Wheat Sown Research Articles

Previous Crop Impacts Winter Wheat Sowing Dates, Available Water at Sowing, and Grain Yield

Previous Crop Impacts Winter Wheat Sowing Dates, Available Water at Sowing, and Grain Yield

THE INFLUENCE OF THE PREDECESSOR AND SOWING DATES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEED INFECTION OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

THE INFLUENCE OF THE PREDECESSOR AND SOWING DATES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEED INFECTION OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

Зерновой подкомплекс Пермского края: тенденции, проблемы, перспективы

The production of grain products is a strategic direction of agricultural production and a determining factor in ensuring the food security of Russia as a whole and its individual regions. Trends in the production of grain products in the Perm Region can have a significant impact on the formation of food resources and the level of food security in the region. Evaluation of the dynamics of factors of grain production (yield, acreage, intensification) has revealed positive and negative trends. A significant decrease in yields, a decrease in acreage and a decrease in area of mineral fertilizers application have led to a reduction in gross grain production in 2021 by 27%. At the same time, wheat sowing areas have expanded, and a high level of organic fertilizers has been maintained. With a high share of grain processing (76% in 2021), domestic consumption of grain products is provided by own production by only 39%. This determines the high degree of dependence of the region on external sources of grain resources formation and reduces the indicators of food security of the Perm Region. The increase in the technological capacity of the enterprises of the grain complex of the region, their provision with mineral fertilizers and varietal seeds with sufficient state support will increase the yield of grain crops, grain quality, which will serve as a factor in the growth of grain production and processing in the region and, as a consequence, the growth of food security of the Perm Region.

Effects of the timing of epibrassinolide spraying on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wide-belt sowing wheat.

In this study, we investigated the effects of epibrassinolide spraying at different growth stages on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and uptake efficiency (UPE) of wide-belt sowing wheat. The results showed that epibrassinolide spraying enhanced wheat grain yield by increasing the number of kernels per spike and (or) 1000-kernel weight, and improved NUE by promoting aboveground nitrogen accumulation and improving UPE. However, the magnitudes of such enhancements in yield and NUE differed among spraying times. Spraying epibrassinolide at the erecting and filling stages, jointing and filling stages, erecting, jointing, and filling stages, as well as erecting, flowering, and filling stages, produced the greatest increase in the number of kernels per spike and 1000-kernel weight, which led to substantial yield increases (12.8%-14.0%), and the greatest increase in aboveground nitrogen accumulation, which improved UPE by 16.4%-18.8%, and resulted in a significant improvement in NUE. Therefore, spraying epibrassinolide at the erecting and filling stage or jointing and filling stages could achieve high yield and NUE in wide-belt sowing wheat.

Effect of Date of Sowing on Yield Attribute, Yield and Profitability of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties in Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh, India

To investigate the Effect of Date of Sowing and Wheat varieties on Yield Attributes, Yield and the profitability of wheat. A field experiment was conducted at the Students’ Instructional Farm of Agronomy, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Utter Pradesh (UP) during Rabi 2021-22 growing seasons. A split plot design with four replications was used in this study. The experimental treatments were date of sowing as main factor (D1-15th November, D2-30th November, D3-10th December) and wheat varieties as sub-factor (V1-DBW-187, V2-K-1006, V3-HD-2967). The result of this study showed the interaction effect of Date of Sowing and Varieties of wheat were non-significant. In the different date of sowing, the 15th November sown crop resulted in significantly higher spike length (10.67 cm), spike weight (3.147g), number of grains spike-1 (53.55), 1000- grain weight (42.06 g), grain yield (52.81 q ha-1), gross income (INR ha-1 118837.667), net income (INR ha-1 49087.66) as well as B:C ratio (1.7), of wheat as compared to 30th November, 10th December.. Among wheat varieties, HD-2967 resulted the highest values of Yield Attributes viz. spike length (10.44 cm), number of grains spike-1 (52.41), 1000- grain weight (40.85 g), Yield viz. grain yield (51.38 q ha-1) and Profitability viz. gross income (INR ha-1 115612.66), net income (INR ha-1 45862.66) as well as B:C ratio (1.65). The greatest grain yield was obtained with HD-2967 variety sowed on 15th November. Thus, it is possible to maximize the Yield attributes, Yield and the Profitability of wheat by sowing HD-2967 variety on 15th November.

