Weyerhaeuser Company Research Articles

Habitat Use by Female Eastern Wild Turkeys in Southeastern Oklahoma

We radiomarked 41 adult female eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) to determine home range and habitat use on intensively managed forests in the Ouachita Mountains, southeastern Oklahoma. We monitored turkeys during 1983-84 on a 19,000 ha management area consisting of naturally regenerated stands (66%), 1-13-year-old pine (Pinus spp.) plantations (31%), pastures and hay meadows (2%), and developed areas (1%). Mean seasonal home-range size was 225 + 90, 865 ? 85, 780 + 161, and 459 ? 125 (SE) ha in winter, spring, summer, and fall, respectively. Use patterns in 5 age classes of pine plantations were related to stem densities and potential food production. Turkeys avoided (P 41 ha], cattle grazing, and hog foraging) may pose a threat to wild turkey populations in the region (Natl. Wildl. Fed. 1982). The purpose of our study was to determine home-range size and habitat use by female eastern wild turkeys on an intensively managed commercial forest. We thank D. M. Leslie, Jr., R. L. Lochmiller, and J. H. Shaw for reviewing the manuscript. We also thank J. M. Gray and F. S. Schitoskey for project support and S. W. Conrady and M. E. Stuart for help with field work. Special thanks go to R. E. Thackston and C. E. Woods of the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation and M. A. Melchiors and D. W. Moore of the Weyerhaeuser Company. This study was supported in part by a contribution from the Oklahoma Federal Aid to Wildlife Restoration Project W-137-R and conducted under the auspices of the Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit: The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma State University, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Wildlife Management Institute cooperate with the Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. STUDY AREA AND METHODS Our study area was located on the Weyerhaeuser Company Mountain Fork Wildlife Management Area (19,000 ha) in McCurtain County, Oklahoma, and included naturally regenerated stands (66%), pine plantations (31%), pastures and hay meadows (2%), and developed areas (1%). This region was characterized by steep, rugged hills separated by valleys with rolling topography and streams with spring-fed tributaries. Annual rainfall averaged 115.3 cm and elevation above mean sea level ranged from 183 to 381 m. Duck and Fletcher (1945) described the native vegetation in the study area as oak (Quercus spp.)-pine (Pinus spp.) forest 1 Present address: Department of Agronomy, 373 AGH, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078. 2 Present address: RD 5, Box 76, Cameron, WV

Creating work cultures with competitive advantage

d3 he world of work is the scene of much innovation and change. Some Weyerhaeuser Company employees, for example, are on temporary assignment to work at customer companies. At Tektronix’s Forest Grove plant, a group of technicians met with technicians from a supplier and jointly solved a nagging quality problem involving particulate matter contamination. l After redesigning their jobs, workers at a General Electric plant set production sched: ules 50% higher than those previously estab$ lished by management. : i l A packaging team at The Procter & Gamble Company’s soap plant in Lima, Ohio r! redesigned, installed, and started up an innoi vation in packaging that was based on the in$ sight of one team member who persisted with 2 an untried idea in the packaging of liquid products. Initially, engineers at the plant were not interested in the idea. l After self-managing work teams were introduced into the policyholder services area at Shenandoah Life Insurance Company, the employee-to-supervisor ratio changed from 7 to 1 to about 37 to 1, service improved, and complaints and errors declined. l Digital Equipment’s factory in Enfield, Connecticut has no supervisors. l Ford’s car assembly plant in Hermosillo, Mexico has only one job classification for all assembly workers, who do all their own quality control and on-line maintenance. When necessary, the workers can stop the assembly line. During their first year, they established a lower defect rate than most Japanese automobile makers. l At Aetna Life’s new benefits claim office

Bald Eagles and Forest Management

Current management of known bald eagle nesting habitat on Weyerhaeuser Company lands in Oregon and Washington states is described. Observations of continued nesting productivity indicate that with careful planning successful integration of forest and eagle habitat management is achievable. Forest management programs can provide nesting habitat concurrent with the production of forest products by manipulation of forest stand structure using site-specific management plans. Factors to be considered in maintaining suitable nesting habitat relate to the specific location and prominence of the area relative to the surroundings and tree crown conditions within areas of potential eagle use. Management for nesting habitat must be directed towards the entire potential nesting site, rather than at individual nest trees for maintenance of successful eagle nesting. Key words: Bald eagle, wildlife management, forest management, endangered species.

Development and field evaluation of an interdisciplinary measure of job design.

