Wheel In Terms Research Articles

Remaining Useful Life Estimation of Hollow Worn Railway Vehicle Wheels via On-Board Random Vibration-Based Wheel Tread Depth Estimation.

The problem of remaining useful life estimation (RULE) of hollow worn railway vehicle wheels in terms of remaining mileage via wheel tread depth estimation using on-board vibration signals from a single accelerometer on the bogie frame is presently investigated. This is achieved based on the introduction of a statistical time series method that employs: (i) advanced data-driven stochastic Functionally Pooled models for the modeling of the vehicle dynamics under different wheel tread depths in a range of interest until a critical limit, as well as tread depth estimation through a proper optimization procedure, and (ii) a wheel tread depth evolution function with respect to the vehicle running mileage that interconnects the estimated hollow wear with the remaining useful mileage. The method's RULE performance is investigated via hundreds of Simpack-based Monte Carlo simulations with an Attiko Metro S.A. vehicle and many hollow worn wheels scenarios which are not used for the method's training. The obtained results indicate the accurate estimation of the wheels tread depth with a mean absolute error of ∼0.07 mm that leads to a corresponding small error of ∼3% with respect to the wheels remaining useful mileage. In addition, the comparison with a recently introduced Multiple Model (MM)-based multi-health state classification method for RULE, demonstrates the better performance of the postulated method that achieves 81.17% True Positive Rate (TPR) which is significantly higher than the 45.44% of the MM method.

Influence of an equal width polygon groove-tooth wheel on feeding performance of the seed feeding device for wheat

This work aimed to investigate the influence of the equal width polygon groove-tooth wheel on both filling and feeding performance to enhance the performance of the seed feeding device of the air-assisted centralized metering device for wheat. This paper conducted an analysis of the equal width polygon groove-tooth wheel formation principles. The EDEM simulation compared and analyzed the influence of the structural types, including equal width triangular, equal width pentagon, equal width heptagon, equal width nonagon, and circular groove-tooth wheel, on seed population disturbance ability, filling, and feeding performance. The simulation results showed that when the rotating speed of the feeding shaft was 20r/min, the average kinetic energy of the seed population decreased gradually, and the ability to disturb the average seed population decreased in turn, but the interval between the adjacent average kinetic energy peaks decreased, and the frequency of disturbed seed population increased with the increase of the number of sides of the equal width polygon groove-tooth wheel. The average kinetic energy of the seed population was significantly higher under the disturbance of the equal width triangular, pentagon, heptagon, and nonagon groove-tooth wheels, increasing by 371.32 %, 209.23 %, 91.02 %, and 53.37 %, respectively, compared to that of the circular groove-tooth wheel. Within the feeding shaft rotating speed range of 10 ∼ 60r/min, the average kinetic energy of the seed population gradually increased in the equal width polygon groove-tooth wheel type feeding device gradually with the increase of the feeding shaft rotating speed. Using the quality rate of seed filling (2 ± 1 seeds/hole) and the missing rate of seed filling (0 seed/hole) as benchmarks, the equal width heptagon groove-tooth wheel exhibited the quality rate of seed filling of 93.98 % and the missing rate of seed filling of 2.78 %. The seed feeding quantity and seed feeding time had high linearity, and the seed filling and seed feeding performance were better. In the range of 10 ∼ 60r/min for the rotating speed of the equal width polygon groove-tooth wheel, there was a positive correlation observed between the average kinetic energy of the seed population and the increment of the feeding shaft rotating speed. The variation in feeding shaft rotating speed exhibited minimal influence on the feeding performance. The bench test verified the performance of the seed feeding device equipped with the equal width heptagon groove-tooth wheel in terms of both seed feeding and seeding efficiency. The results demonstrated that within the feeding shaft rotating speed range of 10 ∼ 60r/min, the coefficient of variation（CV） for seed feeding rate stability did not exceed 2.14 %. Additionally, the damage rate during the feeding process remained below 0.2 %. These outcomes aligned with the requirements of stable wheat seed feeding.

