Wheel Spokes Research Articles

Comparison of Platelet Rich Plasma Dressing with Conventional Saline Dressing on Spoke Wheel Injury Wounds in Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objectives: To compare the outcome of topical Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) dressing versus normal saline dressings on Wheel spoke injury (WSI) wounds in terms of duration of wound healing, wound infection, pain and need for hospital stay. Methods: It was a Randomized controlled trial conducted in Department of Pediatric Surgery KEMU/Mayo Hospital Lahore from September 2023 to August 2024. Children 12 years of age or younger presenting with WSI having an open wound which was allowed to heal by secondary intention were included in the study. Group A got normal saline soaked dressing daily and group B was given topical PRP dressing. The PRP rich gel layer obtained after centrifuging patients’ own blood sample was applied on wound. This was done once weekly for maximum 4 sessions. Variables like duration of wound healing, wound infection and pain along with other parameters were recorded. Results: Our sample consisted of total 69 patients 34 were Group A as control and 35 were Group B as cases. Mean age was 8.2 + 1.8 years with male predominance. Mean duration of healing was less for Group B having p value <0.001. Group B cases had less wound infection rate and it was found to be statistically significant (p value 0.04 for gross signs of infection and 0.015 for bacterial growth on wound culture). There was significant reduction in post dressing pain in PRP group only after 3rd week of dressing (p 0.009). Conclusion: We conclude that topical PRP is a promising adjunct in treating WSI in addition to other injuries with tissue loss. It can serve as an economical treatment option for rapid healing of WSI patients especially in developing nations.

An intelligent tire force estimation correction method based on wheel spoke strain

An intelligent tire force estimation correction method based on wheel spoke strain

Foreign Body Trapped in the Oropharynx Requiring Emergency Tonsillectomy in a Case at Nianankoro Fomba Hospital in Ségou

Introduction: Pharyngeal foreign bodies, particularly in oropharyngeal locations, should raise concerns about the presence of an associated wound. They constitute a common pathology. Their diagnosis is most often easy, but difficult in the case of an unknown foreign body. We report a foreign body embedded in the lateral wall of the oropharynx which required emergency tonsillectomy. Observation: This is a 6-year-old child received urgently at the Nianankoro Fomba Hospital in Ségou 6 hours after the introduction of the foreign body (wheel spoke) into the tonsillar compartment. On admission to the ENT and head and neck surgery department, the child's general condition was poor, consciousness remained and the conjunctivas were normal-colored. On oropharyngeal examination, we note a sharp metallic foreign body measuring 30 cm and 2 mm in diameter located at the level of the posterior fold of the right amygdala. Furthermore, there is hypersialorrhea with blood streaking. Faced with the failure of an extraction attempt; we decided to take him to the operating room after a minimum assessment. The immediate postoperative course was unremarkable. The evolution was very favorable on the 10th day of the intervention. Conclusion: Pharyngeal foreign bodies constitute a vital emergency due to their appearance or location. Their management requires rapid intervention with suitable equipment. Prevention remains the best solution.

Motorcycle Wheel Spoke Injury to the Ankle and Foot in Children: A Cross-sectional Observational Study.