Michael A. Campion International Business Machines Corporation Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Paul W. Thayer North Carolina State University The development of an interdisciplinary job design questionnaire and a study of its interrelationships with a variety of outcomes is described. A taxonomy of job design approaches was developed from literature of different disciplines: (a) a motivational approach from organizational psychology; (b) a mechanistic approach from classic industrial engineering; (c) a biological approach from work physiology and biomechanics; and (d) a perceptual/motor approach from experimental psychology. The Multimethod Job Design Questionnaire (MJDQ) was developed reflecting these approaches. A corresponding taxonomy of job outcomes was developed, and hypotheses were generated as to relationships between job design approaches and outcomes. A field study involved 121 jobs, 215 incumbents, and 23 supervisors from five plants. Results indicated the MJDQ was reliable, and most hypotheses were supported. Different job design approaches influence different outcomes and may have some costs as well as benefits; an interdisciplinary perspective is needed to integrate major theories of job design. Even a cursory examination of the job design literature reveals many different schools of thought: industrial engineering approaches of scientific management and time and mo- tion study, the psychological approaches of job enrichment and motivating job charac- teristics, the human factors or ergonomics approaches, and sociotechnical approaches to job design. Although there is some overlap in the recommendations made for proper job design, there is considerable divergence in focus and even some direct conflict in advice. Proponents, however, claim that their job designs positively influence most of the out- come spectrum for both the individual and the organization. This study won the 1983 S. Rains Wallace Dissertation Award sponsored by the Society of Industrial/Organiza- tional Psychology, Division 14 of the American Psycho- logical Association. It was conducted while the first author was a doctoral student at North Carolina State University. Special thanks to Kitty Klein, Richard Pearson, and Michael Joost for their comments and suggestions on this research. Thanks also to the many managers and employees of Weyerhaeuser Company who contributed time and data to this study. Requests for reprints should be sent to Michael A. Campion, IBM Corporation, D673/B205, P.O. Box 12195, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709. The present study addresses this confusion by pulling together the diverse literature on job design, delineating major approaches, and demonstrating that each approach is geared toward a particular subset of outcomes. More specifically, this study (a) develops a job design taxonomy, (b) develops a corre- sponding job outcome taxonomy, (c) develops measures that reflect the design taxonomy, (d) develops measures which reflect the out- come taxonomy, and (e) evaluates differential predictions of job design-outcome relation- ships in a field setting. Taxonomy of Job Design Approaches The first step was to consult the literature and extract specific job design rules. Nearly 700 job design rules resulted, suggesting ad- equate coverage of the content domain. Rules were then sorted into fairly homogeneous groups based on underlying theoretical per- spectives. Similar rules were combined into a principle that summarized their main con- tent. Principles were written to represent the consensus from the literature, each reflecting common content from a large number of specific rules. They were also broad enough to be applicable across diverse jobs, yet spe- cific enough to allow objective and quantifi- 29

Large-Scale Planting of North Carolina Loblolly Pine in Arkansas and Oklahoma: A Case of Gain Versus Risk

Abstract Provenance tests in Arkansas and Oklahoma have demonstrated sizeable growth advantage of North Carolina loblolly pine over the local seed source. North Carolina loblolly appears to be well adapted to Arkansas and Oklahoma. Only small differences in cold and drought resistance have been observed so far. The major foreseeable risk is that coastal North Carolina loblolly pine, which evolved on poorly drained and deep soils, will experience greater mortality than the local source under some future extreme drought, especially on excessively drained and shallow soils in the Ouachita Mountains. Weyerhaeuser Company is reducing the risk by planting on soils with relatively low drought risk. Of the 790,000 hectares owned by Weyerhaeuser in Arkansas and Oklahoma 474,000 are deemed appropriate for planting with North Carolina stock.

Strategic and Midterm Planning of Forest-to-Product Flows

Two intertwined models used at Weyerhaeuser Company allow strategic and midterm planning of timberlands' harvests, flows to mills, and production of end products. These models combine dynamic programming and linear programming in a novel way. They have been used across the southern United States for several years, are currently applied to two million acres of pine forests, and have been instrumental in numerous changes in strategic and operational plans.

