Wheel Diameter Research Articles

Engine performance improvements through turbocharger matching and turbine design

AbstractIt is interesting to improve engine system performance with turbocharger technologies. In this study, a systematic simulation for engine and turbocharger matching to provide full utilization of the turbocharger potential and improve the engine performance without sacrificing the emission is developed. A velocity ratio concept was proposed to count the turbocharger performance impacts due to the diameter ratio of compressor and turbine wheels. A design of experiments was used to optimize the turbocharger and engine performance for different turbocharger factors. A better‐matched turbocharger was obtained. A multidisciplinary optimization method was used to design a mixed flow turbine wheel to reduce the turbine velocity ratio at peak efficiency and increase the overall turbocharger efficiency. Results showed that about 0.4% torque improvements and 1.2% reductions in the engine brake‐specific fuel consumption were obtained without making any other changes to the engine. This study demonstrated that systematic simulations for engine systems and considering turbocharger wheel diameter ratio effects could further improve the turbocharged engine system matching and the engine performance.

Micro-scale abrasion investigations of single-crystal diamonds using nano-polycrystalline diamond wheels

A small grinding wheel of 3.2 mm in diameter was prepared from nano-polycrystalline diamond (NPD) obtained by direct conversion sintering under high pressure and high temperature. Using this NPD wheel as a grinding blade, a new useful method for investigating the micro-scale abrasive properties of single-crystal diamonds was developed. Since NPD has an extremely high hardness of about 130 GPa, the abrasive properties of various natural and synthetic single-crystal diamonds, whose hardness is usually around 70 to 125 GPa, can be appropriately evaluated. In addition, since the wheel diameter is very small, it is possible to measure the abrasion resistance in a minute region of several tens of μm in a diamond crystal. It was confirmed that the method can accurately evaluate the abrasive properties of minute regions of single-crystal diamonds using synthetic type IIa diamond. It was also demonstrated that it is possible to investigate how the abrasive properties of synthetic type Ib and natural type Ia diamonds change depending on the distribution of impurities or crystal defects in the crystals.

A Review on Study of Expandable wheels and its Applications in transportation Sector

Expandable wheel concept is very important in case of goods transportation in off road conditions. Many times, we need to transport goods from forest area where vehicles need to travel in no road conditions. If we use expandable wheels in such conditions then transportation well be easy. As per requirement we can change diameter of wheel which allows vehicle to travel easily in off road conditions. In this paper we have discussed various studies and research papers based on expandable wheels. There is very less literature is available on this topic but still we tried to summarized maximum available research papers. Some of the studies are related to wheels and their characteristics. We have also included such papers. Based on the research study further conclusion is drawn.

Design and Research of Double-Wheeled Helicopter Tractor

Due to the limited wheel size, existing domestic helicopter tractors are only applicable to some small and medium-sized single-wheeled helicopters. This paper introduces a double-wheeled helicopter tractor. The wheel holding mechanism can maximally hold a helicopter with a wheel diameter of 500mm, thus suitable for most common types of general aviation airports, such as Z-9, AS-365N, EC-155, AW -139, AS-332, etc. By improving stable torque output of the motor at low speed, self-developed reducer greatly increases the applicability and safety of helicopter traction.

Rancang Bangun Ulang Motor Listrik Berbasis Android Dengan Sistem Motor Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) 3 Phase Kapasitas 1000 Watt

Electric vehicles use an electric motor as a driving force where it functions as a converter of electrical energy stored in the battery into mechanical energy to turn the wheels of the vehicle. Electric motors can reduce fuel consumption and air pollution produced by motorized vehicles, so electric vehicles are one of the transportation modes they can use. In this research, the design of a BrushLess Direct Current (BLDC) motor as a motorcycle propulsion was carried out. The BLDC motor has the main components, namely the stator and rotor. This electric motor designed uses a BLDC type E-BIKE with specifications for 1000 Watt power and an input voltage frequency of 60Hz, and a rotating speed of 500Rpm with a 3.75V-25Ah BMS battery in 16 series to 60V-25Ah. This E-BIKE type BLDC electric motorcycle model can be adapted to the shape of a motorcycle drum with a wheel diameter of 17 inches.