In developing countries, motorcycles are a widespread transportation method, leading to a notable increase in road traffic injuries, particularly those involving the ankle and foot caused by motorcycle wheel spokes. Our study sought to understand the epidemiological features and characteristics of motorcycle-induced wheel spoke injuries to the ankle and foot in children. The objectives were to comprehend injury patterns, evaluate their severity and pinpoint clinical indicators predicting injury nature and extent, aiming to guide prevention strategies. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study with a retrospective data collection focused on children under the age of 16 years who sustained injuries from motorcycle rear wheel spokes while riding as pillion passengers and were admitted to our department over 11 years, from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2020, with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Soft tissue wounds were classified using the Oestern-Tscherne classification. Thirty patients were enrolled in this study. Before 2015, cases ranged from none to one annually, increasing to 2-7 cases per year after 2015. The average age was 6.7 ± 2.1 years. Significantly, more patients were older than 6 years (P < 0.001), injured on the right side (P < 0.001) and suffered the injuries in the afternoon (P < 0.001). All patients were pillion and were injured by the motorcycle's rear wheel. Twenty-five patients (83%) had a Grade 3 injury. There was a tendon rupture in 22 (73%) and a bone fracture in 15 (50%) patients. Loss of soft tissue (P = 0.036) and reduced ankle mobility (P = 0.046) were linked to tendon ruptures. Lengths of wound exceeding 6 cm (P = 0.025) and loss of soft tissue (P = 0.025) were associated with a bone fracture. Children's motorcycle wheel spoke injuries have increased in recent years. Loss of soft tissue and ankle mobility deficit proved to be reliable clinical signs of a tendon rupture. A wound length exceeding 6 cm and a loss of soft tissue were indicative of a related bone fracture.

Improving heat transfer and compressed air consumption in low pressure die casting of aluminum wheels

Improving heat transfer and compressed air consumption in low pressure die casting of aluminum wheels

Active Vibration Control on a Tire-Wheel Assembly using Piezoelectric Spatial Modal Filter

Abstract Vibrations due to tire-road contact in wheeled vehicles induce acoustic discomfort especially beyond 35 km·h−1. This paper proposes an active control method to reduce the vibration transmission from the tire-road contact to the vehicle through piezoelectric transducers located directly on the wheel spokes. Our approach relies on a double spatial modal filter to physically focus the control energy on the wheel pumping mode while avoiding any spillover phenomena. In addition, a band pass controller ensures maximum damping on the targeted mode. The proposed control strategy is applied first to the clamped wheel in order to validate the static performance of the spatial controller. Then the wheel is excited through the tire and the efficiency of the controller is evaluated through the measured force passing by the wheel hub. Finally, the tire-wheel assembly (TWA) is placed on an experimental set-up recreating the vehicle operating conditions with wheel rotation at different velocities and road excitation. The experimental results confirm the efficiency of the proposed control method and its robustness to the dynamics evolution of the structure in function of the TWA angular velocity.

Effects of In-Wheel Suspension on Whole-Body Vibration and Comfort in Manual Wheelchair Users

Frequent and prolonged exposure to high levels of vibration and shock can cause neck and back pain and discomfort for many wheelchair users. Current methods to attenuate the vibration have shown to be ineffective and, in some cases, detrimental to health. Novel in-wheel suspension systems claim to offer a solution by replacing traditional spokes of the rear wheels with dampening elements or springs. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of in-wheel suspension on reducing vibration and shock and improving comfort in manual wheelchair users. Twenty-four manual wheelchair users were propelled over nine different surfaces using a standard spoked wheel, a Spinergy CLX, and Loopwheels while accelerometry data was collected at the footrest, seat, and backrest. Loopwheels lowered vibrations by 10% at the backrest compared to the standard and CLX wheels (p-value &lt; 0.001) and by 7% at the footrest compared to the CLX (p-value &lt; 0.05). They also reduced shocks by 7% at the backrest compared to the standard wheel and CLX (p-value &lt; 0.001). No significant differences were found in comfort between the wheels. Results indicate that Loopwheels is effective at reducing vibration and shock, but more long-term testing is required to determine effects on health.

Topology optimization of wheel spoke under fatigue tests considering the rotation characteristics of automobile wheels