Weyerhaeuser Company: A History of People, Land and Growth. By Harry J. Drew. (Klamath Falls, Oregon: Weyerhaeuser Company, Eastern Oregon Region, 1979. 72 pp. Illustrations, notes, glossary, bibliography. Paper. No price listed)

<i>Weyerhaeuser Company: A History of People, Land and Growth</i>. By Harry J. Drew. (Klamath Falls, Oregon: Weyerhaeuser Company, Eastern Oregon Region, 1979. 72 pp. Illustrations, notes, glossary, bibliography. Paper. No price listed)

Electrostatic enhancement of moving-bed granular filtration

The electrostatic granular filter developed by Combustion Power Company combines a moving-bed filter with an electrostatic grid for high-efficiency collection of particulate. The coulomb charge occurring naturally on particulate from combustion or other processes in which tribocharging occurs is sufficient such that imposition of an electric field substantially enhances mechanical collection in the packed filter. A mathematical model is presented which accounts for the major parameters affecting electrostatic performance. Experimental data developed in an industrial unit retrofitted with electrostatic equipment and a pilot-scale filter demonstrates dramatic improvement in opacity and outlet loading; the industrial unit achieved 99% collection efficiency with less that 4 Iwd (1kPa) pressure drop. Data from the pilot-scale filter has shown that collection of micron-size particulate is especially enhanced with the electric field and has confirmed the 99% overall collection capability demonstrated in the industrial unit. The design of a 420,000 acfm (1200 m 3/min) system being installed at Weyerhaeuser Company's Longview, Washington plant is also discussed.

Quick and Clean: An Aspect of the IE/OR Interface

By most of the common definitions of the fields, a close bond and overlap already exist between Operations Research and Industrial Engineering; and while they remain separate disciplines, the interface between them is a broad one. In particular, at the Weyerhaeuser Company, there exist groups in the Research and Development area in which a concentration of Operations Research skills is found. The principal author and one of the co-authors are members of such a group. Merchandising and Stem Processing. The results of this research are implemented at the various wood processing sites, each of which generally retains an industrial engineering staff. The other co-author is the Industrial Engineer at one of these sites, the mill site at Cottage Grove, Oregon.

Population Characteristics of Black Bears on an Island in Washington

Twenty-three black bears (Ursus americanus) were captured on an island in southwestern Washington. Age structure of the population indicated that it was young and growing, and that breeding was relatively synchronized. Density of bears over a year of age (1 bear per 89-67 ha) on the island was high in comparison to estimates of density elsewhere in North America. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 41(3):408-472 Black bear densities vary over their range in North America. Locally, densities may be influenced by habitat quality (Jonkel and Cowan 1971, Lindzey and Meslow 1977) and hunting (McIlroy 1972:837, Wakefield 1972:51). Behavior patterns may be the proximal determinant of densities; the role of behavior often may not be apparent, however, because of low population numbers. Behavior that determines dispersion patterns is presumably not independent of the influence of habitat, but flexible (behavioral scaling, Wilson 1975:19) in response to quality of particular habitats. Jonkel and Cowan (1971:35) observed female cubs that established permanent residency in their mother's home range; such behavior would presumably be disadvantageous to the adult female if resources were scarce. The extension of family relationships as observed by Jonkel and Cowan (1971:38) may influence not only densities but sex and age composition of local populations as well. These population attributes through behavioral scaling thus may reflect habitat quality. Hunting may interfere with the establishment of associations that would provide these patterns in a population. This paper reports on the demographic characteristics of a lightly-hunted population of 23 black bears on an island in southwestern Washington. Dispersion of members of this population suggested tolerance among related individuals (Lindzey and Meslow 1977). J. M. Welch, refuge manager, Willapa National Wildlife Refuge, H. Hardesty, and R. Van Wormer provided logistic support during the study. S. D. Lindzey, R. Walker, R. Libby, A. K. Miles, and W. Welch assisted with field work. The late H. M. Wight provided encouragement and advice. H. C. Black, J. A. Crawford, D. S. deCalesta, and C. J. Jonkel gave valuable criticisms of the manuscript. The Weyerhaeuser Company and Washington Department of Game granted permits necessary to conduct the study.