Remote Controlled Rover Using Rocker Bogie Mechanism

Abstract: The rocker-bogie suspension system has robust capabilities to deal with uneven terrain becauseof it’s distributing the payload over its six wheels uniformly. Most of the cover designs have been developed for Mars and Moon surface in order to understand the geological history of thesoil and rocks. Exploration operations need high speed and long distance traversal in a short mission period due to environmental effects, climate and communication restrictions In this research, a new suspension mechanism has been designed and its kinematic analysis results were discussed. One of the major shortcomings of current Rocker-Bogie rovers is that they areslow. In our project, we have focused on six-wheeled rocker bogie suspension system design which has advantage of linear bogie motion in protecting the whole system from getting rollovers during high- speed operations. This has greatly increased the reliability of structure on rough terrains and also enables its higher speed exploration with same obstacle height capacity as twice the diameter of wheel. The project aims to improve some basic working so that it can perform in a better way.

Performance of Pico Scale Turgo Turbine in Difference the Nozzle Diameter

Pico scale Turgo turbine (PSTT) is proper as a power plant to be applied for remote areas because of its simple construction, cheap investment cost, and good performance above 35%. However, the design of PSTT is still based on estimation because the wheel diameter and nozzle diameter (D/d) ratio are not yet in reasonable agreement. Furthermore, the literature on D/d affects PSTT performance has not been comprehensive. Accordingly, this study investigates the relation of D/d on PSTT performance and its effect on the U/V<SUB>jet</SUB>. Based on experimental results, the relation of D/d and U/V<SUB>jet</SUB> to PSTT performance is parabolic (expressed by polynomial quadratic); the maximum configuration of D/d of 22, and U/V<SUB>jet</SUB> between 0.42 to 0.47.

ASSEMBLY AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A WIND TURBINE IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

Wind turbine technology has been growing rapidly in the past decades for varieties of application especially for agriculture and other remote uses. For the purpose of energy research, a 300W wind turbine was assembled and its performance was evaluated.The wind turbine was installed on a fabricated and adjustable tower of maximum height of 150 m. The turbine as characterized at 11m/s, 1.25 meter wind wheel diameter was installed with an instrumentation system for appropriate measurement and control. The wind turbine was tested and found suitable for generation of electricity. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of the turbine height on the performance of the wind turbine using varying heights of 100m, 110m, 120m, 130m, 140m, and 150m. The output voltage and the current at different wind speeds were recorded by the ammeter and voltmeter respectively. The results revealed that the current and voltage increased with an increase in the turbine height. The turbine is therefore recommended for multiplication for domestic and agricultural uses.

A Numerical Study on the Influences of Non-Pneumatic Tyre Shape on the Wheel Aerodynamics

Abstract: In the present work, the aerodynamic characteristics of two different tyre shapes, Slick Tyre (ST) and Non-Pneumatic Tyre (NPT), fitted to a rotating wheel, has been investigated using a CFD approach. The ST wheel has been primarily utilized to examine the adopted numerical model's validity. The ST wheel pressure coefficient (Cp) profile at its central plane (XY) has directly compared with the robust experimental data experienced from the literature. Further assessments on the computationally obtained outcomes such as drag coefficient, separation and stagnation angular locations are performed. Both wheel cases are compared concerning their aerodynamic coefficients and the flow characteristics around the wheel. Besides, for the NPT wheel case, a shape-optimization study changes the wheel side profile's spokes angle (α) is conducted. The dynamic action of wheel rotation is modelled using the Moving Reference Frame (MRF) technique, and the RNG k- ࢿ is utilized as the adopted turbulence model for Averaged Reynolds Navier Stokes equations (RANS). All cases run at 30 m/s upstream velocity to be within the fully developed flow regime (supercritical regime). That is equivalent to 6.8 ×105 Reynolds number based on the wheel diameter as the characteristic length. In general, the overall obtained results give a satisfactory agreement to those measured experimentally. In conclusion, The NPT wheel, compared to the ST wheel, has a dramatic increase in drag force by approximately 31%, while a slightly raised lift force is obtained. The minimized spoke angle came with a beneficial drag reduction, while the applied resistive moment remained relatively high. Keywords: automotive aerodynamics; wheel aerodynamics, tyre CFD; rotating wheel dynamics; MRF wheel simulation; airless tyre aerodynamics, non-pneumatic tyre aerodynamics.