The topology structure of wheel spoke has a great impact on the safety and lightweight of automobile wheels. However, the rotation process of the wheels is difficult to be reflected in the design and optimization. In this paper, the topology optimization of wheel spoke under fatigue tests considering the rotation characteristics is studied. The bending fatigue test and radial fatigue test are first introduced and the corresponding computation models are presented to calculate the mechanical performances of the wheel hub. The relationship between the internal stress and the number of the wheel spokes is established, and the mechanical performances with different number of wheel spokes are analyzed to guide the selection to the number. Then, the rotation characteristics of the wheel hub are simplified as static loads at different directions or positions according to the configuration of the wheel spokes. A comprehensive evaluation function which includes the test and load levels is defined by the compromise programming method to simulate the stress during the rotation process. Two levels of topology optimization methods are determined. Next, a mathematical model of multi-objective topology optimization for the wheel spoke is established based on the Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization, and a new wheel hub is obtained. Finally, the mechanical performances are compared with the original wheel hub. The obtained results show that the stiffness and strength of the wheel hub are improved under two test conditions, while the weight is reduced by 2.75%.

Lahore Wheel Spoke Injury Classification

Summary: This study aims to critically evaluate the classifications used to describe wheel spoke injury and define the subtypes that these classifications did not cater for. Thus, proposing a new classification of wheel spoke injuries (Lahore Classification) along with management of all subtypes. Patients and Methods: Retrospective study of a total 156 wheel spoke injuries of foot was undertaken to categorize/classify these injuries in terms of injured structures. Wheel spoke injury patients of all ages and both genders; evaluated and admitted in Jinnah Burn &amp; reconstructive surgery Centre (JB&amp;RSC), Jinnah hospital/AIMC, Lahore, Pakistan were included in this study from January 2019 to December 2023. Results: A total of 156 “Wheel Spoke Injury” patients involving feet presented to our department. Injury mechanism and structures involved were noted. There were 42 patients who did not fit in specific grades of the existing classifications. A modification in the existing classification for the wheel spoke injury was devised and management of different subtypes was undertaken. The proposed algorithm for management ranges from conservative care to the need for free flap to cover the defect. Conclusion: Wheel spoke injuries of the foot can be managed more effectively with the help of a practical grading system. We propose a revised classification that will guide the management plan and a treatment algorithm which will ultimately improve the patient’s outcome.

Rising Cases of Motorcycle Wheel Spokes Injuries in A Tertiary Facility in Northern Ghana; A Policy Call.

Motorcycle wheel spoke injuries refer to the entrapment of the foot and ankle of a rider or pillion rider into the spokes of a vehicle resulting in varied complex ankle-foot injuries. We report ten cases of motorcycle wheel spoke injuries between January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2023, majority of whom were children with the youngest being 4 years and the oldest 43 years. A few of the cases sustained both soft tissue injuries and fractures around the ankle while the rest sustained only soft tissue injuries. We believe a lot more of these cases do not get to the tertiary facility for varied reasons.The mean length of hospital stay was 19±13 days potential indirect negative economic impact on the state, patients, and their family/caregivers.These injuries can be prevented by developing policies aimed at public education, baring children from riding pillion, and designing protective wheel covering. Cases of motorcycle wheel spoke injuries are on the rise in the Northern part of Ghana. We recommend public education and awareness creation as well as stringent implementation of road traffic regulations.

Parametric Optimization of Wheel Spoke Structure for Drag Reduction of an Ahmed Body

Parametric Optimization of Wheel Spoke Structure for Drag Reduction of an Ahmed Body

