Haliaeetus Leucogaster Research Articles

King cobra Ophiophagus hannah exhibiting breaching behaviour while swimming in response to a predation threat from a white-bellied sea eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster

King cobra Ophiophagus hannah exhibiting breaching behaviour while swimming in response to a predation threat from a white-bellied sea eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster

Powerline pylons: an unusual nesting success of White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster (Gmelin, 1788) (Aves: Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) from Ramanathapuram, southeastern coast of India

A new nesting success record of the White-Bellied Sea Eagle (WBSE), Haliaeetus leucogaster, a resident raptor belonging to the family Accipitridae is reported from a powerline pylon in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu. This four-month observation on a non tree nesting study recorded two chicks and false nesting pattern too.

MORPHOMETRY OF EAGLE SPECIES (FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE) AT BALI BIRD PARK

This study measured the morphometry of raptor species (Family Accipitridae) in Bali Bird Park (BBP) namely Nisaetus cirrhatus (Changeable Hawk Eagle), Elanus caeruleus (Black Winged Kite), Spilornis cheela (Crested Serpent Eagle) and Haliaeetus leucogaster (White Bellied Sea Eagle). Measurements were made with meter tape and caliper on birds that were in their resting period. Raptor at BBP generally rest for 6 months until experience molting before being retrained for 4-5 months, then the birds will be ready to perform bird show for the next 9-12 months. Our measurements obtained the largest bird was Haliaeetus leucogaster with a total body length of 75 cm, wings length 83.5-85 cm, tail length 26 cm, head size (8 cm length and 7 cm width), upper beak (8 cm length and 2.5 cm thick) and lower beak (3 cm length and 1 cm thick), lower limb length (femur 17 cm, tibia 9 cm, metatarsus 11 cm, middle toe 6.5 cm and grip 9 cm). The smallest bird was Elanus caeruleus with a total body length of 33 cm, wing length 39-45 cm, tail length 19 cm, head size (8 cm length, 5.5 cm width), upper beak (2.5 cm length and 0.5 cm thick) and lower beak (1 cm length and 0.3 cm thick), lower limb length (femur 8 cm, tibia 4 cm, metatarsus 5 cm, middle toe 3 cm and grip 5 cm) The morphometry of the species Nisaetus cirrhatus and Spilornis cheela were between the two other bird species.

Eagle deaths in Tasmania attributed to energy assets, with a precautionary appeal to future development

The Tasmanian subspecies of the Wedge-tailed Eagle <em>Aquila audax fleayi</em> is listed as Endangered under both federal and state threatened species legislation, with an estimated population of <1000 individuals, and ongoing threats. The species is vulnerable to injury and mortality from wind-power infrastructure. The same is true of the similarly sized White-bellied Sea-Eagle <em>Haliaeetus leucogaster</em>, which is listed as Vulnerable under Tasmanian threatened species legislation. This paper summarises research undertaken on the number of documented Tasmanian eagle deaths and injuries from energy assets in the period 2010–2022. Information about eagle deaths and injuries is not readily available nor readily made available. Hence, the information comes from searching primary sources such as annual reports. I provide evidence of 272 individual Wedge-tailed Eagles injured or killed plus 49 White-bellied Sea-Eagles. In addition to the 321 reported cases of eagle deaths and injuries, it is likely that unrecorded casualties are higher since most are recorded anecdotally and are not the result of systematic survey.

FIRST RECORD OF NICOBAR PIGEON (Caloenas nicobarica) IN PULAU TINGGI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA

Being surrounded by many islands, Malaysia is blessed as it may own an endemic, endangered and migratory species in its islands. Pulau Tinggi is one of the islands located in Southeast Peninsular Malaysia. It is one of the biggest islands in Johor, Malaysia. However, the avifauna has not yet been documented in Pulau Tinggi. This paper discusses the first record of the Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica) in Pulau Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia. Nicobar pigeons were recorded in camera traps installed around the island from June to October 2019. Besides the Nicobar pigeon, our camera traps also recorded another five avian species, which are the Emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica), White-rumped shama (Copsychus malabaricus), Changeable hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus), White-bellied sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) and Grey-headed fish-eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus). The record of the Nicobar pigeon is exceptional as this species is restricted to small islands and absent from the mainland. It has unique behaviour and enticing morphology. This species is globally threatened and has recently been declared an endangered species. Nicobar pigeon’s discovery proved a high potential to develop ecotourism or a key site for avian conservation in Pulau Tinggi.

