White Bay Research Articles

Vessel and landside noise contributions from port activities: What does 2 years of data tell us?

Port Authority of NSW has developed a Port Noise Policy for the management of vessel and landside port noise at the port precinct level at Glebe Island and White Bay, Sydney, NSW. The implementation of this policy is currently underway and involves undertaking long term, unattended noise monitoring at multiple locations around the Port using directional sound level meters. Concurrent data for other key variables such as vessel movements and meteorology is also obtained from existing data APIs. This paper provides details around the methodology adopted to extract vessel and landside noise contributions from the broader ambient noise environment for Port activities. Detailed analyses of vessel and landside noise contributions is undertaken in the context of parameters such as vessel parameters and meteorology. The paper provides insights into the role of these variables in the context of measured noise levels and the spatial and temporal variations in noise around the Port.

Spatiotemporal variability in Newfoundland capelin (Mallotus villosus) larval abundance and growth: Implications for recruitment

We examined larval capelin density and growth dynamics in two relatively unstudied northern coastal embayments of Newfoundland (White Bay and Notre Dame Bay), comparing these larval characteristics to those measured in the annually-surveyed Trinity Bay in order to assess the spatiotemporal variability in larval dynamics and its potential implications on subsequent recruitment. We conducted ichthyoplankton surveys in August of 2015 and 2016, assessing larval density and using otolith microstructure analyses to estimate larval age and growth rates. Size of larvae captured over the two years ranged between 4 and 17 mm, corresponding to an estimated age of 1–33 d. Our results indicated substantial spatial and interannual variability in both density and growth. Larval density was similar between bays in 2015 but drastically different in 2016, where the northern bays were characterized by an order of magnitude less larvae than Trinity Bay. Larval growth was significantly higher in the northern bays in 2015, but lower in 2016, relative to Trinity Bay. This spatiotemporal variability in growth, abundance, and survival potential of larval capelin indicates that the proportion of recruits originating from these key spawning areas fluctuates interannually, with potential implications for the assessment and management of the stock.

СТРАТИГРАФИЯ ДОННЫХ ОСАДКОВ МАЛЫХ ОЗЕР И ПАЛЕОГЕОГРАФИЯ ЗАПАДНОГО БЕРЕГА ОНЕЖСКОГО ЗАЛИВА БЕЛОГО МОРЯ В ПОЗДНЕЛЕДНИКОВЬЕ И ГОЛОЦЕНЕ, "Геоморфология"

Представлены новые данные по литологии, микропалеонтологии и геохронологии донных осадков малых озер, расположенных на западном берегу Онежского залива Белого моря. На основе полученных данных для указанного района реконструирована палеогеографическая обстановка позднеледниковья и голоцена. Установлено, что здесь в позднем дриасе в условиях краевой зоны деградирующего ледника образовывались приледниковые озера. Их осадки в виде палеонтологически немых разнозернистых песков с гравием отмечены в некоторых котловинах побережья до высоты около 140 м над у.м. Спуск этих озер в конце позднего дриаса способствовал формированию единого обширного пресноводного водоема в котловине современного Онежского залива. В начале пребореала при таянии погребенного льда на прилегающей суше происходило заболачивание локальных депрессий и образование низинных болот и торфяников. В конце пребореала - начале бореала при замедлении гляциоизостатического поднятия земной коры, после разрушения ледяной преграды в районе Соловецких островов и притока морской воды в котловину Онежского залива произошло затопление прилегающей к нему территории. Сначала в этом обширном водоеме, а позже в отделившихся от него малых озерах накапливались слоистые алевриты и алевритистые сапропели, перекрывающие торф в разрезах донных отложений. Котловины малых озер отчленялись от основного водоема Онежского залива в разное время на протяжении голоцена по причине гляциоизостатического поднятия и восходящих блоковых движений земной коры.

High prevalence of Salmonella and IMP-4-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the silver gull on Five Islands, Australia.