Winter Dormancy in Black Bears in Southwestern Washington

Despite relatively mild weather, black bears (Ursus americanus) in southwestern Washington entered dens and remained for an average of 126 days. Bears entered their dens during a 5-week period that began on 21 October. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found among the average dates of den entrance of adult females, yearlings, and adult males. Adult females were the first bears to enter their dens; yearlings entered next, and adult males entered last. The stimulus to enter a den probably was provided by the cumulative effect of weather. The actual period of winter dormancy was preceded and followed by periods of increased inactivity. Inactivity during the predenning and postdenning periods was correlated with daily weather, principally maximum daily temperature and precipitation. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 40(3):408-415 Through most of their range, black bears enter dens and remain inactive during winter months; this trait apparently allows them to occupy areas where scarce winter food supplies might otherwise preclude their presence. The timing of entrance into the den and emergence from the den in the spring may be influenced by weather (Northcott and Elsey 1971) or physical condition (Spencer 1955). Erickson (1964) and Jonkel and Cowan (1971) presented data that suggest the timing of these events may differ among the various sex and age groups in a population. Because the black bear is managed almost entirely by hunter-oriented programs, a knowledge of the timing of winter dormancy is important. Also, because estimates of population parameters of the black bear frequently are derived from hunter-killed samples (Willey 1971, P-R Job Prog. Rep., Proj. W-38-R, Vermont Fish Game Dept., Montpelier, Mcllroy 1972), the knowledge of possible sources of bias such as disproportionate availability, which might be caused by differential entry and eme gence dates of the various sex and age groupings, is desirable. Published accounts of winter dormancy in the black bear, with few exceptions, have come from regions of their range characteriz d by climatically severe winters. Poelker and Hartwell (1973) presented the first documented accounts of winter dormancy of the black bear in southwestern Washington, an area of mild winters. They concluded, after following the movements of a subadult female, that the period of winter dormancy was nearly 3 months. The bear, however, had been aroused from dens on n ne occasions, which may have biased the accurate appraisal of both the intensity and duration of winter dormancy. Our objective is to report on the temporal aspect of winter do mancy and associated periods of inactivity of 13 black bears. S. D. Lindzey, R. E. Walker, A. K. Miles, and R. Libby assisted with field work. The Weyerhaeuser Company and Washington Department of Game provided permits necessary to conduct this study. J. M. Welch, Manager, Willapa National Wildlife Refuge, and H. Hardesty provided logistical support during the term of the study. H. C. Black, J. A. Crawford, and A. W. Erickson offered valuable criticism of the manuscript. The late H. M. Wight, Leader, Oregon Coopera1 Study conducted and supported under the auspices of the Oregon Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit: Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Oregon State University, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and The Wildlife Management Institute cooperating. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 4123. 408 J. Wildl. Manage. 40 (3):1976 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.17 on Wed, 31 Aug 2016 04:28:01 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms WINTER DORMANCY IN BLACK BEARS * Lindzey and Meslow 409 tive Wildlife Research Unit, provided stimulus and direction to our efforts.

From Jamestown to Coffin Rock: A History of Weyerhaeuser Operations in Southwest Washington. By Alden H. Jones. (Tacoma: Weyerhaeuser Company, 1974. 346 pp. Illustrations, index. Paper, $5)

Previous articleNext article No AccessBooksFrom Jamestown to Coffin Rock: A History of Weyerhaeuser Operations in Southwest Washington. By Alden H. Jones. (Tacoma: Weyerhaeuser Company, 1974. 346 pp. Illustrations, index. Paper, $5)John McClelland Jr.John McClelland Jr. Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 19, Number 3July 1975 Published for the American Society for Environmental History and the Forest History Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/3983273 Journal History This article was published in the Journal of Forest History (1974-1989), which was continued by Forest & Conservation History (1990-1995). © 1975 Forest History Society, Inc. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Report from a Forest Logged by the Weyerhaeuser Company

Report from a Forest Logged by the Weyerhaeuser Company

Test of Several Systemic Insecticides for Postoviposition Control of the Sitka-Spruce Weevil

Journal Article Test of Several Systemic Insecticides for Postoviposition Control of the Sitka-Spruce Weevil Get access Norman E. Johnson, Norman E. Johnson Weyerhaeuser Company, Forestry Research Center, Centralia, Washington Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John G. Zingg John G. Zingg Weyerhaeuser Company, Forestry Research Center, Centralia, Washington Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 59, Issue 3, 1 June 1966, Pages 765–766, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/59.3.765 Published: 01 June 1966 Article history Accepted: 09 February 1966 Published: 01 June 1966

Succinylcholine Chloride for Immobilization of North American Elk

Neuromuscular blocking action of succinylcholine chloride has been reported by Castillo and de Beer (1950). Buechner, et al. (1960) have discussed the use of succinylcholine chloride in immobilizing wild ungulates. The purpose of this paper is to report findings concerning doses of succinylcholine chloride suitable for immobilizing North American elk (Cervus canadensis). Charles Jonkel, Montana Department of Fish and Game, administered succinylcholine chloride to two penned Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni Bailey) in March 1960, and kindly provided the authors with his results. We treated 101 free-ranging Rocky Mountain elk with this drug in Banff National Park, Alberta, and adjacent Yoho and Kootenay National Parks in British Columbia between June 1960 and December 1961. One of the 101 animals was treated twice and 10 escaped into the forest before the effect of the drug could be ascertained. Buechner, with E. Reade Brown, George Schrindel, and Ellis L. Bowhay of the Washington State Department of Game, and Jack Aldrich of the Weyerhaeuser Company, treated three free-ranging Olympic elk (Cervus canadensis roosevelti Merriam) and five trapped Rocky Mountain elk between September 1960 and February 1961.