WHAT DO WE Research Articles

Clinical teaching fellows: best of both worlds?

Clinical teaching fellow (CTF) posts have been established for a number of years, and offer structured opportunities for junior doctors on a specialty training programme, with an interest in medical education, to gain valuable experience in this area. I would like to argue that these posts allow the best of both worlds: medical education and clinical medicine. The number of posts is rising dramatically as medical schools realise the value of having motivated trainees delivering and developing the undergraduate curriculum, as well as providing trainees with invaluable educationrelated skills for use in their future careers. 1 The posts involve taking time out of clinical training as outofprogramme experience (OOPE), which requires authorisation from the postgraduate deanery, to develop an interest in medical education. Institutional and geographical factors dictate how these posts are funded. WHAT DO WE DO?

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT CORPORATE TAX COMPETITION?

We review the empirical literature on competition in source-based taxes on corporate income. Drawing an analogy to the competition models for the goods market indicates how evidence for the existence of tax competition can be provided, and highlights that tax competition can take many forms. With this in mind we classify the empirical literature, and highlight the importance of the measurement of tax rates and openness. Using measures based on the statutory tax system, there is evidence for tax competition mostly in the European Union. In contrast to the view of Gordon (1992) small countries appear to be the leader of the tax competition game.

Reading, in a Digital Archive of One's Own

WHAT ARE WE REALLY TALKING ABOUT WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THE STATE OF READING? AND WHAT DO WE HOPE TO LEARN FROM THE Answers to that question? Confirmation of deeply held prejudices, or a better understanding of what reading means in digital cultures? We need to pose those questions right up front because the debate about the state of reading has been precipitated by the increasing ubiquity of the e-book, even though reading culture has been undergoing massive infrastructural changes for over a decade in the United States. The public discourse on the state of reading and on whether it has a viable future has focused on the future of the book and of literary reading now that e-books have apparently changed everything. The state of reading, as such, is not at stake because it doesn't seem likely that firemen from Ray Bradbury'sFahrenheit 451will be swinging by your place anytime soon to torch your books and replace them with a well-appointed wall screen, eliminating reading forever in favor of mindless viewing. People will keep reading, if only to take in the endless text that comes at them on their various screens, from the ones on the wall to the ones they carry around with them everywhere on their portable devices. Try looking at those screens without reading. No, it's clear from the assumptions that underpin the end-is-near pronouncements about the e-book that there's reading and then there'sreadingand that when people talk about the future of reading, they're worried about whether readers worthy of the name will continue reading literary fiction in the twenty-first century. But that isn't a very interesting question because it imagines the act of reading in such an ahistorical manner, curled up in a well-upholstered time warp, far from the unruliness of contemporary reading cultures.

FLAVANOLS: WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THEIR MECHANISMS OF ACTION?

FLAVANOLS: WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THEIR MECHANISMS OF ACTION?

HYPOXIA AND HEARING – WHAT DO WE REALLY KNOW?

HYPOXIA AND HEARING – WHAT DO WE REALLY KNOW?

SP-0095 HYPOFRACTIONATION AND PBRT: WHAT DO WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT?

SP-0095 HYPOFRACTIONATION AND PBRT: WHAT DO WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT?

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY TALKING ABOUT “VALUE(S)”? A REPLY TO SAARNI ET AL.

In their article “Different methods for ethical analysis in health technology assessment: An empirical study” published inInternational Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, Volume 27 Number 4, Samuli I. Saarni, Annette Braunack-Mayer, Bjørn Hofmann, and Gert Jan van der Wilt present an empirical study about different methods for ethical analysis in health technology assessment (HTA). They claim that ethical analysis is an important issue which can highlight values inherent in a technology and value-decisions underlying a HTA process (4). Although their study is rich in detail; gives an interesting overview of casuistry, principlism, and axiological ethic frameworks; and make ethical evaluations within HTA more transparent, we suppose, one important point needs further serious discussion: the clarification of what is meant by “value.”

TRADE DIVERSIFICATION, INCOME, AND GROWTH: WHAT DO WE KNOW?

AbstractThis paper surveys the empirical literature on export and import diversification and its linkages with growth. We review widely used measures of diversification and the evidence about their evolution focusing on how export diversification relates to trade liberalization and economic development. We also discuss the linkages between trade diversification and productivity at the firm and industry level, highlighting new advances on the linkages between import diversification and productivity.