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate the silver gull as an indicator of environmental contamination by salmonellae and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in south-east Australia.MethodsA total of 504 cloacal samples were collected from gull chicks at three nesting colonies in New South Wales, Australia [White Bay (n = 144), Five Islands (n = 200) and Montague Island (n = 160)] and were examined for salmonellae and CPE. Isolates were tested for carbapenemase genes and susceptibility to 14 antibiotics. Clonality was determined by PFGE and MLST. Genetic context and conjugative transfer of the carbapenemase gene were determined.ResultsA total of 120 CPE of 10 species, mainly Escherichia coli (n = 85), carrying the gene blaIMP-4, blaIMP-38 or blaIMP-26 were obtained from 80 (40%) gulls from Five Islands. Thirty percent of birds from this colony were colonized by salmonellae. Most isolates contained the gene within a class 1 integron showing a blaIMP-4-qacG-aacA4-catB3 array. The blaIMP gene was carried by conjugative plasmids of variable sizes (80–400 kb) and diverse replicons, including HI2-N (n = 30), HI2 (11), A/C (17), A/C-Y (2), L/M (5), I1 (1) and non-typeable (6). Despite the overall high genetic variability, common clones and plasmid types were shared by different birds and bacterial isolates, respectively.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate a large-scale transmission of carbapenemase-producing bacteria into wildlife, likely as a result of the feeding habits of the birds at a local waste depot. The isolates from gulls showed significant similarities with clinical isolates from Australia, suggesting the human origin of the isolates. The sources of CPE for gulls on Five Islands should be explored and proper measures applied to stop the transmission into the environment.

Stenanthium leimanthoides(Melanthiaceae) andNestronia umbellula(Santalaceae) in Alabama

Stenanthium leimanthoides (A. Gray) Zomlefer & Judd, commonly known as pine barren deathcamas, is classified in the Melanthiaceae family and is a former member of the polyphyletic genus Zigadenus (Zomlefer and Judd 2002). It is spottily distributed from New York and New Jersey south through West Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee. It also appears in the Gulf Coastal Plain, where it is a rare taxon ranging from west central Georgia (Carter et al. 2009) to south Alabama, northwest Florida (Anderson 1995), south Mississippi, and southeast Louisiana, perhaps extending as far west as east Texas (USDA Plants Database 2012). Plants in the Gulf Coastal Plain are generally very robust, sometimes attaining heights of two meters or more. Flowering in the latter region is mostly from May through the middle of June, and plants typically have paniculate inflorescences in which each branch (raceme) is elongate and tight. Habitats of Stenanthium leimanthoides range from Atlantic white cedar and bay swamps in Georgia and Florida, to cutover shrub bogs and seepage slopes in other southeastern states, including Alabama. Pine barren deathcamas is listed as an S1 taxon by the Alabama Natural Heritage Program (2011) in Auburn. Species with this ranking are considered critically imperiled due to extreme rarity. While conducting fieldwork in late May of 2008 in the coastal plain of southeastern Alabama (frequently referred to as the Wiregrass Region), a new population of Stenanthium leimanthoides was discovered. Plants were at peak anthesis in southwestern Barbour County, Alabama (Figure 1). This site is approximately 95 km southeast of Montgomery and is in the Southern Red Hills physiographic region and the Choctawhatchee–Pea River Watershed. Pine barren deathcamas plants had paniculate inflorescences (Figure 2) and were robust, with heights of up to two meters. The habitat for the newly discovered population of S. leimanthoides is a seepage slope along a power line in a highway right-ofway cut through a creek swamp with Magnolia virginiana L., Liriodendron tulipifera L., Nyssa biflora Walter, and Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. A collection was made using standard herbarium techniques and was deposited in The University of Georgia Herbarium (GA) and the Troy University Herbarium (TROY). Table 1 has a listing of vascular plant species associated with S. leimanthoides at the Barbour County site. Nomenclature primarily follows Weakley (2011). Standardized abbreviations for authorities were obtained from The International Plant Names Index (2012). To learn more about the distribution and ecology of Stenanthium leimanthoides in Alabama, curators of the following herbaria were consulted: University of Alabama (UNA), Auburn University (AUA), Jacksonville State University (JSU), University of North Alabama (UNAF), University of South Alabama (USAM), Troy University (TROY), University of West Alabama, the Anniston Museum of Natural History, and Vanderbilt University (VDB) housed at the Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT). Relevant specimens were directly examined at AUA, JSU, and TROY. The Alabama plant atlas (Kral et al. 2012) was accessed to verify the distribution of pine barren deathcamas in other regions of the state. Additional data on the distribution and habitats of this species were provided by the Alabama Natural Heritage Program in *email address: mwmorris@troy.edu Received June 8, 2011; Accepted September 11, 2012. DOI: 10.2179/12-016