Determinants of Higher Wheat Productivity in Irrigated Pakistan

While agriculture plays a vital role in overall performance of the economy of Pakistan, its crop sub-sector contributes the major portion to total value added in the sector. Wheat constitutes the most important crop that contributed 12.1 percent towards value added in agriculture and accounted for 37.18 percent of the total cropped area in the country during 1999-2000 [Pakistan (2001)]. The performance of wheat crop affects the overall growth rate, import bill, and nutritional standard of our people especially, the urban poor. It occupies a pivotal position for attaining national food-security goals. Wheat management in complex farming systems is influenced by time conflicts in the harvesting of preceding crops and the sowing of wheat, and interactions due to residual effects on succeeding crops [Byerlee, et al. (1986]. Conventionally, less dynamism is found in wheat management practices, especially when it is grown after cash crops like cotton, rice and sugarcane. The rabi 1999-2000 was an exceptional season for wheat as rice, cotton, and sugarcane crops succumbed to market forces which ultimately resulted into heavy economic losses to the farming community. Timely announcement of a quantum increase in the support price of wheat is assumed to induce the farmers to deviate from usual wheat management practices for better production. The payback to the presumed transition in conventional wheat production practices was unprecedented.

Features of root rot development in the spring wheat agrophytocenosis under various agricultural technologies in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia

Crop infection is a stress factor for plants. The development and spread of fungal phytopathogens (Fusarium, Bipolaris, Alternaria, etc.) of the root system leads to a significant decrease in both quantitative, and qualitative parameters of grain crop productivity. The current paper has presented the data (2011–2018) on the study of subsoil parts of spring wheat plants when they are damaged by root rots of various etiologies, depending on the forecrops, agricultural technology and plant protection products. In the conditions of the Omsk region, the introduction of rapeseed into field crop rotations is justified. The grain crop has a positive effect on improving the phytosanitary condition of the soil and crops. There has been established that the greatest spread of infection on the root system of plants is identified on wheat sown in fallow (35–46 %), the minimum spread after rapeseed (7–16 %). Seeds of bluegrass weeds during protective tillage are concentrated in an uppermost (0–10 cm) soil layer. The increased weed infestation of agrophytocenosis reduces the competitiveness of cultivated plants and, as a result, the population of B. sorokiniana conidia in soil increases, creating unfavorable conditions for spring wheat development, especially during the initial period of growth. The highest crop productivity, regardless of a forecrop, mean for intensification options, was provided by moldboard tillage with 3.02 t/ha (wheat sown in fallow); 2.60 t/ha (wheat sown after wheat) and 2.15 t/ha (wheat sown\ after rapeseed). With a protective tillage, there was grain productivity decrease on 0.20 t/ha (wheat sown in fallow); 0.22 t/ha (wheat sown after wheat) and 0.12 t/ha (wheat sown after rapeseed) t/ha, respectively, in comparison with a moldboard technology. When fertilizing and herbicidal-fungicidal treatment of sowings during a vegetation period of plants, there is a slight difference between agricultural technologies. The complex use of chemicals reduces the infection of agrophytocenosis on 7–11 % and increases spring wheat productivity upto 4.14 t/ha (on 98 %) relative to extensive agricultural technology.

Influence of Sowing Date of Winter Cereals on the Efficacy of Cinmethylin on Alopecurus myosuroides (Huds.)

Cinmethylin, a pre-emergent applied active ingredient, inhibits the fatty acid thioesterase and offers a new option in the chemical control of Alopecurus myosuroides, one of the most problematic weeds in arable farming in Europe. It was assumed that with the delayed sowing of winter wheat and winter barley due to more humid and cooler conditions, the efficacy of cinmethylin against A. myosuroides increases. Four field trials were conducted in Southwestern Germany from 2019 to 2022. From mid-September until early November, winter wheat and winter barley were sown in at four dates each year, with intervals of fourteen days. After each sowing, 500 and 250 g cinmethylin ha−1 were applied subsequently to winter wheat and winter barley, respectively. Flufenacet (240 g ha−1) served as a comparison in both crops. A herbicide efficacy of over 90% was achieved for winter wheat sown in mid-October, while it was only 70% for winter wheat sown in mid-September. Similar results were observed for winter barley. On average, cinmethylin achieved a significantly higher efficacy in winter wheat than flufenacet. The presented approach with cinmethylin and delayed sowing date provides a basis for the comprehensive control of A. myosuroides. However, further measures of integrated weed management (crop rotation, situational ploughing, and stale seedbed) need to be applied for 100% control.