Study on the cutting mechanism of randomly deflected truncated cone shape single abrasive grain

Based on the random distribution characteristic of abrasive grains for the grinding wheel circumferential surface during the manufacturing process, considering the grinding parameters and deflection parameters comprehensively, a randomly deflected truncated cone shape single abrasive grain cutting simulation model was established. Then, studying its cutting mechanism, i.e., the trajectory length value by numerical method and formula method was compared, the consequence indicates that the error is extremely small; this demonstrates the accuracy of the numerical method. The calculation and analysis of the workpiece cutting surface topography and the undeformed chip shape were carried out; it shows that the cutting surface topography and the undeformed chip shape are coincident. And the calculation results of the model were compared to verify. The influence laws of each grinding process parameter on the material removal volume (MRV) and material removal rate (MRR) were investigated; the results display that the grinding method affects the changing pattern of MRV and MRR; when the grinding method was up-grinding, a high wheel speed or a small wheel diameter is able to enhance the MRR; the MRV and MRR are increments with the increasing workpiece feed speed or abrasive grain cutting depth; and the MRV and MRR decrease with the raising of the absolute value of single abrasive grain deflection angle. The situation is a similar or opposite trend in down grinding. This work can provide a theoretical reference for the selection and optimization of parameters and further lay a foundation for the research in the grinding mechanism of the grinding wheel.

Optimization of metro wheel reprofiling based on cluster analysis

According to the characteristics of the metro vehicles running on the same track leading to a similar wheel wear, a clustering method based on k-means is proposed. The weighted wheel flange height of Sh and qR, and wheel flange thickness of Sd are used as clustering parameters. This paper classifies the treads of the wheels to be repaired and obtains a typical worn wheel profile to reprofile the wheels. Under the premise of ensuring the operation safety of vehicles, the wheel profile optimization model is established for a typical worn wheel profile based on the minimum repair volume. The optimized profile is used as the reprofiling template for all wheels in the same classification. Finally, based on the reprofiling standard for the wheel diameter difference between the left and right wheels, the optimization reprofiling of the wheel profile is achieved. The research results show that the proposed optimization strategy base on cluster analysis can significantly reduce the material removal.

A 3D-Printed Continuously Variable Transmission for an Electric Vehicle Prototype

This paper aims to present the design of a new 3D-printed continuously variable transmission (CVT) developed for an electric vehicle prototype competing in Shell Eco-marathon electric battery category, a world-wide energy efficiency competition sponsored by Shell. The proposed system is composed of a polymeric conic geared friction wheel assembled in the motor axle and directly coupled to the rear tire of the vehicle. The conical shape allows to implement a continuous variation of the geared friction wheel diameter in contact with the tire. The motor with the geared friction wheel was mounted over a board with linear bearings, allowing the speed ratio to change by moving the board laterally. A computational simulation model of a prototype electric vehicle with the proposed 3D-printed CVT was created in Matlab/Simulink environment to obtain the traction force in the geared friction wheel and also to analyze the vehicle performance. The simulation results demonstrated possibilities of increasing vehicle speed range output and available torque in the rear traction wheel. Also, it is shown with the simulated model that the designed CVT consumes 10.46% less energy than a fixed transmission ratio, demonstrating the CVT concept’s potential for battery consumption reduction. Lastly, a 3D-printing slicing software with an optimization algorithm plug-in was used to determine the best printing parameters for the conic geared friction wheel based on the tangential force, maximum displacement and safety factor. When compared to the original part with a 100% infill density, the optimized solution reduced the component mass by about 12% while maintaining safe mechanical resistance and stiffness.

Integral Design of a Turbocharger for Internal Engine Energy Saving: Centrifugal Compressor Design

Abstract Energy savings and emission reductions are essential for internal engines. Turbocharger is critical for engine system performance and emission. In this study, the engine simulation program was used to systematically optimize the engine turbocharger system performance. The velocity ratio concept was used in the engine simulation program to consider the performance impacts of the wheel diameter ratio between compressor and turbine. An integral consideration for both compressor and turbine was proposed to design the new turbocharger. An optimization process was used to design the compressor. The performance and mechanical integrity assessments for final designs by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element analysis (FEA) solvers were reported in this paper. The optimized compressor wheel has some distiguished features comparing with conventional designs. In this design, the splitter is not located at the middle between the two main blades; the compressor wheel exit diameter at shroud is larger than exit diamerer at the hub. The new compressor was tested on both gas stand and engine. The numerical results are fairly agreed with gas stand tests. The tests showed about 1.2% of the engine BSFC reduction without sacrificing the emission and cost. This study demonstrated that a systematic method in simulation and a compressor design optimization process could optimize the engine system and improve the engine performance.