The Kalaṅkyaṅ in Old Javanese Literature

Abstract The article discusses an enigmatic Old Javanese bird named kalaṅkyaṅ. The avian species known by this name is identified as the white-bellied sea eagle, a bird common in the past in the coastal parts of Java. In the second section it is argued that the kalaṅkyaṅ bird is represented in Old Javanese poetry as the mirror image of the Javanese kawi (poet).

Status of biodiversity and limno-chemistry of Deepor Beel, a Ramsar site of international importance: Conservation needs and the way forward

Abstract Deepor Beel is a prominent floodplain wetland and a Ramsar site of northeastern (NE) India (Ramsar site no. 1207) covering a 40.14 km2 area and connected to River Brahmaputra. It provides numerous economic (e.g., livelihood and nutritional security) and ecological benefits (e.g. moderation of floods, groundwater recharge, repository of biodiversity) to the locality and its people. Deepor Beel was declared a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1989 and the area covered by the perennial water spread (10.1 km2) was subsequently designated as a Bird Sanctuary by the Government of Assam in 2009. The present paper provides an overview of the rich floral and faunal diversity of the wetland, including aquatic macrophytes (58 species), diatoms (65), zooplankton (171), bryozoans (5), molluscs (15), aquatic insects (55), prawns (3), crabs (2), finfish (68), amphibians (11), reptiles (33), birds (234) and mammals (24), in addition to the beel's limno-chemistry as well its conservation threats and suggested strategies. The wetland supports 18 globally threatened vertebrate species. Eleven bird species occurring in the wetland (Aythya baeri, A. nyroca, Leptoptilos dubius, L. javanicus, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus, Gyps bengalensis, G. tenuirostris, Haliaeetus leucogaster, Pelecanus philippensis, Sarcogyps calvus, Threskiornis melanocephalus) have been included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Finfishes reported from the wetland declined from 67 species in 1999 to 64 between 2016 and 2018, which is a matter of concern. According to available information on limno-chemistry, the waters of the wetland have remained within the favorable range of water quality for fish production. Major threats faced by the wetland (e.g. pollution, encroachment, natural processes, etc.) and possible conservation strategies (e.g. control of aquatic pollution, prevention/ control of siltation, enacting and enforcing appropriate legislation, and other strategies) are outlined.

Population Size, Behavior and Threats to Indian Skimmers (Rhynchops albicollis) at Their Largest Known Wintering Site

Bangladesh hosts most of what is left of Indian Skimmer (Rhynchops albicollis) populations, a globally endangered species. Each October-March from 2015-2020, 21 surveys of nonbreeding birds were made in Nijhum Dweep National Park, Bangladesh. High tide or evening roosts were counted from vantage points whenever a buildup or breakdown of skimmer concentrations was noticed, and site use noted by marking all observations of presence and activity on maps. The largest single count was 3,108 skimmers on 18 February 2020, constituting 30-50% of the known global population. Indian Skimmers mostly occurred in Damar Char West and at the tip of the Majher Char. Throughout the day with incoming tide, skimmers moved between preferred roosting areas to forage in the shallows. We describe a unique group-foraging strategy in which skimmers chase fish from deep water to shallow water along the shoreline. Circling high over the tidal channel, the flock of skimmers dives down in unison to just above the water surface, then spreading like a net towards the shore. Raptors caused disturbances to roosting skimmers, and we observed one instance of predation of a skimmer by a White-bellied Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster). Human fishing activities disturbed nearshore foraging and shoreline roosting skimmers. We suggest protecting Damar Char West by regulating human activities to minimize disturbance from December to March.