Pore morphology design and grinding performance evaluation of porous grinding wheel made by additive manufacturing

Open porous structure is of great importance for metal-bonded grinding wheel but hard to realize with traditional hot pressing and sintering process. In this article, a novel design and fabrication method of porous metal-bonded grinding wheel is proposed based on triply periodic minimal surfaces and additive manufacturing. The control method of pore morphology is specifically studied in terms of pore connectivity constraint condition and parametric control equation. With control equation, the porosity, equivalent aperture, relative density, specific surface area and pore connectivity of porous structure can be accurately controlled and predicted under given design parameters. With additive manufacturing, porous metal-bonded grinding wheel with well-formed pores and firmly-embedded abrasives can be realized. The grinding test results indicate that the novel porous metal-bonded grinding wheel behaves better than electroplated wheel in terms of grinding force and specific grinding energy. The proposed method can realize the design and fabrication of metal-bonded grinding wheel with large porosity and open porous structure, so as to effectively improve the problems such as surface blockage and grinding burn.

Fatigue Analysis of Spike Segment of Special Tractor Wheels in Terms of Design Improvement for Chernozem Soil

The driving wheels affect the tractive efficiency, fuel consumption, and soil compaction. This study presents the fatigue analysis of a spike segment that is the main part of an innovative driving wheels designed to improve tractor tractive performance. The design improvement was proposed for Chernozem soil allowing the full penetration of spikes. The spike segment was loaded by forces resulting from the maximum drawbar pull at 100% wheel slip and penetrometer resistance. A drawbar pull increase caused by the spike tires was also calculated. The experiments were performed using a subcompact tractor in the first gear on a grass field at soil moisture 18.8%. Gerber theory was used for the fatigue analysis performed using ANSYS software. The dependances of the safety factor on the horizontal rod diameter and the number of load cycles was constructed. The safety factor of 1.73 calculated for the spike segment made of steel S355 is suitable for the reduction of the actual horizontal rod diameter (12 mm). The fatigue analysis showed a safety factor of 1.28 at 100,000 load cycles in the case of a reduced diameter (10 mm). A diameter of 8 mm was also simulated, but the calculated safety factors do not allow it in terms of safe operation.

Sistem Rekrutmen dan Pelatihan terhadap Kompetensi Tenaga Pendamping Lokal Desa (PLD) di Kabupaten Karo

Village Local Assistance (PLD) is a program of the Ministry of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Areas and Transmigration, the goal is Assistance to Village Government Wheels in terms of community social and village infrastructure. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of training recruitment on the competence of Village Local Assistants (PLD) in Karo district, also knows whether the perceived benefits moderate or mediate the effect of recruitment and training on the competence of Village Local Assistants (PLD) in Karo district. This research was conducted for one year. This research is a type of causality research, namely to examine the effect of recruitment and training on competence. This type of research data is primary data because it is carried out by means of field studies by distributing questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS veri 22 application. The results of this study were to determine the effect of recruitment and training on the competence of Village Local Assistants (PLD) throughout Karo district. Population 259 based on the equation in the Formulation Method and using a percentage of errors in sampling of 10%, the number of samples obtained: 72 people. The population of this research is all village officials in Karo. The research sample in Karo district was taken as many as 72 people and to determine the magnitude of the influence of recruitment and training on PLD performance. Based on the hypothesis and research results, it can be seen that there is a positive effect of training on PLD performance but the effect of recruitment has not had a positive effect on PLD competence because has been tested using Partial T and simple linear regression and the results are negative. And on the answer scores of all respondents, it can be seen from the category table.

Random vibration analysis of tram-track interaction on a curve due to the polygonal wheel and track irregularity

The vibration performance of a tram vehicle running on the curved track is influenced by the speed of the running vehicle, the geometry of the track, the roughness of the wheel and rail, and environmental characteristics. This paper investigates the random vibration analysis of tram-track interaction on a curved track due to the polygonal wheel and track irregularity by the pseudo excitation method (PEM). The dynamic behaviour of tram-track interaction on a curve is modelled using the finite element method (FEM) and multi-body system (MBS). The field tests were carried out to acquire the rail vibration and deformation response, and also measuring the polygonal wheel wear profile to analyse and validate the dynamic behaviour tram-curved track model. The influence of the polygonal wheel on the vibration of tram-curved track coupled system and the wheel-rail contact responses are investigated by considering the wheelset flexibility. The results are illustrated through comparison between with and without the polygonal wheel in terms of time and frequency domain. The numerical results suggest that the wheelset flexibility under the polygonal wheel wear excitation would aggravate the vibration mode of the rail, car-body and axle-box, and also increase the dynamic wheel-rail contact force and creepage.