Sunrays epiretinal membrane

Aim: To report a unique aspect of an opalescent, symmetrical, sun rays like epiretinal membrane (ERM), assessed with swept source optical coherence tomography (SS‐OCT).Methods: Patient was assessed with multimodal imaging: colour photography and SS‐OCT with B‐scan and en face imaging.Results: A 65‐year‐old male with hypertension and diabetes history, followed in our consultation for pre‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR), lost of sight for two years, presented with progressive visual decrease in his left eye (LE). Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of the right eye was 8/10 without any sign of DR activity on fundus examination. BCVA of the LE was limited to hand motion. Anterior segment examination was unremarkable. Fundus examination highlighted the presence of opaque dense ERM lining the posterior pole mimicking a symmetrical wheel spoke or sunrays, centred by a foveal pigmented lesion. En face SS‐OCT showed patterned retinal folds and B‐Scan SS‐OCT showed a thick hyperreflective layer above the internal limiting membrane (ILM) associated to underlying retinal surface wrinkling. We also noted thickened disorganized retinal layers, ectopic inner foveal layers (EIFL) and loss of the foveal depression. The central bouquet assessed the presence of subretinal hyperreflective vitelliform‐like deposit associated to intraretinal hyperreflective foci corresponding to pigment migration.Conclusion: This case corresponds to the final stage ERM of Govetto classification. It reveals a migration process of retinal pigment cells towards inner retinal layers. The advent of high‐resolution SS‐OCT offered a better detection of ERM stages and alterations of the central bouquet, in order to improve our pathophysiological understanding. In fact, many hypotheses on ERM development processes were suggested. Glial cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells would undergo trans‐differentiation to a myofibroblastic pre‐retinal cells through the retina, via microdefects above ILM. Accumulated myofibroblastic cells, along with extracellular matrix deposition are the main precursors of ERM.

THE PATTERN OF WHEEL SPOKE INJURY TREATED AT COMBINED MILITARY HOSPITAL RAWALPINDI

This research investigated the characteristics and patterns of wheel spoke injuries treated at Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi. The study was conducted at Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi, a prominent healthcare facility in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, providing medical services to military personnel and civilians. The research analyzed data gathered over a year regarding wheel spoke injuries. A random sample of eighty-two patients was selected, and data was collected on demographic information, injury specifics, clinical presentations, treatments, and outcome measures to provide a quantitative analysis. The study's results showed that the average time elapsed from injury to presentation was 6 hours. Most injuries occurred on the right foot (37 patients) and were associated with the rear wheel (34 patients). Injuries to the lateral aspect of the ankle were common (73%), with the posterior ankle being the most frequent site (n=30). Soft-tissue injuries were classified into grades 0, 1, 2, and 3, with changes in grading noted in some cases. Patients with grade 0 or 1 injuries healed faster (mean 28 days) than those with grade 2 or 3 (mean 40 days). Eight patients had associated fractures, all healed without complications with a mean healing time of 18 days. The study concluded that wheel spoke injuries are common and are often found near the Achilles tendon. Injury classification is critical for treatment decisions and predicting prognosis. Monitoring for infection and necrosis within 48 hours is vital due to poor vascularity. Customized treatment approaches, including below-knee back splints, ankle foot orthoses, and debridement, are recommended based on injury characteristics.

Fatigue life optimization and lightweight design of wheel based on entropy weight grey relation analysis and modified NSGA-II

In order to study the fatigue performance of wheel and enhance its lightweight design level, this article proposes the structure, design and optimization method of magnesium-aluminum alloy assembled wheel. Taking a [Formula: see text] type wheel as the research object, the optimal topology of wheel spoke is solved by constructing a topology optimization model for wheel bending and radial fatigue test conditions. A finite element model for bending and radial fatigue testing of assembled wheels was established, which simulates and analyzes the fatigue performance and its influencing factors of the wheel under two working conditions. Combined with contribution analysis method, the modified NSGA-II and entropy weight grey relation analysis (EGRA), the multi-objective optimization of assembled wheel was performed. The result demonstrated that the weight reduction of the assembled wheel after optimized design is 4.49%, while the bending fatigue life and radial fatigue safety factor are decreased by 9.95% and 25%, respectively. In order to better balance the performance of assembled wheel and achieve lightweight design, this article combines the joint topology optimization of assembled wheels with multi-objective optimization method for multiple working conditions and screens the optimal compromise solution by EGRA, which provides an approach for wheel lightweight design and multi-objective optimization.