Potential of Avitourism in Tanjung Laboh, Johor

Avitourism or birdwatching tourism is currently an emerging sub-sector in nature-based tourism industry. Although birdwatching is well established in Johor, however, the focus only concentrated on the famous birdwatching hotspot areas such as Panti Bird Sanctuary, Endau-Rompin National Park and many more. Other areas in Johor was remained understudied and the potential as Avitourism/birdwatching spot was remained undiscovered. Hence, this study aims to fill in this loophole by providing the checklist of the bird species and investigating the potential of Avitourism in Tanjung Laboh, Johor. The method used was a direct observation by using a binocular (10 x 50 magnifications) and a video recorder. For the evaluation of Avitourism, a set of questionnaire was distributed among Tanjung Laboh villagers consisting of fifteen respondents. Determination of flagship species was done based on the criteria of good nature tourism products modified from WTO/UNDP. A total of 21 bird species were recorded in Tanjung Laboh. From this, 18 bird species are resident, and three bird species are migrant. In terms of conservation status, 18 species are listed as Least Concern (LC) and three species are Vulnerable (VU). Five species were chosen as flagship species due to their high potential to be developed as a product for Avitourism. The species are Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus), White Breasted Waterhen (Amaururnis phoenicurus), Greater Flameback (Chrysocolaptes lucidus), White-bellied Sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) and Lesser Adjutants (Leptoptilos javanicus) because of its higher score as a product in Avitourism which includes the criteria such as safety, reliability of a sighting, morphological attractiveness, behavioral enticement, rarity, endemism, and cultural linkages. Therefore, it can be concluded that Tanjung Laboh has a high potential to be develop as one of the birdwatching and Avitourism spot in Johor.

Hospital Admissions of Australian Coastal Raptors Show Fishing Equipment Entanglement is an Important Threat

Coastal raptors in urban landscapes face multiple threats. Australia's coastal raptors (Osprey [Pandion haliaetus cristatus], White-bellied Sea-Eagle [Haliaeetus leucogaster], Brahminy Kite [Haliastur indus], and Whistling Kite [Haliastur sphenurus]) are all found in the urban region of South East Queensland/northern New South Wales, and have varying sensitivities to urbanization. To assess some of the effects of urbanization on these species on Australia's mid-east coast, we reviewed Currumbin Wildlife Hospital Foundation admissions data from July 1998 to February 2020. Overall, more birds were admitted because of anthropogenic causes than natural causes, and the hospital had high treatment success, with most patients surviving their injuries to be released to the wild. The most significant identifiable impact was fishing equipment entanglement, accounting for 21% of raptors for which we could determine the cause of admission, followed by bird attack (20%), and vehicle strike (19%). To our knowledge, this is the first assessment to show fishing activities to be a significant cause of injury for coastal raptors. Understanding the causes of injury and mortality to these birds, including especially anthropogenic causes, is critically important for species management and conservation. As recreational fishing is a popular practice in this region, it is important to continue to provide education about the threats fishing can cause, and disposal bins for fishing tackle in popular fishing areas to reduce the number of coastal raptors affected.

Detection of Falculifer sp. mites in eagles in rehabilitation cage of Bali Wildlife Rescue Center

Eagle is one of the many raptors were rescued by the Bali Wildlife Rescue Centre. This institution is a non-profit conservation institution in Indonesia. The salvated eagles were obtained from confiscated proceeds from the Bali Natural Resources Conservation Centre (BKSDA). Health checks such as ectoparasite examination on eagles are important to maintain the quality of life. This study was aimed to identify the presence of ectoparasites in several eagle species in Bali Wildlife Rescue Centre/PPS Bali. The study was conducted from June to September 2019. Feather samples were taken from 15 caged eagles, including six Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus), one Changeable Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus cirrhatus), three White-bellied Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster), one Grey-headed Fish Eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus), and four Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela). The eagle feather samples were examined at the Denpasar Veterinary Investigation Center/BBVet for the presence of ectoparasites. This research was an observative study and the data obtained were analysed descriptively. The result showed that eight samples (two Crested Serpent Eagle, two White-bellied Sea Eagle, two Changeable Hawk-eagle, one Brahminy Kite, and one Grey-headed Fish Eagle) were found to be positively infected with mite external parasites from all examined eagles. These mites were identified belong to Arachnid class, the Astigmata order, the Falculiferidae family, and the genus Falculifer sp.