Research News: Pediatric Patients With Sickle Cell Disease

WHAT DO WE know about perioperative and perianesthetic implications for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD)? Particularly, how is SCD addressed in the pediatric population undergoing surgery? In the most recent edition of PeriAnesthesia Nursing: A Critical Care Approach, the authors included considerations of patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA). 1 Drain C.B. Odom-Forren J. PeriAnesthesia Nursing: A critical Care Approach. 5th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA2008 Google Scholar Mary W. Stewart, PhD, RN, Professor, Special Assistant to the Dean, and Director of PhD Program at the University of Mississippi Medical Center School of Nursing, Jackson, MS

Commentaries on Viewpoint: Control arms in exercise training studies: transitioning from an era of intervention efficacy to one of comparative clinical effectiveness research

# PHYSICAL ACTIVITY—WHAT DO WE REALLY KNOW? {#article-title-2} to the editor: It was with great interest that I read the Journal of Applied Physiology Viewpoint on control arms in exercise training studies: transitioning from an era of intervention efficacy to one of comparative clinical

MELOXICAM: WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT CARDIOVASCULAR SAFETY?

Изложены современные данные о риске осложнений кардиоваскулярных заболеваний у больных с ревматическими заболеваниями при приеме мелоксикама - одного из наиболее широко используемых нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов.

Supply and Distribution of Primary Healthcare Registered Nurses in British Columbia

WHAT DID WE DO?: This study uses an existing data source to (a) describe the population and geographic distribution of registered nurses (RNs) working in primary healthcare (PHC) in British Columbia, (b) compare this workforce to PHC physicians and (c) assess the distribution of PHC-RNs relative to population health status. WHAT DID WE LEARN?: Of the 27,570 practising RNs in British Columbia in 2000, there were 3,179 (12%) in the PHC workforce. This translates into 147 people per practising RN and 1,277 people per PHC-RN. In 2000, there were 990 people per PHC physician. PHC-RNs represented 43% of the combined PHC workforce of physicians and RNs. A large proportion (47%) of PHC-RNs worked in community health centres, whereas less than 2% worked in physicians' offices. Geographic distribution of PHC-RNs is similar to the distribution of PHC physicians and is not associated with population health status. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS?: There seem to be sufficient PHC-RNs to implement policy objectives in support of interdisciplinary PHC teams, but physicians and nurses will increasingly need to practice in the same location or have access to electronic information systems to support coordination, continuity and comprehensiveness of PHC. The PHC workforce could be better deployed to align with population health status.

Measuring the Performance of Primary Healthcare: Existing Capacity and Potential Information to Support Population-Based Analyses

WHAT DID WE DO?: We reviewed the degree to which existing population-based data in Canada can be used to describe and report on primary healthcare (PHC) performance. We identified gaps in current data sources and made recommendations on how these gaps might be addressed to support quality improvement and public reporting for PHC. WHAT DID WE LEARN?: Population-based survey and administrative data are available to describe population characteristics and other contextual factors for PHC, as well as some aspects of the material, financial and human resources inputs, and selected activities and decisions at the policy, management and clinical levels. Existing data can also be used to describe some volumes and types of PHC outputs. However, we currently have limited population-based data to assess selected qualities of PHC services (e.g., coordination and interpersonal effectiveness) and most immediate outcomes of PHC. The ability to link data to assess outcomes and attribute changes in outcomes to PHC is limited. A full report describing more than 130 indicators from existing data sources and gaps in current data is available at www.chspr.ubc.ca. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS?: As we look to the future, there is a clear need to build on existing data sources to expand PHC data capacity in Canada. Data are needed to inform an understanding of PHC outputs, outcomes and the linkages among PHC dimensions. Commitment to a comprehensive PHC data collection strategy and information system is needed across Canadian provinces and territories to inform policy development and planning, to evaluate PHC redesign initiatives and to meet the accountability expectations of Canadians.

Developing and Maintaining a Population Research Registry to Support Primary Healthcare Research

WHAT DID WE DO?: This paper describes the creation of a population research registry as part of an information system to support primary healthcare (PHC) research in British Columbia. The population registry includes all residents of the province who were either eligible to use or actually used healthcare services, together with demographic, geographic, health status, registration and service use data. The PHC population research registry is built using administrative data inputs, and data are anonymized to comply with privacy and confidentiality standards. WHAT DID WE LEARN?: The registry provides data to undertake research into PHC needs and service utilization. It facilitates both population-based research as well as research on population subgroups. Combined with anonymous physician and utilization data, the information system can be used to study service utilization rates for population-based analyses. Over the longer term, the information will contribute to our understanding of PHC qualities and outcomes. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS?: Continued completeness of the population research registry depends upon full administrative source data. Planning to ensure complete data capture is critical both for the research registry and our ability to undertake population-based PHC research.