Global coordination of wheat sowing: A possible policy against climate variability

AbstractThrough an analysis of the sowing and harvesting times across all the regions of a tailored‐for‐wheat world geographic partition, we assess the temporal possibility of modifying the acreage of wheat crops in some regions in an attempt to offset the change in production caused by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the others. Using a computational model able to handle the complexity of the global system of wheat markets, we found that the adoption of a policy of cooperation can smooth out the effects that ENSO would have on international markets. In particular, the optimal policy we found would bring back prices toward those observed in the neutral phase by reducing them up to about 11% with El Niño, and, on average, about 1% with La Niña. Such an optimal policy would be favorable, especially to the in‐need part of the world population. Furthermore, we found that Central Asia is potentially the strategic area for policy implementation.

Influence of Thermal Regimes and Irrigation Schedules on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties

A field experiment was conducted at Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India during the rabi season of 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, to study the Influence of thermal regimes and irrigation schedules on growth, yield attributes and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three thermal regimes (3rd December, 18th December and 2nd January), four irrigation schedules (IW: CPE=1.0, IW: CPE= 0.9, IW: CPE= 0.8 and IW: CPE=0.7) and two varieties (Lok 1 and MP 3336) with three replications. Sowing time with proper application of irrigation and varieties significantly influenced yield attributes and ultimately yield of the wheat. Higher grain yield (4,735 kg ha-1) was observed under crop sown on 3rd December thermal regimes with IW: CPE=1.0, irrigation schedule and variety MP 3336 over rest of the treatments. It may be due to the maximum number of effective tillers (484.2 m-2), length of earhead (8.70 cm), no. of grains earhead-1 (45.5) and harvest index (41.91%) as compare to other treatment combinations. Significant lowest grain yield was noted under 2nd January thermal regimes with IW: CPE= 0.7, irrigation schedule and variety Lok 1. Wheat sown under 3rd December thermal regime with irrigation schedule (IW: CPE= 1.0) and variety MP 3336 produced significantly more yield attributes and yield.

Development and evaluation of notched concave disc seed drill for direct seeding of wheat in paddy stubble field

Combine harvester leaves behind a swath of loose paddy residues, which interfere with wheat sowing operations in conventional seed drills. To avoid this problem, farmers resort to the burning of paddy residue, which not only leads to the loss of massive biomass but also causes environmental pollution. To enable the sowing of wheat in paddy stubble fields, various kinds of furrow openers were introduced by many researchers. Due to high maintenance and low performance of these furrow openers are not adopted up to the desired level. The main objective of this study is to develop a furrow opener and seed drill that overcomes the problem of existing furrow openers like the uniform seeding operation, least soil disturbance, and better straw handling capacity. The developed seed drill and double disc seed drill (control) were evaluated in a combine harvested field at three levels of forward speed (1.5, 2.1, and 2.8 kmh −1 ) and height of cut (38, 45, and 52 cm) of straw. The results were evaluated in terms of plant emergence, tillers per meter area, effective tillers per meter area, plant height, pinnacle length, number of grains per ear head, weight of grain per ear head, and wheat yield. The fuel consumption was 12% less than the double-disc seed drill. Whereas, the average yield (4.6 t ha −1 ) was also higher in notched concave disc seed drill. The Notched concave seed drill offers the means of drilling wheat into paddy stubble without burning, eliminating air pollution and loss of nutrients and organic carbon due to burning, at the same time as maintaining or increasing yield. • Direct seeding avoids paddy straw burning, which is a climate-friendly practice. • Notched concave disc are self-engaging type which helps to get desired penetration. • The operating cost of developed seed drill is 1495.07 R/ha. • Fuel consumption of developed seed drill is 12% less than double disc seed drill. • It reduces crop production cost and improves soil productivity in p-w system.