Parallel axis precision grinding of micro-tooth internal thread with the coarse-grains CBN wheels

As an important part of precision transmission system, internal threads with high precision, high hardness and small pitch are widely used in the fields of aerospace, numerical control machine tools, medical equipment and construction machinery. Aiming at micro-tooth internal thread, the research on parallel axis precision grinding of micro-tooth internal thread with the coarse-grains CBN wheels is carried out. Firstly, the grinding wheel section is designed based on the principle of parallel axis grinding of micro-tooth thread, and the theoretical error is systematically analyzed. Secondly, the maximum undeformed chip thickness of parallel axis thread grinding based on coarse-grains is established. Finally, the precision grinding experiment of internal thread is carried out. The optimal parameters can be obtained: the grinding wheel diameter is 17.08 mm, the grinding wheel angle is 90.13°, the lead is 3 mm, the pitch diameter is 21.06 mm. In this case, the maximum axial error is about 0.1 μm, the tooth profile angle error is 0.01° and the rounded radius error is about 3.5 μm. Considering the machining effect and efficiency, the truing depth is 150 μm, the feed rate is 0.2 mm/s, the grinding speed is 17,000 r/min and the grinding depth is 5 μm.

Model construction of soybean average diameter and hole parameters of seed-metering wheel based on DEM

To satisfy the demands of soybean precision sowing, this article starts with statistics of the physical parameters of soybean seeds in Heilongjiang province, China. The filling process of soybean seeds was analyzed, and the ratio relationship between the diameter, depth, chamfer length of seed-metering wheel’s holes and the mean diameter of soybean seeds was determined. EDEM was used to simulate seeding circumstances of hole seed-metering wheel with different holes’ sizes. The hole diameter ratio, hole depth ratio, and chamfer length ratio were the test factors, while the percentage of single multiple and the empty seeds were test indexes. The triple quadratic regression orthogonal rotation combination test was designed, and the mathematical model between test indexes and test factors was established. Results showed that the influence of hole diameter ratio and hole depth ratio was significant (p 0.05). The chamfer length ratio was 0.15, the hole diameter ratio was 1.63-1.73, the hole depth ratio was 0.81-1.20, the quality of seeding index was more than 90, and multiple and missing indexes were less than 6% and 4%, respectively. The soybean hole wheel seeding device was produced under the optimal parameter combination, to perform a comparative verification test with non-optimized parameters. The test showed anastomotic simulation results, verified the validity of the simulation. The seeding device after optimization expressed the best operating performance, which might satisfy the demands of soybean precision sowing. The study results can provide a theoretical reference for the optimization design of soybean seeding devices. Keywords: agricultural machinery, soybean, seed-metering device, hole seed-metering wheel, EDEM simulation, optimization DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20221501.5914 Citation: Dun G Q, Mao N, Gao Z Y, Wu X P, Liu W H, Zhou C. Model construction of soybean average diameter and hole parameters of seed-metering wheel based on DEM. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2022; 15(1): 101–110.

Dynamic displacement response analysis of bridge in the impact vibration of slight and frequent vehicle bump

To study the impact of vehicle moving on bridge, the bump occurring under the determined limit conditions of vehicle from no bump to the beginning of bump was named as slight and frequent vehicle bump. With a 1/4 simplified vehicle model and the Euler-Bernoulli bridge model, the required minimum impact height for the bump and the effect of bump impact on the vertical dynamic mid-span displacement response of bridge were figured out in different vehicle speed, axle load and wheel diameter. The simulation analysis by ANSYS software, with HSFLD242 unit simulating air inside the tire and MASS21 simulating the car weight held by tires, verified the results of the minimum impact height. The effect of bump impact on the vertical dynamic mid-span displacement response of bridge was also verified by observation using the TCQN-6A bridge deflection detector on the mid-span dynamic deflection of a 25-metre simply supported beam bridge.