Investigation of alloy materials on a sports bike wheel rim designs using finite element analysis

Investigators are dedicating more work to the creation of lightweight vehicles as a result of the rising emphasis placed by the automotive industry on energy efficiency and environmental responsibility. While developing a wheel, it is important to keep both technology and safety considerations in mind simultaneously. Alloy materials are commonly used in the design of sports bike wheel rims due to their lightweight, strength, and durability. The ultimate goal of this study is to lay the groundwork for coming up with new designs for wheels and spokes that can be used on sports bike. In this work, it would be possible to compare how alloys of magnesium and titanium respond to stress and strain compared to structural steel materials. Using an equivalent stress and deformation investigation, two modern designs of wheel spokes for the sports bikes and three materials were compared. This study makes some insightful projections about the reliability of the structural design and provides useful references for the manufacture of alloy wheels. According to the stress analysis, the Ti alloy produces a stress concentration that is about 0.5% lower than on Model A and around 1% lower value for stainless steel on the Model B wheel rim design. Mg alloy has a deflection of about 77% and 53% more than stainless steel and titanium alloy, respectively, in the construction of the model A and B wheel rim.

The water flea Moina macrocopa () (Cladocera: Daphniidae) withstands 100,000 × g in a centrifuge for 10 minutes

Abstract The water flea Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820) survived and did not become pelleted when centrifuged at 21,500 × g for 10 minutes. Five out of six individuals tested swam in the microtube after being centrifuged at 100,000 × g for 10 minutes. It was confirmed that M. macrocopa occurred near the bottom of a 15 ml centrifuge tube on the spoke of a bicycle wheel due to the centrifugal force of 5 × g. This results suggests that M. macrocopa would have withstood conditions of 100,000 × g at the bottom of the tube. This is the first report that a crustacean can withstand extremely high gravitational forces, which prompts the potential use of M. macrocopa as a new model for extreme hypergravity.

Pattern and Presentation of Pediatric Spoke Wheel Entrapment Injuries: Our Hospital Experience

Objective: Finding out how often and how severely kids get their feet caught in the spokes of motorcycle wheels, and what it means for treatment options. Study design: A cross-sectional study Place and Duration: This study was conducted in Ibn-e-Sina University, Muhammad Medical College and Hospital Mirpurkhas from February 2022 to February 2023. Methodology: The study included children who had sustained motorbike spoke wheel injuries after getting their feet entrapped in it. The children were assessed for the severity of the injury as well as the location of the injury. The classification of the injuries was done according to the Tscherne and Oestern classification and graded as 0, I, II, and III. Complete history of the patients was taken followed by a physical examination. After that, relevant investigations were ordered such as radiographs and laboratory investigations. Results: The total number of participants in the present study was 115. The mean age of the participants was 8.62±7.23 years. There were 85 (73.91%) male and 30 (26.09%) female. A total of 78 (67.83%) patients had their right feet injured and 37 (32.17%) patients had their left feet injured. Injury of grade 0 was documented in 17 (14.78%), grade I in 33 (28.69%), grade II in 42 (36.52%) patients, and grade III in 23 (20%) patients. The most common area to get injured in the accident was the heel pad and it was affected in 63 (54.78%) patients. Rupture of the tendon was seen in 11 (9.56%) patients. Fracture of bone was seen in 9 (7.82%) children and only 1 (0.86%) children suffered from neurovascular injury. Conclusion: Injury because of the Motorbike spoke wheel results in different patterns causing multiple levels of damage to tissues and even fractures. Nonetheless, most injuries are related to soft-tissues loss. The most commonly injured area is the heel pad. Phalanges and calcaneus were commonest injured bones. Keywords: Spoke wheel, Motorbike, Fracture, Heel pad, Tscherne and Oestern

Structural analysis of motorcycle spokes design using finite element analysis with alloy materials

Structural analysis of motorcycle spokes design using finite element analysis with alloy materials

Structural design and integral assembly procedure of rigid-flexible tensegrity airship structure

Structural design and integral assembly procedure of rigid-flexible tensegrity airship structure

Experiment and numerical research on regression rate of hybrid rocket motor with single-port wagon wheel fuel grain

Experiment and numerical research on regression rate of hybrid rocket motor with single-port wagon wheel fuel grain