Effect of seed priming and plant geometry on productivity and profitability of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in modified system of wheat intensification under subtropical conditions of Jammu

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2018–19 and 2019–20 at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, to evaluate the effect of seed priming and plant geometry on productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in modified system of wheat intensification under subtropical conditions of Jammu. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 3 replications. The treatments comprised different combinations of primed and un-primed wheat seed sown at 4 different plant geometries (20 cm × 5 cm, 20 × 10 cm, 20 cm × 15 cm and 20 × 20 cm) along with conventional sown wheat. The results indicated that, primed seed sown at plant geometry of 20 cm × 5 cm exhibited significantly higher number of tillers/m2 (346.9), dry-matter accumulation (167.4 g), ears/m2 (359.3), grain yield (5.25t/ha) and straw yield (6.49t/ha) which was at par with the primed wheat seed sown at plant geometry of 20 cm × 10 cm and conventional sowing of primed seed. However, with respect to mean grain and straw yields, the primed seed sown at plant geometry of 20 cm × 5 cm registered 23.87 and 20.43% increment in grain and straw yield over conventional sowing of wheat. Further, the conventional sowing of primed seed recorded the highest net returns (`85,874/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (3.28).

Productivity, Profitability and Monetary Net Return Use Efficiency of Need based Soybean (Glycine max) Cropping Systems under Vertisols in Malwa Plateau of India

Background: Long term regular practice of soybean-chickpea and soybean-wheat system in the growing region is posing severe problems before the growers such as low productivity, profitability and monetary net return use efficiency due to delayed sowing of wheat and low market value of produce as well as poor economic viability of this cropping system. Methods: A field trial was laid out during monsoon (rainy), winter and late winter seasons of the year 2015-16 and 2016-17 to evaluate the productivity, cost benefit and sustainability of soybean based crop sequences under Vertisols for Malwa Plateau at the experimental field of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dhar, Madhya Pradesh in Central India. In 16 cropping sequences, soybean was sequenced with feasible winter crops viz. wheat, chickpea, garlic, onion, potato and garden pea with inclusion of garlic, onion in late winter and assessed in randomized block design with four replications. Results: Soybean (JS 93-05) - potato (Kufri jyoti) - onion (AFLR) cropping sequence registered the highest soybean equivalent yield (17731 kg/ha) with maximum gross returns (₹ 4,83,207/ha), net returns (₹ 3,62,170/ha), benefit: cost ratio (4.0) and monetary return use efficiency (per day return) (1156.01). Next highest soybean equivalent yield (10443 kg/ha) with maximum gross returns ₹ 2,83,337/ha, net returns ₹ 2,07,562/ha, benefit: cost ratio 3.74 and monetary return use efficiency (879.81) was recorded in soybean (JS 93-05) - onion (AFLR) cropping sequence than existing cropping sequences (soybean-wheat and soybean-chick pea).

Advancing Sowing Time and Conservation Tillage - The Climate-Resilient Approach to Enhance the Productivity and Profitability of Wheat.

Field experiments consisting of two sowing time (early and timely), two tillage options (conventional tillage and conservation tillage) and ten genotypes were conducted with the aim to maximize the wheat productivity and profitability. The early sowing (second fortnight of October) produced 16.0% higher grain yield compared to timely sowing (mid-November) in northern Indian Plains. However, no significant yield differences were observed between conventional tillage (CT) and conservation tillage (CST) practices. Among genotypes, the better yielders were PBW 723, BISA 927 and HD 2967. The interaction of sowing time and genotype had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on wheat yield. However, the interaction of genotype and tillage did not produce any significant response on wheat yield. The experiments conducted at farmer's fields also demonstrated similar performance of wheat under CT and CST systems but CST offered the savings of more than Rs. 3500 (US $ 47) along with 125kg ha- 1 lesser CO2 emissions over CT due to reduction in fuel consumption associated with tillage and seed bed operations. At farmers field also, early sown wheat yielded 5.5% higher over wheat sown in November. The results of present studies show that early sowing of high yielding wheat genotypes under CST practice enhanced the productivity and profitability of wheat under rice-wheat cropping system along with lesser noxious impact on the environment. Amidst climate vagary and its menace on the agriculture, the adoption of climate-resilient management practices such as advancing the sowing time and conservation tillage can improve the productivity of long duration wheat cultivars in sub-tropical humid conditions besides lesser deleterious consequences on the environment.