Falling into Vínland

Two interwoven topics are dealt with, firstly a new interpretation of the Icelandic Sagas and historical written sources on the Viking age voyages to North America, leading to a theory on the location of Vínland, and secondly an archaeological survey of deer hunting pitfalls in Newfoundland, which were possibly dug by the Nordic voyagers a millenium ago. According the theory of the article, Vínland is the modern day Newfoundland, and the Straumfjord of the sagas, where Thorfi nn Karlsefni and Gudríd Thorbjarnardóttir attempted settlement could be Sop’s Arm in White Bay on the North coast of Newfoundland. The system of pitfalls that was surveyed and excavated is close to Sop’s Arm. The pitfalls form an 82 metre long system that lies in an almost straight line. Individual pits are now 1.5–2.3 metres deep and 7–10 metres long. Two pitfalls were excavated by taking a section into them. Attempted radiocarbon dating of soil from two pitfalls was inconclusive. Considerable soil thickening of 55–110 centimetres since the pitfall construction was observed.

1. Introduction

Two interwoven topics are dealt with, firstly a new interpretation of the Icelandic Sagas and historical written sources on the Viking age voyages to North America, leading to a theory on the location of Vínland, and secondly an archaeological survey of deer hunting pitfalls in Newfoundland, which were possibly dug by the Nordic voyagers a millenium ago. According the theory of the article, Vínland is the modern day Newfoundland, and the Straumfjord of the sagas, where Thorfinn Karlsefni and Gudríd Thorbjarnardóttir attempted settlement could be Sop’s Arm in White Bay on the North coast of Newfoundland. The system of pitfalls that was surveyed and excavated is close to Sop’s Arm. The pitfalls form an 82 metre long system that lies in an almost straight line. Individual pits are now 1.5–2.3 metres deep and 7–10 metres long. Two pitfalls were excavated by taking a section into them. Attempted radiocarbon dating of soil from two pitfalls was inconclusive. Considerable soil thickening of 55–110 centimetres since the pitfall construction was observed.

Power and Restructuring: Canada’s Coastal Society and Environment (review)

Reviewed by: Power and Restructuring: Canada’s Coastal Society and Environment Raymond Rogers Power and Restructuring: Canada’s Coastal Society and Environment. Edited by Peter R. SinclairRosemary E. Ommer. St John’s: Institute for Social and Economic Research, 2006. Pp. 336, illus., $31.95 As the introduction to this very interesting book on life on Canada’s east and west coasts states, ‘This is a book about power in [End Page 286] small places.’ By focusing on Aboriginal communities and coastal resource-based communities – the two most socially engineered groups in Canada – the series of case studies presented here highlight the deep colonial legacy that still exists in governmental agencies such as the Federal Department of Indian Affairs and the Federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans. As Sinclair and Ommer state, ‘Our purpose is to frame and understand the current context through processes of early development [of colonization and resource exploitation] and later restructuring [in the aftermath of collapse].’ As such, this book is part of a larger research project entitled Coasts under Stress: Restructuring and Social-Ecological Health, and the current book is one of three thematic collections that has come out of the research. The other two collections are entitled Making and Moving Knowledge and Resetting the Kitchen Table: Food Security, Culture, Health, and Resilience in Coastal Communities. In a chapter entitled ‘Colonial Territoriality: The Spatial Restructuring of Native Land and Fisheries on the Pacific Coast,’ Douglas Harris provides a graphic analysis of the way the ‘cartographic caging’ of Native people on reserves (and the extension of private property rights to settlers), and the creation of the category of the Aboriginal food fishery (and their exclusion from the extension of licensing in the commercial fishery) worked in conjunction to provide colonial regimes with the capability to enclose the commons so that the land-based and marine-based resources could be subjected to modern forces of production. Harris concludes that the ‘principal instrument of state control was the law’ as it carried out this process of twin marginalization of Aboriginal communities. A sample of quotations from the other case studies in section 1 of the book reflect similar patterns of domination and marginalization: • In the case of White Bay [nl], capitalists in the forestry sector used their power and influence to dominate the overall structure of the industry (Cadigan, 76). • A single mining company oversaw the province’s second largest regional centre [bc’s Anyox mine in the 1930s], which produced tons of poisonous chemicals, millions of tons of copper, and wealth for distant owners (Griffin, 82). • At the same time as settlement grew, missionaries on both coasts delivered Anglo-European ideas of health care infused with [End Page 287] colonial assumptions of the superiority of these practices and ideas (Kealey, Coombs, Turner, and Yeomans, 128). • The story of the past three decades also involves the successive elimination of species from the ecosystem, often by non-resident fishers, thus eroding the ability of Labrador communities to survive (Kennedy, 142). Is there an elected politician or a policy maker in the provincial or federal governments in any of these areas who will speak about these issues in this way? The authors of this book challenge the enclosure of discussion within the categories that have served the more powerful members of Canadian society: ‘Here we offer a new interdisciplinary state-society analysis that should make it easier to highlight those problematic aspects of restructuring that are obvious to coastal communities, but seldom appear on the bureaucratic radar screen’ (Tomblin, Ommer, and Sinclair, 276). Whereas section 1 of the book focuses on ‘power over’ (the capacity to modify, use, consume, or channel outcomes), section 2 focuses on the ‘power to’ (the social relations that are brought into play in response to the exercise of ‘power over’) (MacDonald, Neis, and Grzetic, 188). As neo-liberal initiatives increase poverty and shift demographics, supporters of such things as local schools find it necessary to ‘resist – with their actions and discourse – proposed changes that threaten them. The question remains as to how long the resisters can withstand the new language and its accompanying patterns of action and understanding’ (Harris, Riley, and Robinson, 231). Similar issues confront...