Methods to Develop and Maintain a Valid Physician Registry in Evolving Information Environments

WHAT DID WE DO?: As the amount of alternative funding for physician services grows in Canada, the usefulness of fee-for-services (FFS) payment data as a source of population-based information declines. This paper describes methods used to develop and validate an anonymous registry of the physician workforce to support policy-relevant analyses in environments where doctors are increasingly funded through diverse arrangements. WHAT DID WE LEARN?: Among the 8,558 physicians in clinical practice in British Columbia in 2004, 97% could be identified via FFS payment data. In 1996, 2000 and 2004, a similar number of physicians in clinical practice (N=340, 326, 290) did not submit FFS claims, and a stable proportion of these doctors (65%, 67%, 69%) could be identified using hospital discharge abstract data. Province-wide, local health areas varied in the proportion of total physicians' expenditures in 2004 attributable to FFS payments (0 to 100%). WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS?: FFS and hospital files could be used in tandem to identify physicians in clinical practice in order to create complete registries intended to support population-based workforce analyses. FFS and alternative funding payment files could be used together to calculate each physician's income and clinical activity, and to identify physicians for whom there is high likelihood of measurement error because they reside in local health areas where a large proportion of clinical activity is not captured. Systems designed to track alternative funding should be uniformly structured within and across jurisdictions to maintain or increase the availability of population-based clinical data useful for secondary analyses. Only then can these data be used to support Canadian policy, management and clinical decision-making.

ECONOMIC NETWORKS: WHAT DO WE KNOW AND WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW?

We examine the emergent field of economic networks and explore its ability to shed light on the global and volatile economy where credit, ownership, innovation, investment, and virtually every other economic activity is carried at a scale and scope that respects no geographical, organizational, or political boundaries. In this context, the study of economic networks and their dynamics must reflect the vast complexity of the interaction patterns and integrate it with a realistic account of the incentives and information that govern agents' behavior. The interplay of both has been shown to produce metastabilities, system crashes, and emergent structures in ways that are yet only poorly understood. Meeting this exciting scientific challenge requires a combination of time-series analysis, complexity theory, and simulation with the analytical tools that have been developed by game theory, as well as graph and matrix theories. We argue that this will help achieving a better integration of theory and data models and provide a better understanding of the potentials and risks of modern economic systems.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE MECHANISM OF WEIGHT LOSS IN AIDS?

What Do We Know about the Mechanism of Weight Loss in Aids? Get access Nutrition Reviews, Volume 48, Issue 3, March 1990, Pages 153–155, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1990.tb02918.x Published: 01 March 1990

9/11: WHAT DID WE KNOW AND WHEN DID WE KNOW IT?

In February 1998, Osama Bin Laden published a signed statement calling for a fatwa against the United States for its having ‘declared war against God’. As we now know, the fatwa resulted in the unprecedented attack of 9/11. The issue of whether or not 9/11 was in any way predictable culminated in the public debate between Richard Clarke, former CIA Director George Tenet and the White House. This paper examines whether there was any evidence of a structural change in the terrorism data at or after February 1998 but prior to June 2001, controlling for the possibility of other breaks in earlier periods. In doing so, we use the standard Bai–Perron procedure and our sequential importance sampling (SIS) Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method for identifying an unknown number of breaks at unknown dates. We conclude that sophisticated statistical time‐series analysis would not have predicted 9/11.

WE HOLD THESE TRUTHS TO BE SELF-EVIDENT: BUT WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THAT?

At the beginning of Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (§2) [1884], Frege observes that “it is in the nature of mathematics to prefer proof, where proof is possible”. This, of course, is true, but thinkers differ on why it is that mathematicians prefer proof. And what of propositions for which no proof is possible? What of axioms? This talk explores various notions of self-evidence, and the role they play in various foundational systems, notably those of Frege and Zermelo. I argue that both programs are undermined at a crucial point, namely when self-evidence is supported by holistic and even pragmatic considerations.

WHAT DO WE REALLY KNOW ABOUT EXPORT CARTELS AND WHAT IS THE APPROPRIATE SOLUTION?

This article responds to Florian Becker's article in this journal, The Case of Export Cartel Exemptions: Between Competition and Protectionism. Professor Becker provides a number of insights into various approaches that battling export cartels may take. I take issue with three of Becker's main themes. First, Becker underplays the importance of political economy issues in the creation and perpetuation of export cartel exceptions from antitrust. A public choice understanding of export cartels is critical to formulating any effective remedy for export cartels. Second, Becker assumes that export cartels are hard-core cartels and that they are a serious problem in international antitrust. In fact, there is very little empirical data on export cartels and nearly all of it comes from the United States. Therefore, it is difficult to say with any great certainty whether export cartels are a problem and how serious a problem they are. Third, Becker ignores the role that international organizations such as the OECD and ICN can play to reduce the effects of export cartels. After surveying different possible solutions, I propose a WTO transparency regime to address export cartels more effectively.