APPLICATION OF EXTRASOL ON SOFT WHEAT IN THE CONDITIONS OF KOSTANAI REGION

Studies have been carried out to determine the increase in the resistance of soft wheat variety Omskaya-36 to diseases from the use of the microbiological preparation Extrasol: 2020 - Kostanay district, I-II natural-climatic zone; southern chernozem, heavy loamy, soil solution reaction pH - 8.3, humus content 3.3%; 2022 - Karabalyk district, I-II natural and climatic zone; ordinary chernozem soil solution pH - 7.2, humus content 3.5%. To determine the effectiveness of the microbiological preparation Extrasol on the restraint of the spread and development of diseases, field plots were selected with annual sowing of spring wheat (monoculture).It was determined that the use of the microbiological preparation Extrasol reduced the suppression of the most common diseases in the conditions of the Kostanay region on spring wheat, and timely treatment made it possible to block the development of pathogenic diseases, which ensured the further development of plants.

Effect of sowing environments and N-levels on wheat varieties under irrigated region of Jammu

A field experiments were conducted during rabi 2015-16 and 2016-17 at SKUAST-Jammu, J&amp;K UT to find out the effect of sowing environments and nitrogen levels on performance of varieties of wheat. Three varieties HD 2967, RSP 561 and WH 1105 with three sowing environments 25th October (early), 14th November and 4th December and three levels of nitrogen, viz. 100, 125 and 150 kg/ha replicated thrice in split split plot design. Among the varieties, WH 1105 recorded significantly higher yield than HD 2967 and RSP 561. Early sowing (25th October) of wheat produced statistically higher grain, straw and biological yield values than normal (14th November) and late sowing (4th December) environments along with higher yield attributes. The higher nitrogen dose 25 kg (125 kg/ha), than recommended dose (100 kg/ha) exhibited higher yield attributing parameters and yield of wheat crop. Early sowing and WH 1105 also recorded higher net returns and B:C ratio.

Development of wheat leaf blotches depending on soil tillage system

Conservative soil tillage is considered as the main tool to preserve soil fertility, to reduce gas emissions, and to save financial and labour resources. However, majority of researchers have found that different systems of reduced soil tillage increase the occurrence of slugs, weeds and diseases, including wheat diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of reduced soil tillage on the severity of winter wheat leaf blotches. The influence of different soil tillage systems and crop rotation on the severity of winter wheat disease was evaluated in a two-factorial experiment: A – soil tillage system (A1 – traditional soil tillage with ploughing at the depth of 22–24 cm); A2 – reduced soil tillage with disc harrowing up to the depth of 10 cm); and B – different crop rotations (B1 – continuous winter wheat; B2 – winter wheat and oilseed rape were grown; B3 – crop rotation). The severity of diseases was determined approximately every 10 days during the whole vegetation season, the total disease impact was estimated by calculating the area under the disease progress curve. Tan spot, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Septoria tritici blotch, caused by Zymoseptoria tritici dominated in trials during the entire research period. Soil tillage is the most important factor promoting the development of tan spot, continuous wheat sowings also increased the severity of tan spot. The development of Septoria tritici blotch did not depend on the agronomic practice applied.