The timing of gold mineralization in White Bay, western Newfoundland: Evidence from 40Ar/39Ar studies of mafic dykes that predate and postdate mineralization

The Rattling Brook deposit is a low-grade, disseminated to stockwork-style gold deposit hosted by Precambrian granodiorite and adjacent Cambrian sedimentary rocks. Alteration and gold mineralization also occur in foliated and metamorphosed mafic dykes, likely of late Precambrian age. The auriferous granodiorite is in turn cut by relatively fresh, unaltered, and locally chilled diabase dykes, interpreted as Paleozoic post-mineralization intrusions. A fresh post-mineralization diabase gave a 40Ar/39Ar amphibole plateau age of 412.9 ± 4.3 Ma, which is interpreted as the time of its crystallization, and which provides a younger limit for the timing of gold mineralization. An altered, metamorphosed dyke of pre-mineralization timing gave an identical 40Ar/39Ar biotite plateau age of 412.6 ± 2.3 Ma, which is more difficult to interpret. It could represent post-metamorphic cooling, or alternatively, resetting of metamorphic biotite during alteration related to gold mineralization. In the first case, the age provides a reasonable upper limit for the timing of gold mineralization, provided that the ambient temperature during mineralization was not significantly above the closure temperature for Ar in biotite (~ 300 oC). On this basis, gold mineralization at Rattling Brook occurred during the latest Silurian or earliest Devonian, between 415 and 409 Ma. The possibility that mineralization occurred at temperatures above 300 oC, prior to 415 Ma, cannot be completely excluded, but it must be younger than ca. 430 Ma, the time of peak metamorphism in adjacent areas. In conjunction with sparse data on the ages of gold deposits elsewhere in Newfoundland, the results support two discrete episodes of mineralization corresponding to the Silurian-Devonian boundary (420–410 Ma) and middle to late Devonian (380–370 Ma). These age groupings resemble those defined by recent Re-Os isotopic studies of sulphides from vein-style gold deposits in the Meguma terrane of Nova Scotia and may in part correspond to the timing of intrusion-related gold in New Brunswick. Given the small amount of data from all of these areas, further interpretation is speculative. However, such hints of discrete orogen-scale episodes of gold mineralization, perhaps correlative with regional tectonothermal events, provide a powerful incentive for further geochronological studies of gold mineralization in the Appalachian orogen.
 