Study of High Nature Value Farmland (HNVf) in Rehabilitation Area, Block Donglo, Meru Betiri National Park

This study aims to quantitatively analyze the agricultural commodities in the rehabilitation area and their relationship qualitatively in an understanding of biodiversity conservation. The research was held in the Rehabilitation area, Donglo Block, Wonoasri resort, Meru Betiri National Park (-8.41158, 113.67849). Vegetation analysis was held by using a circle method with (r=17.1 m) for trees and 5 square method (1x1 m) for ground cover. We applied the point count method (r=20 m) in this study to observe diurnal birds. Mammal observations were held on each land with an area of 500 m 2 by an observer. The observations showed that Jackfruit Arthocarpus heterophyllus (highest INP = 81.46) provided perch for insectivorous birds: Sooty-headed Bulbul, Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike, and Collared Kingfisher. The average circumference of trees reaches 73 cm and height reaches 8.4 m. Peje Pueraria javanica is a ground cover plant that dominates among other commodities in the Donglo (INP=58.73). Wild boar Sus scrofa and long-tailed monkeys Macaca fascicularis appear in groups (5-20 individuals) as pests. Six of the 9 bird species identified as insectivores. White-bellied Sea-eagle has a role as a carnivore. Only a species has granivore roles.

Hospital Admissions of Australian Coastal Raptors Show Fishing Equipment Entanglement is an Important Threat

Coastal raptors in urban landscapes face multiple threats. Australia's coastal raptors (Osprey [Pandion haliaetus cristatus], White-bellied Sea-Eagle [Haliaeetus leucogaster], Brahminy Kite [Haliastur indus], and Whistling Kite [Haliastur sphenurus]) are all found in the urban region of South East Queensland/northern New South Wales, and have varying sensitivities to urbanization. To assess some of the effects of urbanization on these species on Australia's mid-east coast, we reviewed Currumbin Wildlife Hospital Foundation admissions data from July 1998 to February 2020. Overall, more birds were admitted because of anthropogenic causes than natural causes, and the hospital had high treatment success, with most patients surviving their injuries to be released to the wild. The most significant identifiable impact was fishing equipment entanglement, accounting for 21% of raptors for which we could determine the cause of admission, followed by bird attack (20%), and vehicle strike (19%). To our knowledge, this is the first assessment to show fishing activities to be a significant cause of injury for coastal raptors. Understanding the causes of injury and mortality to these birds, including especially anthropogenic causes, is critically important for species management and conservation. As recreational fishing is a popular practice in this region, it is important to continue to provide education about the threats fishing can cause, and disposal bins for fishing tackle in popular fishing areas to reduce the number of coastal raptors affected.

An observation of the White-bellied Sea Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster preying on Saltwater Crocodile hatchlings Crocodylus porosus in Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, India

During our regular monitoring of Salt Water Crocodile in Bhitarakanika National Park in Odisha, eastern India, we for the first time photographed the predation of a hatchling Salt Water Crocodile by a White-bellied Sea Eagle. This information is very crucial as it aid in understanding the natural history of the species.

Comparative behavioral ecology of the White-Bellied Sea Eagle and Brahminy Kite (Aves: Accipitriformes) in Northwestern Malaysia