Human Activity Played a Key Role in Rice Stripe Disease Epidemics: From an Empirical Evaluation of over a 10-Year Period

Paddy is an artificial ecosystem driven by human activities, such as adjustment of cropping systems, deployment of resistant varieties and pesticides use. Inappropriate human intervention aggravated the disruption of ecosystems, which resulted in rice viral disease epidemics characterized by fulminant, migrating and intermittent outbreaks. Rice stripe disease (RSD), lasting for over 10 years from 2000, was modeled for exploring better management strategies of plant viral disease transmitted by insect vectors. In eight counties of Jiangsu province, China, the biotic, abiotic and human factors between 2000 and 2012 were monitored to determine key factors of human activities related to RSD epidemics. RSD severity was significantly related to resistance, the interval of wheat harvest and rice sowing (WHRS) and inconsecutive interval of wheat sowing and rice harvest (WSRH). The relationship between human activities and the small brown planthopper (SBPH) showed that the resistance was more significantly associated with SBPH viruliferous rate in the preceding year than that of the current year but not correlated with SBPH density. Resistance could impact the SBPH viruliferous rate in the preceding year indirectly through transmission probability and, thereafter, the continuing disease epidemics. The insignificant interactive effects among resistance, WHRS and WSRH on disease severity meant that these three factors could be taken into consideration separately in agricultural practice according to rice chronological order. The quantitative field study conducted in Jiangsu province presented a good example of plant viral disease management, guided by which could not only avoid pointless actions but, most importantly, generate more efficient and economic returns. Therefore, in order to improve the management of RSD, it should focus on the adjustment of these human factors independently and sequentially in combination with the forecast of RSD.

Analysis and Evaluation of Influencing Factors on Uniform Sowing of Wheat with Wide Seed Belt after Sowing and Soil Throwing Device

The uneven sowing of wheat on ground covered with rice straw in the rice–wheat rotation area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River has become a serious problem. Therefore, a test bed for throwing soil after sowing with a wide wheat seed belt was designed, which could complete the functions of straw crushing, straw lateral concentration and uniform sowing at one time. The discrete element simulation model of throwing soil after sowing with a wide wheat seed belt was established with rotary blade shaft speed, soil guide plate angle and soil retaining plate angle as variables. Taking the variation coefficient of wheat sowing depth and variation coefficient of sowing lateral uniformity as evaluation indexes, the effects of three variables on sowing uniformity were analyzed by single factor test and Box–Behnken test. The results of single factor test observed that when the rotating speed of rotary blade shaft was 260–300 rpm, the angle of soil guide plate was 36°–48°, the angle of soil retaining plate was 58°–74° and the experiment of utilizing a soil throwing and covering device with a wide seed belt after sowing revealed a good consistency of sowing depth and lateral uniformity effect. The Box–Behnken simulation experiment showed that the primary and secondary factors affecting the variation coefficient of wheat sowing lateral uniformity were the angle of soil guide plate, the rotation speed of rotary blade shaft, the angle of soil retaining plate and the angle of soil guide plate. When the rotation speed of rotary blade shaft, the angle of soil guide plate and the angle of soil retaining plate were 282.1 rpm, 42.4° and 65.5°, respectively, the soil throwing and covering device after sowing has the best seed-homogenizing effect. At this time, the variation coefficients of sowing depth and lateral uniformity in simulation test and field verification test were 4.35% and 4.57%, respectively, and 12.46% and 12.73%, respectively. The results of field verification test were basically consistent with those of the simulation test, which proved that the results of applying discrete element methods to optimize the soil-throwing device after sowing with a wide seed belt were credible. This study could provide a theoretical reference for the structure optimization of a soil-throwing device after sowing with a wide seed belt.

Management of Rodent Pests in Wheat Sown under Different Tillage Systems

Investigation to manage rodent pests in wheat crop sown with different tillage methods was conducted. The results revealed maximum efficacy in the form of control success (%) on plain bait consumption and burrow count basis with conventional (92.30) followed by zero tillage (84.74) and maize residue tillage (74.38). In these, rodenticide treatments with double burrow baiting was followed by single paper baiting. Lesser % cut tillers (0.39-0.53) and damage 9.56-15.71 kg/ 0.4 ha were observed in these. Burrow count in maize residue and zero tillage was 2.15 and 1.60x more than conventional tillage. Thus, rodenticide treatments with double burrow baiting at vegetative stage in December (bromadialone followed by zinc phosphide at 15 days interval) along with paper baiting (bromadialone) at reproductive stage (end February to 1st week of March) can be recommended against rodents in wheat crop to get higher economic returns (Rs.452.36-556.81/ 0.4 ha).