 Résumé
 
 Le gîte du ruisseau Rattling est un gîte aurifère à faible teneur qui, de disséminé, devient un stockwerk inclus dans de la granodiorite précambrienne et des roches sédimentaires cambriennes adjacentes. Une altération et une minéralisation aurifère se manifestent également dans des dykes mafiques métamorphisés et feuilletés, remontant probablement au Précambrien tardif. La granodiorite aurifère est à son tour recoupée par des dykes de diabase figés par endroits, non altérés et relativement sains, interprétés en tant qu’intrusions paléozoïques ultérieures à la minéralisation. Une diabase post-minéralisation inaltérée a accusé un âge plateau sur amphibole 40Ar/39Ar de 412,9 ± 4,3 Ma, ce qui est interprété comme le moment de sa cristallisation et rapproche la limite du moment de la minéralisation aurifère. Un dyke métamorphisé altéré, antérieur à la minéralisation, a livré un âge plateau sur biotite 40Ar/39Ar identique de 412,6 ± 2,3 Ma, qui est plus difficile à interpréter. Celui-ci pourrait représenter un refroidissement post-métamorphique ou, subsidiairement, une remise en place de la biotite métamorphique au cours de l’altération apparentée à la minéralisation aurifère. Dans le premier cas, la datation fournit une limite supérieure raisonnable quant au moment de la minéralisation aurifère, à condition que la température ambiante pendant la minéralisation n’ait pas été substantiellement supérieure à la température de convergence de l’AR dans la biotite (environ 300 oC). Le cas échéant, la minéralisation d’or du ruisseau Rattling est survenue au cours du Silurien tardif ou du Dévonien précoce, entre 415 et 409 Ma. La possibilité que la minéralisation se soit produite à des températures supérieures à 300 oC, avant 415 Ma, ne peut pas être entièrement exclue, mais la minéralisation doit être antérieure à 430 Ma environ, point culminant du métamorphisme dans les secteurs voisins. Outre les rares données sur les âges des gîtes d’or ailleurs à Terre-Neuve, les résultats appuient la manifestation de deux épisodes distincts de minéralisation correspondant à la limite siluro-dévonienne (420–410 Ma) et à la période du Dévonien moyen à tardif (380–370 Ma). Ces groupes d’âges ressemblent à ceux définis lors de récentes études isotopiques Re-Os de sulfures provenant de gîtes aurifères filoniens dans le terrane de Meguma en Nouvelle-Écosse et ils pourraient en partie correspondre au moment de l’apparition de l’or lié à une intrusion au Nouveau-Brunswick. Vu la somme restreinte de données tirées de l’ensemble de ces secteurs, effectuer une interprétation plus détaillée serait se livrer à des conjectures. Les indices comme les épisodes distincts de minéralisation aurifère à l’échelle orogénique, qui pourraient être corrélatifs avec des événements tectonothermiques régionaux, fournissent toutefois un puissant incitatif pour réaliser des études chronologiques plus poussées de la minéralisation aurifère dans l’orogène des Appalaches.

The influence of MgSO<sub>4</sub>, race and mating pattern on the concentration of some lipids in rabbit organs (short communication)

Abstract. The study was performed on New Zealand White breed and Black Bay breed rabbits. The 70 – and 140 – day old inbred and random rabbits were killed in the classical method by the breaking of the spinal cord (streng blow). The 180-day old individuals in the first subgroup were killed similary by the breaking of the spinal cord, and in the second subgroup by injection of 2 ml/kg b.w. 10% Solution MgSO4 to their ear vein. The liver, kidney muscle and blood serum of the 70-day old inbred rabbits showed lower level of total lipids and triglycerides in comparison with the random mated animals. MgSO4 administration decreased the level of total lipids in the liver and kidney of random BB individuals. MgSO4 injection decreased the triglyceride concentration in the liver of random rabbits and in the muscle, blood serum of inbred New Zealand animals. It decreased the level of cholesterol in the kidney and muscle of NZ rabbits and in the blood serum of the random and inbred BB animals.

Notes on Some Branchial Isopods Parasitic on Upogebiid Mud-Shrimps (Decapoda: Thalassinidea)

Bopyrids are highly modified epicaridean isopod ectoparasites with the adult females showing extreme specialization of body form when compared with free-living isopods (Shiino, 1965). The smaller males are similar to free-living isopods, retaining the basic cryptoniscus larval form (Naylor, 1972), and are typically found in the brood chamber of the female or attached to the ventral surface of the female's pleon (Salazar-Vallejo & Leija-Tristán, 1989).Whilst examining the branchial morphology of the upogebiids,Upogebia stellata(Montagu),Upogebia deltaura(Leach) andUpogebia pusilla(Petagna) as part of a wider study of the physiological ecology of thalassinidean mud-shrimps, some shrimps were observed to have a branchial gall (distended branchiostegite) containing a bopyrid parasite. In this short note we add to the previous records of two bopyrid species and briefly discuss the host/parasite relationship.Parasitized material examined:U. stellata(three males, two females) collected subtidally using an anchor dredge from White Bay, Isle of Cumbrae, Scotland (55°48'N 4°55'W) at depths of 25–30 m. A single male specimen ofU. deltaurawas caught using a box corer from the Irish Sea (54°7'N 3°27'W).Upogebia pusilla(one male, one female) were collected intertidally from the Arcachon Basin, France (44°40'N l°10'W) by Professor J.P. Truchot. Prior to examination, the mud-shrimps were preserved in 10% buffered formalin, the parasites removed, rinsed with distilled water and transferred to 70% ethanol. Some preserved material was also available from the Robertson Collection housed at the University Marine Biological Station Millport.Parasitized mud-shrimps had an enlarged branchial chamber, or branchial gall, a result of branchiostegite deformation caused by the presence of the parasite. When the parasite was removed from the branchial chamber, the gills appeared splayed and flattened but showed no other signs of disturbance or damage.