Behavioral events of two raptor species, the White-bellied Sea Eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster Gmelin, 1788 and Brahminy Kite, Haliastur indus Boddaert, 1783 were studied once every two weeks in two locations in northwestern Malaysia, namely Balik Pulau and Kuala Sepetang, from September 2012 to September 2013. The average total number of behavioral events per hour was 45.9 (±40.3 SD), 117.0 (±131.7 SD), and 285.8 (±185.0 SD) for H. leucogaster at Balik Pulau, and H. indus at Balik Pulau and Kuala Sepetang, respectively. The total number of individuals of each species observed was significantly influenced by the time of day and weather (p<0.05). It was observed that the percentage of time spent for perching, flying, hunting and competition was significantly different between these two species and between two locations. The total number of behavioral events during observation dates was no different for the White-bellied Sea Eagle than that of the Brahminy Kite. Overall, the percentage of time that the birds spent perching, flying, hunting, social behavior and competition was different between species. The highest rate of successful predation was 94.6% for H. leucogaster while it was lower for H. indus at Balik Pulau (72.8%). The time of day was an effective factor for determining behaviors of H. leucogaster while it was not significant for H. indus. The effect of boat numbers and weather on behavior varied between species and locations. The state of the tide and the number of crows present did not have any significant effect on activities of these two species. Results of the comparison of the percentage of occurrence of five types of behavior between adults and juveniles showed that behaviors of perching, hunting and social behavior were different for H. leucogaster, behaviors of perching, flying and social interaction for H. indus at Balik Pulau and behaviors of perching, flying, hunting and social interaction for H. indus at Kuala Sepetang. However, they did not show different behavioral events of involving competition.

Statistical analysis of topographic characteristics and nest-site preference of the White-Bellied Sea-Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) in Penang National Park, Malaysia

Statistical analysis of topographic characteristics and nest-site preference of the White-Bellied Sea-Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) in Penang National Park, Malaysia

Bird of the turning tide

Bird of the turning tide

Penggunaan Habitat oleh Elang Brontok, Elang Ular Bido dan Elang Laut Perut Putih di Taman Wisata Alam Danau Buyan-Danau Tamblingan dan Sekitarnya

Research on the habitat preferrence by Changeable hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus) (CHE), Crested serpent-eagle (Spilornis cheela) (CSE), and White bellied sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) (WSE) was conducted at Nature Recreation Park of Lake Buyan and Lake Tamblingan and Surrounding area between February and July, 2016. Data collection was conducted through field observation using the “look down method” and the “look up method” combined with placement of observation points. Data collection was analysed by principle component analisys (PCA) method. Research results related to preferenced habitat were as follows: (1) the CHE prefered fragmented forest, secondary forest, and cultivated forest types habitat. (2) The CSE prefered habitat types of farming land, residence, and sosial forest. (3) The WSE prefered just one habitat type, that was the wet land habitat type.&#x0D; Keywords: eagle, raptor, forest, habitat, habitat preference, bali

Рассмотрение экологической проблемы и озеленительной стратегии для сохранения белобрюхого орлана в Индии

Surveys have been carried out on White Bellied Sea Eagle ( Haliaeetus leucogaster ) from 2006 to 2016 along the106 km costal stretch of Raigad district in the state ofMaharashtra. The selections of favoured habitat and nesting locations of White Bellied Sea Eagle have been recorded. While carrying out the surveys a decline in the number of sea eagle nests was noticed in the northern part of Raigad. Reasons behind this decline have been clearly laid out and presented. Plans for habitat restoration have also been outlined.

BARKODING DNA BURUNG ELANG (FAMILI ACCIPITRIDAE) DI INDONESIA

The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene is a reprensentative of all the protein-coding genes of the mitochondrial DNA genome that has been widely used as an animal species identification tool. In this study, 86 sequences of DNA barcodes of members of the family Accipitridae in Indonesia including Nisaetus bartelsi, Nisaetus cirrhatus, Haliaeetus leucogaster, Spilornis cheela, Haliastur indus, and 11 sequences from Genbank were examined. Each species was confirmed through the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). The construction of phylogeny trees based on COI gene sequences was performed by the Neighbors-joining method where the calculation of the genetic distance matrix with the Kimura 2-parameter model was implemented in pairwise distance calculation in the Mega version 6.05 programe. The results of the analysis showed that the divergence within species ranged from 0 to 0.3% (0.13 ± 0.12%), between species ranged from 1.6 to 18.5% (12.8 ± 3.73%), between genera ranged from 13 to 18.6%, and the average in the Accipitridae Family was 11.8%. Therefore, it could form clusters in each species cohesively and clearly separated between the taxa analyzed.