opting not to treat a child after a traumatic LP.

Hemodynamic disturbances in premature infants born after chorioamnionitis: association with cord blood cytokine concentrations.

Chorioamnionitis and elevated cord blood inflammatory cytokine concentrations are associated with detectable disturbances of systemic and cerebral hemodynamics in premature newborns. Fifty-five infants (25-31 wk gestation) were enrolled. Chorioamnionitis was defined by placental histology. IL-6, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were quantified by ELISA. Blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, fractional shortening, and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocities were measured at 3 +/- 1 h after birth. Chorioamnionitis was evident in 22 placentas and was associated with increased IL-6 (p < 0.001), IL-1beta (p = 0.035), and heart rate (p = 0.027); and with decreased mean and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.026 and p = 0.019, respectively). IL-6 concentration correlated inversely with systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressures. Right ventricular cardiac output was elevated (p = 0.028) in infants with fetal vessel inflammation. Maternal temperature >or=38.0 degrees C and newborn immature-to-total white blood cell ratio >or=0.4 were associated with significant decreases in left ventricular fractional shortening (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). Neither chorioamnionitis nor elevated cytokine concentrations were associated with changes in middle cerebral artery Doppler blood flow velocities. Chorioamnionitis and elevated cord blood IL-6 concentrations are associated with decreased blood pressure in premature newborns. Inflammation of the fetal vessels and nonspecific indicators of infection are associated with disturbances in cardiac function. Infants with chorioamnionitis and elevated cytokine concentrations do not manifest changes in cerebral Doppler indices within the first few postnatal hours. We speculate that cytokine-associated systemic hemodynamic disturbances in premature infants born after chorioamnionitis predispose such infants to perinatal brain injury.

Pulmonary artery perfusion with protective solution reduces lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass

Background. The inflammatory response and higher temperature of lung tissue during cardiopulmonary bypass can result in lung injury. This study was to evaluate the protective effect of pulmonary perfusion with hypothermic antiinflammatory solution on lung function after cardiopulmonary bypass.Methods. Twelve adult mongrel dogs were randomly divided into two groups. The procedure was carried out through a midline sternotomy, cardiopulmonary bypass was established using cannulas placed in the ascending aorta, superior vena cava, and right atrium near the entrance of the inferior vena cava. After the ascending aorta was clamped and cardioplegic solution infused, the right lung was perfused through a cannula placed in the right pulmonary artery with 4°C lactated Ringer’s solution in the control group (n = 6) and with 4°C protective solution in the antiinflammation group (n = 6). Antiinflammatory solution consisted of anisodamine, l-arginine, aprotinin, glucose-insulin-potassium, and phosphate buffer. Plasma malondialdehyde, white blood cell counts, and lung function were measured at different time point before and after cardiopulmonary bypass; lung biopsies were also taken.Results. Peak airway pressure increased dramatically in the control group after cardiopulmonary bypass when compared with the antiinflammation group at four different time points (24 ± 1, 25 ± 2, 26 ± 2, 27 ± 2 cm H2O versus 17 ± 2, 18 ± 1, 17 ± 1, 18 ± 1 cm H2O; all p < 0.01). Pulmonary vascular resistance increased significantly in the control group than in the antiinflammation group at 5 and 60 minutes after cardiopulmonary bypass (1,282 ± 62 dynes · s · cm−5 versus 845 ± 86 dynes · s · cm−5 and 1,269 ± 124 dynes · s · cm−5 versus 852 ± 149 dynes · s · cm−5, p < 0.05). Right pulmonary venous oxygen tension (PvO2) in the antiinflammation group was higher than in the control group at 60 minutes after cardiopulmonary bypass (628 ± 33.3 mm Hg versus 393 ± 85.9 mm Hg, p < 0.05). The ratio of white blood cells in the right atrial and the right pulmonary venous blood was lower in the antiinflammation group than in the control group at 5 minutes after the clamp was removed (p < 0.05). Malondialdehyde were lower in the antiinflammation group at 5 and 90 minutes after the clamp was removed (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Histologic examination revealed that the left lung from both groups had marked intraalveolar edema and abundant intraalveolar neutrophils, whereas the right lung in the control group showed moderate injury and the antiinflammation group had normal pulmonary parenchyma.Conclusions. Pulmonary artery perfusion using hypothermic protective solution can reduce lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass.

Uses and technique of pediatric lumbar puncture.

To review diagnostic and therapeutic indications, contraindications, complications, and technique of pediatric lumbar puncture with emphasis on diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in bacteremia, cellulitis, and fever with seizures and to discuss cerebrospinal fluid findings in partially treated infection and traumatic blood-contaminated spinal tap. Literature review. We recommend lumbar puncture for children younger than 1 year with bacteremia, children with Haemophilus influenzae type B cellulitis, and children with fever and seizures not classified as simple. Pretreatment with antibiotics rarely changes cerebrospinal fluid characteristics such that a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis would be obscured. In a traumatic spinal tap, the equation to predict cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis based on the peripheral blood cell count is invalid. When used together, cerebrospinal fluid glucose level, Gram's staining, and observed-to-expected ratio of white blood cells are highly reliable in diagnosing bacterial meningitis.

Differential blood cell ratios of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to methylmercury and chlorobenzenes.

The differential red and white blood cell ratios were examined in subadult rainbow trout that were exposed to low level concentrations of waterborne methylmercury and chlorobenzene. The results indicated little or no changes among the ratios even though fish were exposed for 75 to 119 days and accumulated residue levels of 3 to 12 mg/kg.

The Significance of the Lymphocyte in Immunity to Cancer

Many writers have described the presence of the mononuclear lymphocyte in the reaction zone around a foreign body or a transplanted tumor graft. Da Fano (1), among the first, pointed to the cellular reaction of the tissues of mice to implanted tumor grafts; and because lymphoid and plasma cells are constantly associated with degenerating and receding tumors (which cells persist until the graft becomes absorbed), he assumed that these lymphoid cells play perhaps an important part in tumor immunity. Similar results were reported by Tyzzer (2). In control nonimmune mice, an inflammatory reaction around the implanted tissue occurs, which generally disappears within seventy-two hours. In resistant mice, however, the reaction persists and the surrounding tissue becomes infiltrated with a cellular exudate, containing various types of leucocytes, polynuclear and phagocytic, endothelial cells, lymphoid cells, plasma cells, and a good many eosinophiles. Inoculation of dead tumor cells, however, is accompanied neither by this lymphoid cell infiltration, nor by the development of tumor immunity. Baeslack (3) attempted to determine whether growing or receding tumors had any influence on the ratio of white blood cells. In mice with spontaneous and actively growing tumors, he described a constantly high polynuclear leucocytosis and in those with receding or unsuccessful transplants, a marked diminution of leucocytes and a corresponding increase of mononuclear lymphocytes. This inverse ratio of leucocytes in the circulating blood led him to suggest that the small mononculear lymphocytes might stand in casual relationship to immunity, though he arrived at no definite conclusion.