Potassic and sodic alteration accompanying gold mineralization in the Rattling Brook Deposit, western White Bay, Newfoundland Appalachians

Gold mineralization is hosted by foliated, late Proterozoic granitoid rocks of the Rattling Brook area, western White Bay, Newfoundland. The mineralization is associated with sulfides and occurs in veins and fractures and in disseminated form. Associated hydrothermal alteration occurred in two stages. During stage 1 potassic alteration the host granodiorite was hydrothermally converted over large areas to a rock of granitic composition through the formation of microcline and sericite by pervasive reaction of plagioclase and mafic minerals with hydrothermal fluids. Stage 2 sodic alteration is restricted to fractures, veins, and vein selvages and overprints both stage 1 alteration and unaltered rock. It consists of microcrystalline to fine-grained albite with lesser amounts of ankerite, quartz, sericite, and siderite accompanied by pyrite, arsenopyrite, and gold. Altered rocks are enriched in K, Na, Au, As, S, and CO 2 , weakly enriched in W, Sb, and Br, and depleted in heavy rare earth elements. The gold mineralization and alteration extends into unconformably overlying Eocambrian to Cambrian sediments. The absence of deformation in the alteration and ore assemblages suggests that the mineralization postdated Acadian deformation in the area and thus is Late Silurian or younger. Both alteration episodes are considered to be part of the same hydrothermal event, which resulted in formation of the large low-grade deposit. CO 2 -rich fluids circulated through the crust along major structures, leached elements from a variety of rocks, and redeposited them in fractures and veins within overlying granitoids and sedimentary rocks. Stage 1 fluids initially permeated along grain boundaries and converted the host to a rock of granitic composition. Subsequent increases in the a (sub Na+) /a (sub K+) ratio and/or temperature were accompanied by fracturing, albitization, and deposition of sulfides and gold during stage 2.

U/Pb geochronology of the Coney Head Complex, Newfoundland

The Coney Head Complex, White Bay, Newfoundland, comprises allochthonous plutonic rocks and deformed equivalents emplaced over the continental margin during the Ordovician Taconic Orogeny. A U/Pb zircon age of 474 + 2 Ma for tonalite considered as having formed by partial melting in an island arc, indicates that it crystallized in Arenig time. A microgranite dated by U/Pb (zircon + titanite) at 432 ± 2 Ma cuts the tonalite Inherited Proterozoic zircon in the microgranite indicates that the rock formed from magma generated in part by melting of continental crust or sediments derived from such crust. These relationships indicate that the microgranite was emplaced in Silurian time, after Ordovician transport of the tonalite above a continental substrate.

The Source of the Cow Head Breccias of Western Newfoundland: New Evidence

Limestone breccias in the Doucers Formation of west White Bay, Newfoundland, are probably related to the Cow Head Breccias of the west coast of the island. This correlation assists in the solution of two outstanding problems: (1) Where was the source of the intraclastic debris ? and (2) Where did the breccias (now part of a klippe sequence) originally accumulate?

Erratum: A Lower Paleozoic Rheo-Ignimbrite from White Bay, Newfoundland

Erratum: A Lower Paleozoic Rheo-Ignimbrite from White Bay, Newfoundland

A Lower Paleozoic Rheo-Ignimbrite from White Bay, Newfoundland

The Otter Cove and Ansteys Brook Members of the Natlins Cove Formation of western White Bay, Newfoundland are described and redefined. These members include bedded and chaotic tuffs, ignimbrites and pyro-turbidites, and a lava-like lithology shown to be a rheoignimbrite. The paleogeography and volcanic history of the area are reconstructed, and the rheo-ignimbrite is described and discussed. Comparisons are made with other examples.