On the Influence of Suspension Geometry on Steering Feedback

Feedback through the steering wheel is known as the most important source of information to the driver. The so-called steering feeling, composed of self-aligning actions coming from tyres and suspension geometry all the way through mechanical linkages to the driver’s hands, provides vital communication for intuitive driving, and it is therefore utterly important for safety and for a pleasant driving experience as well. Subtle forces and vibrations, due to the interaction between the tyre contact patch and the road surface texture, also play a role, provided they are not heavily filtered or cancelled by the power steering system. Human perception is guided by experience in order to establish correlations between steering feedback and vehicle motion in terms of straight-line stability, cornering speed, tyre adhesion and available friction, vehicle balance, and so on. A front-wheel drive car is potentially a critical vehicle from this point of view, especially when the powertrain can deliver large torque figures, and even more so if a limited-slip differential (LSD) or a similar active device is present in order to improve traction capabilities. Any difference between the two wheels in terms of tractive force can result into the so-called torque steer issue, that is to say, a “pulling” sensation on the steering wheel or a shifting of the vehicle from the desired trajectory. This paper analyses the torque steer phenomenon on an all-wheel-drive, full electric sportscar where a significant portion of the torque is transferred to the front axle. The effects of suspension kinematics and the load variation at tyre contact patch level are taken into account. For evaluating the impact of steering feedback, the VI-grade® simulation software is adopted and a test campaign on the professional driving simulator available at the University of Brescia has been carried out in order to understand the impact of steering feedback on driver perception and performance.

A piecewise bearing capacity method of unstructured terrain considering characteristics of soil mechanic and wheel geometry

Bearing capacity of the unstructured terrain considering the effects of the wheel geometry and soil mechanic properties is analyzed in this paper. Two-dimensional pressure-sinkage simulations are conducted to evaluate the degrees of similarity between the flat plate and wheel in terms of their ultimate bearing characteristics of Terzaghi theory. The results show that these degrees of similarity are mainly reflected in the soil in-depth direction and the corresponding failure behaviors. Based on the approximation of the ultimate bearing capacity between the wheel and flat plate, a piecewise bearing capacity evaluation method with the effects of the soil mechanic properties and three-dimensional wheel geometry is proposed. The pressure-sinkage values of the proposed model show a satisfactory agreement with the experimental ones. The proposed model performs better than the semi-empirical models, as it considers more soil bearing features and needs less fitting parameters to assess the unstructured terrain.

Role of surface topography of on-line laser dressed aluminium oxide wheel on its performance in internal grinding of bearing steel parts

This paper covers the efforts of developing a compact dressing attachment on a cylindrical grinding machine for on-line laser dressing of wheels used in internal grinding of SAE-52100 bearing steel parts. With this attachment, alumina wheel was dressed with different conditions of dressing and its suitability for grinding was evaluated by analysing the topography on laser dressed wheel surface with scanning electron microscope and confocal laser scanning microscope. Out of these images, confocal microscopic images were found to present 3d images of dressed wheel surface. Evaluation of these images, in terms of Spk, Sk and Svk parameters obtained from bearing area curves, and their comparison with those parameters obtained from the images over diamond dressed surface, indicated the suitability of dressing leads of 0.016 mm/rev and 0.032 mm/rev for dressing of wheels with pulsed laser radiation. Effectiveness of these conditions was further established by evaluating the performance of laser dressed wheels in terms of G-ratio values, form error and finish observed on ground parts. Further, this work suggests the application of on-line imaging and analysis of laser dressed surface for quickly identifying suitable conditions of dressing of internal grinding wheels with on-line laser dressing attachment so as to make laser dressing as an economically viable process for certain critical applications.