A robotic wheel locally transforming its diameters and the reinforcement learning for robust locomotion

The implementation of the neural network has been paid attention in the autonomous operation of robots. In particular, it is efficient for a robot itself to learn the locomoting method to get over different obstacles on rough terrains. We are developing a robotic wheel that can locomote stably even on rough terrain, and introduce the reinforcement learning for the ability to robustly get over an obstacle. Our robot is able to locomote by utilising the extension and returning of the diameters by moving its centre of gravity. We study its mobility through four experiments, which are the testing of the locomotion on flat ground, the climbing over a step, controlling the robotic wheel by IMU, and the braking performance. After the learning, we verify the performance of getting over a step of 10 cm and 20 cm, which are equivalent to 25% and 50% of the wheel diameter, respectively.

Offline and Online Measurement of the Geometries of Train Wheelsets: A Review

Train wheelset is one of the most important and costly-on-maintenance components in the rolling stock. Timely assessment of the wheelset wear can prevent the wheelset wear induced derailment, as well as enable the scheduling of optimal maintenance strategy, like when to perform reprofiling or when to replace, to maximize availability, minimize downtime, and minimize maintenance costs. The geometric parameters of wheelset that need to be constantly measured include wheel diameter and wheel profile. Various measurement methods, from the classical handheld gauges to machine vision-based sophisticated online noncontact vision systems, have emerged for the timely measurement of the geometrics of train wheelsets. Despite the significant development on train wheelset geometrics measurement methods in the past decades, a systematic review is not available yet. In this paper, we systematically review reported gauges and systems for measuring the geometrics of train wheelsets. Forty-six research articles and 13 granted patents published from 1990 to 2022 were reviewed. We provide a categorization of the measurement methods, and then detailly reported the gauges and systems based on offline and online categorization. At the end, the limitations of the state-of-the-art and the research prospects are given.

Detection of Wheel Diameter Difference of Railway Wagon by ACMD-FBD and Optimized MKELM

As a common defect of heavy-haul railway wagons, the wheel diameter difference (WDD) will deteriorate wheel/rail dynamic interaction, which severely threatens the running stability and safety of the wagons. Accordingly, it is of great importance to detect the WDD forms of wagons and take appropriate measures in time. In this paper, a novel method for WDD form detection of the running wagons by analyzing axle box acceleration signals is proposed. To solve the difficulty of weak feature extraction for the vibration signals, a novel feature extraction method combining adaptive chirp mode decomposition (ACMD) with fractal box dimension (FBD) is proposed. Firstly, a 3D feature space is constructed by the FBDs, which is calculated from the extracted chirp modes by ACMD. Then, a multiple kernel extreme learning machine optimized by genetic mutation particle swarm optimization is developed for the classification of the feature vectors. Both simulation and field test results indicate that the proposed detection method is powerful for accurate identification of the wheelsets with standard diameter, in-phase WDD, and anti-phase WDD, and the algorithm efficiency shows practicability in onboard monitoring.

DESIGN AND EXPERIMENT OF THE SEED DELIVERY DEVICE WITH A ROTATING BRUSH WHEEL FOR PRECISION SEEDER

In high speed seeding operation, the random collisions of seeds in the seed delivery tube seriously affect the seeding accuracy. In order to improve seeding uniformity and stability in high speed operation, the seed delivery device with a rotating brush wheel was designed, including U-shaped groove seed tube and flexible brush wheel. The optimization experiment was carried out by quadratic-regression rotatable orthogonal design method in JPS-12 seeding performance test bench. The three main factors were the rotate speed of seed metering device, the brush wheel diameter and the brush wheel speed. The evaluation indexes were the qualified rate of seeding spacing, miss seeding rate and coefficient of variation of seeding spacing. The results showed that the optimal parameters were rotate speed of seed metering device of 30 r/min, brush wheel diameter of 66 mm and brush wheel speed of 850 r/min. Finally, the verification experiment was carried out. The test results showed that the working performance of seed delivery device with a rotating brush wheel was obviously better than that of common seed delivery tube, especially at the forward speed of 15 km/h and above. The research provides a reference for the innovative design for a high speed precision seeder.