The biting habits of some JamaicanCulicoides. II. C.furens(Poey)

Field studies on the biting habits ofCulicoides furens(Poey) were made near Montego Bay, Jamaica, during 1959 and 1960. Details of the experimental design and analysis have been given in the preceding article of this series.C. furenswas collected in eight experiments, six on Florida beach, one at East Florida and one at White Bay. Four of the experiments were conducted at sunset, three at dawn and one in the night.

Response of Woody Species to 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and Picloram as a Function of Treatment Method

Naturally-established individual specimens of 12 woody plant species occurring in North Carolina were treated with foliar, dormant stem, and basal applications of the propylene glycol butyl ether ester formulation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), the propylene glycol butyl ether ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and the potassium salt of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram). The triethanolamine salt of 2,4,5-T also was applied as a foliar treatment. Three rates of each herbicide were used. Responses measured were percent control of original shoots, percent regrowth, shoot height, and number of live stems per plant. No differences were observed between the amine and ester formulations of 2,4,5-T applied as foliar sprays except on rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.) where the ester produced 86% control compared to 28% for the amine salt. Foliar sprays of picloram were effective in controlling all species except white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), sweet bay (Magnolia virginiana L.), and rhododendron. Control of these species averaged only 45% compared to 96% on all other species studied. No species was effectively controlled by dormant stem or basal applications of picloram. All species considered, the propylene glycol butyl ether ester of 2,4,5-T applied as a dormant stem or basal application provided the most consistent results, giving 89% and 91% control, respectively.

CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS OF THE CONCHE – GROAIS ISLAND AREA, NEWFOUNDLAND

About 5 000 ft of Carboniferous sedimentary strata occur in the Cape Rouge and Conche peninsulas, small projections on the east side of the Great Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland. The lower 900 ft of the section consists of coarse conglomerate and sandstone, the fragments in which were derived from nearby older rocks. These lower beds are overlain by about 4 000 ft of shale and sandstone, in places petroliferous and with bituminous residues, and bearing plants and spores identified as of upper Horton (late Tournaisian) age. The sedimentary rocks described in this paper are the northernmost known Carboniferous rocks of the Appalachian belt. They lie in a basin between Groais Island and the Great Northern Peninsula and may possibly be continuous under the sea with the Grand Lake–White Bay basin a 100 mi to the southwest. The boundary fault on the west side of this Carboniferous basin is a portion of a fault system which is known to extend some 300 mi from the northern tip of Newfoundland to its southwest corner and is a portion of the Cabot fault of Wilson. Movement on the fault system appears to have been of at least three ages, pre-Horton (pre-Tournaisian), post-Horton–pre-Windsor (post-Tournaisian–pre-Visean), and post-early Pennsylvanian (post-Westphalian "A").

Late Paleozoic faulting in western Newfoundland

A zone of structural weakness, characterized by thrust faulting, extends across Newfoundland from the southwestern coast to White Bay on the north. Studies in recent years in the Bay St. George area, at Grand Lake, and in White Bay make possible a discussion of the age and nature of the faulting. It is clearly marked in the Bay St. George area on the southwestern coast, where igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Long Range are in thrust contact with Carboniferous. In the interior, at Grand Lake, a high-angle fault separates Paleozoic lavas from Carboniferous sediments. Extensive thrust faulting in the Carboniferous paralleling the western side of the bay, dissimilarity of the sections on the opposite sides of the bay, and topography point to the presence of the zone in the White Bay region. A pronounced lowland connects Grand Lake with White Bay; deformation of the rocks in the lowland, as well as its continuity with the White Bay trough, suggests the presence of the zone of weakness. The faults, wherever observed, dip at relatively high angles eastward and strike north-northeast. Carboniferous rocks are involved in all the areas mentioned. The zone of weakness is believed to be late Paleozoic, probably representing a feature of Appalachian orogeny. Faulting of similar nature has been discovered on Cape Rouge and Cape Fox peninsulas on the eastern coast of the Northern Peninsula, where Carboniferous and Ordovician are in thrust relationship. It is suggested that the remarkably straight coast of the Northern Peninsula may represent the locus of a northward prolongation of the transinsular zone of weakness. Other possible connections of fault lines on the northwestern coast of Newfoundland and in Notre Dame Bay with the main zone are also discussed.