An Analysis of Electroplated cBN Grinding Wheel Wear and Conditioning during Creep Feed Grinding of Aeronautical Alloys

Cubic boron nitride (cBN), in addition to diamond, is one of the two superabrasives most commonly used for grinding hard materials such as ceramics or difficult-to-cut metal alloys such as nickel-based aeronautical alloys. In the manufacturing process of turbine parts, electroplated cBN wheels are commonly used under creep feed grinding (CFG) conditions for enhancing productivity. This type of wheel is used because of its chemical stability and high thermal conductivity in comparison with diamond, as it maintains its shape longer. However, these wheels only have one abrasive layer, for which wear may lead to vibration and thermal problems. The effect of wear can be partially solved through conditioning the wheel surface. Silicon carbide (SiC) stick conditioning is commonly used in the industry due to its simplicity and good results. Nevertheless, little work has been done on the understanding of this conditioning process for electroplated cBN wheels in terms of wheel topography and later wheel performance during CFG. This work is focused, firstly, on detecting the main wear type and proposing a manner for its measurement and, secondly, on analyzing the effect of the conditioning process in terms of topographical changes and power consumption during grinding before and after conditioning.

A comparison of two types of running wheel in terms of mouse preference, health, and welfare

Voluntary wheel running occurs in mice of all strains, sexes, and ages. Mice find voluntary wheel running rewarding, and it leads to numerous health benefits. For this reason wheels are used both to enhance welfare and to create models of exercise. However, many designs of running wheel are used. This makes between-study comparisons difficult, as this variability could potentially affect the amount, pattern, and/or intensity of running behaviour, and thence the wheels' effects on welfare and exercise-related changes in anatomy and physiology. This study therefore evaluated two commercially available models, chosen because safe for group-housed mice: Bio Serv®'s “fast-trac” wheel combo and Ware Manufacturing Inc.'s stainless steel mesh 5″ upright wheel. Working with a total of three hundred and fifty one female C57BL/6, DBA/2 and BALB/c mice, we assessed these wheels' relative utilization by mice when access was free; the strength of motivation for each wheel-type when access required crossing an electrified grid; and the impact each wheel had on mouse well-being (inferred from acoustic startle responses and neophobia) and exercise-related anatomical changes (BMI; heart and hind limb masses). Mice ran more on the “fast-trac” wheel regardless of whether both wheel-types were available at once, or only if one was present. In terms of motivation, subjects required to work to access a single wheel worked equally hard for both wheel-types (even if locked and thus not useable for running), but if provided with one working wheel for free and the other type of wheel (again unlocked) accessible via crossing the electrified grid, the “fast-trac” wheel emerged as more motivating, as the Maximum Price Paid for the Ware metal wheel was lower than that paid for the “fast-trac” plastic wheel, at least for C57BL/6s and DBA/2s. No deleterious consequences were noted with either wheel in terms of health and welfare, but only mice with plastic wheels developed significantly larger hearts and hind limbs than control animals with locked wheels. Thus, where differences emerged, Bio Serv®'s “fast-trac” wheel combos appeared to better meet the aims of exercise provision than Ware Manufacturing's steel upright wheels.

Efficient configurations for desiccant wheel cooling systems using different heat sources for regeneration

Desiccant wheel systems can be regenerated by any thermal energy. Depending on heat sources used, system configurations are optimized to maximize its efficiency using simulation in this paper. First, optimization of desiccant wheel in terms of its facial area ratio and stage number when regenerated by three different heat sources was carried out. Then, Optimizations and comparisons of three systems are carried out based on standard coal consumption. The results are meaningful for optimum wheel design for different heat sources, designs of single stage system with heat recovery configurations, and preferences of heat sources to reduce standard coal consumption.

Numerical analysis of lug effects on tractive performance of off-road wheel by DEM

This paper presents the lug effects of off-road wheel in terms of lugs’ height, type, intersection and central angle. To improve the tractive performance of transport vehicles and equipments operating on dry sands nearshore, this paper numerically presents the wheel–sand interaction by the discrete element method (DEM), which is better dynamically accurate than FEM in the study of incompact terrain-like sands. According to the physical properties presented by the triaxial test, the appropriate parameters are selected to establish and verify the simulation model of the sand sample. On that basis, numerical traction tests are orthogonally carried out to analyze the different lug effects on tractive performance. It is concluded from the analysis that the intersection of lugs has no effect on tractive performance. Lugged wheel shows the best tractive performance, while the central angle of lugs reaches 24°. Both the height and type of lugs can improve the drawbar pull; the former may increase the tractive efficiency under good road conditions with low slip, while the latter is capable of influencing the efficiency under bad road conditions with high slip.

Wear behaviour of carbon steel cutting wheel thermal flame sprayed with chromium carbide

Purpose – This study aims to develop and evaluate an inexpensive and durable metal cutting wheel using thermal spraying and polymer binding to enhance the wheel’s cutting capability by bonding hard particles (abrasives) onto the wheel. Design/methodology/approach – Thermal spraying was used to deposit the coating powder (chromium and silicon carbide) onto high carbon substrate. Wear loss and depth of cut as function of load, time and speed were evaluated on uncoated and coated wheel. Findings – The coated cutting wheel performed better than the uncoated cutting wheel in terms of wear performance. However, the coated cutting wheel experienced coating peel off at higher load and cutting speed, leading to a decrease in wear resistance of the cutting wheel. Thus, optimally cutting should be performed either at low cutting speed and high load or at high cutting speed and low load to prolong the wheel’s lifetime. Originality/value – The outcome of the study will be beneficial for academicians and industrial working on cutting wheel process.

Cohomology of wheels on toric varieties

We describe explicitly the cohomology of the total complex of certain diagrams of invertible sheaves on normal toric varieties. These diagrams, called wheels, arise in the study of toric singularities associated to dimer models. Our main tool describes the generators in a family of syzygy modules associated to the wheel in terms of walks in a family of graphs.

메카넘휠 성능개선을 위한 일체형 설계 및 구조해석

In order to provide a mobile robot with omnidirectionality, various types of omnidirectional wheels have been developed. This paper deals with an improved design and structural analysis of a Mecanum wheel, which is the type of omnidirectional wheels most commonly used in industrial fields. A geometric formulation for manufacturingthe Mecanum wheel is presented and two types of Mecanum wheels are designed and fabricated in this research. While conventional assembled-type Mecanum wheels have a complicated structure and the high possibility of mutual interference between sub-components, a unified type of Mecanum wheel reduces the number of sub-components and increases the degree of structural rigidity. The stress and strain properties of the two designs are compared to confirm the quantitative improvement of the new design by a commercial structural analysis tool. The analysis results show that the unified type of Mecanum wheel has properties superior to the assembled type of Mecanum wheel in terms of its ability to reduce interference.

Fundamental performance of Magnetic Compound Fluid (MCF) wheel in ultra-fine surface finishing of optical glass

This study investigates a new semi-fixed-abrasive, ultra-fine finishing method for optical glass using a magneticcompound fluid (MCF) wheel. This MCF wheel generates a thin, uniform MCF slurry layer on the entire circumferentialsurface of a ring-shaped permanent magnet placed between two non-magnetic plates. The MCF slurry is composed ofnano-sized magnetite particles, micron-sized iron particles, several 10 μm-sized α-cellulose fibres and sub-micron-sizedabrasive particles that react to the magnetic field. Following modifications to the design of the MCF, experiments wereconducted to evaluate the performance of the modified wheel in spot-polishing fused silica glass. This paper describes themodifications to the MCF wheel and the experimental setup used to measure its performance. The improvement of themodified wheel over the unmodified wheel in terms of material removal and surfaces roughness is experimentallyconfirmed. The effects of the wheel rotational speed and the clearance between the wheel and the workpiece on materialremoval and the workpiece surface roughness are investigated. The polishing forces are measured, the structure of the MCFslurry is examined and the magnetic field distribution is analysed. A model of material removal in polishing with themodified MCF wheel is developed. The results indicate the following: (1) more material was removed, i.e., greater spotdepths, and better surfaces were obtained in the regions that were near the edges of the magnet; (2) the modified MCF wheelperformed much better than the unmodified wheel in terms of material removal and surface roughness, e.g., 3.1 μm vs. 1.7μm for the maximum spot depth, 0.04 mm3 vs. 0.0088 mm3 for the volume of material removed and Ra = 5.624 nm vs.14.67 nm for the surface roughness; (3) a better work surface and greater material removal were obtained with smallerworking clearances and higher wheel rotational speeds.

Acoustic assessment of grinding-wheel life in the bilateral face grinding of thick-walled blanks

In the present work, we investigate the possibility of using the acoustic signal to permit better utilization of the grinding wheels in the bilateral face grinding of thinwalled blanks by refinement of wheel dressing and also to rank discontinuous and composite grind� ing wheels in terms of their effectiveness. We investigate the influence of the wheel's working surface on its life, the resulting surface quality, and the amplitude A ac of the acoustic signal generated in bilat� eral face grinding. The frequency f and amplitude A ac of the acoustic oscillations are recorded as oscillo� grams by means of a primary converter (microphone) and a PC. The results are analyzed by means of spe� cialpurpose software. The effectiveness of bilateral face grinding by wheels with discontinuous working surfaces is com� pared with the performance of standard wheels in the same conditions. The effectiveness of grinding wheels in the bilateral face grinding of thinwalled blanks is assessed on the basis of the following characteristics: (a) the wheel life in terms of the number

Comparing the performance of diamond wheels in terms of the density of cutting grains

In the laboratory and in production conditions, it is often necessary to compare the performance of dia� mond grinding wheels and select the best for future use. For example, in production conditions, the perfor� mance of wheels from different manufacturers in the sharpening of saws may need to be compared. In the laboratory, the performance of wheels may be compared in the creation of new binders. In production condi� tions, however, it is practically impossible to ensure identical conditions and identical duration of the wheel tests, Laboratory tests in compliance with State Stan� dard GOST 16181–82 are relatively laborious. Accordingly, the number of cutting grains per unit area of the wheel’s working surface (the density of the cutting grains) has been proposed as the basis for accelerated assessment of wheel performance. Research is required to verify that approach. The performance of diamond grinding wheels may be characterized by the relative consumption q of dia� monds, determined by the method in State Standard GOST 16181–82. Tests are conducted on a V3�318E universal sharpening machine with hydraulic longitu� dinal supply. The grinding depth is established manu� ally and measured by means of an indicator with a 0.002�mm scale division. The speed of the diamond wheel is monitored by means of a TCh10�R tachome� ter. The relative consumption q of diamonds is deter� mined by weighing on VLT�1�1 scales (error 0.01 g). To find the mean value of q, each experiment is repeated five times. The number N of cutting grains is determined within the field of view of the microscope

The Optimization of the Design of a Railway Wheel in Terms of the Acoustic Radiation under the Vertical Excitation

Railway wheel acoustic radiation takes a large proportion of the wheel-rail noise . This paper mainly focuses the ways to reduce railway wheel acoustic radiation to control wheel-rail acoustic radiation, and ultimately to reduce the railway environmental noise. In this paper, Optimization mathematical model of wheel acoustic radiation is built according to the wheel vibration and acoustic radiation theory, and obtaining the section optimization and acoustic radiation power of wheel by drawing up the genetic algorithm (GA) program and analyzing the acoustic radiation of the wheel according to Finite element and boundary element model. The result shows that the optimized acoustic power is reduced to some extent, even by 2dB at the peak point within 5000Hz. Since high-speed railways are put into operation in China, it has been more convenient for people to go out. However, serious railway environmental noise occurs by the way. The noise produced when the train is running affects not only passengers and working staff on the train, but also environment and residents around the railway. For this reason, to reduce the noise with proper measures is good for environment protection, sustained and healthy development of rail transportation as well. According to wheel-rail noise theory, the main approaches to reduce noise as follows:(1) Adopt damped wheel. (2) Add rubber isolation layer between tread and web of the wheel to form resilient wheel. (3) Optimize the wheel shape. (4) Reduce acoustic radiation efficiency of the wheel. This paper discusses how to reduce acoustic radiation of the wheel and railway environmental noise according to optimize the wheel shape by mainly analyzing the wheel of high frequency radiation noise.