Wet Areas Research Articles

Boiling heat transfer enhancement on heterogeneous copper foams in the presence of transverse flow

Open cell copper foams are widely employed to enhance boiling heat transfer, but homogeneous foams face a trade-off between promotion in wetted area and reduction in resistance to bubble departure. In this work, heterogeneous copper foams with horizontal gradient are proposed to assure both enlarged wetted area and facilitated bubble departure. Boiling of HFE-7100 on the heterogeneous foams consisting of 30 pore per inch (PPI) square core and 60 PPI frame with different projection area fractions and thicknesses is conducted under the conditions of forced transverse flow. A peak heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of 5.4 W cm−2 K−1 and a critical heat flux (CHF) of 91.4 W cm−2 are obtained on the heterogeneous foam having a core thickness of 5 mm and a frame thickness of 2 mm. The difference in thickness delays the formation of vapor blanket on the foam to promote CHF and the difference in pore density favors balanced surface wetting and vapor venting to enhance HTC. Vapor bubbles on the copper foams are visually observed and a semi-empirical model correlating CHF with heterogenous geometric parameters of the foam is proposed. This work offers an optional strategy to further enhance boiling heat transfer on porous mediums.

Optimising hydrofoils using automated multi-fidelity surrogate models

ABSTRACT Lifting hydrofoils are gaining importance, since they drastically reduce the wetted surface area of a ship, thus decreasing resistance. To attain efficient hydrofoils, the geometries can be obtained from an automated optimisation process. However, hydrofoil simulations are computationally demanding, since fine meshes are needed to accurately capture the pressure field and the boundary layer on the hydrofoil. Simulation-based optimisation can therefore be very expensive. To speed up the fully automated hydrofoil optimisation procedure, we propose a multi-fidelity framework which takes advantage of both an efficient low-fidelity potential flow solver dedicated to hydrofoils and a high-fidelity RANS solver enhanced with adaptive grid refinement and dedicated foil-aligned overset meshes, to attain high accuracy with a limited computational budget. Both solvers are shown to be reliable for automatic simulation, and remarkable correlation between potential-flow and RANS results is obtained. Two different multi-fidelity frameworks are compared for a realistic hydrofoil: only RANS based and potential-RANS based. According to the optimisation results, the drag is able to be reduced by 17% and 8% in these frameworks, within a realistic time frame. Thus, industrial optimisation of hydrofoils appears possible. Finally, critical areas of future improvement regarding the robustness and efficiency of the optimisation procedure are discussed in this study.

Automatic detection of water pipeline leakage via unsupervised learning applied on ground penetrating radar data

ABSTRACT Aging urban water supply pipelines are facing significant leakage issues. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is an effective non-destructive method for leakage localization, but its image analysis mainly relies on interpreter experience, leading to uncertainty and inefficiency. To address this issue, an unsupervised learning method based on GPR data attributes is proposed for automatic leakage detection. First, velocity and energy attributes are extracted from B-Scan profiles to differentiate wet areas caused by leakage from normal areas. Then, the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) clustering method is applied to automatically classify these two types of areas. The proposed method was evaluated on an experimental platform with constant water pressure and pre-drilled leakage points. Experiments show that the velocity and energy attributes decrease by 25.2 and 26.6% after leakage. Using velocity attributes yields better results, and suggestions for DBSCAN hyperparameters are provided. Feature importance analysis indicates that two-way-travel-time with a score of 46.1 and energy attribution index with a score of 32.7 significantly influence leakage identification. This method can also estimate affected leakage areas with an error not exceeding the spacing of three measurement lines, and is available across various underground conditions without needing well-labeled training data.

Study on resistance performance of hexagonal hull form with variation of angle of attack, deadrise, and stern for flat-sided catamaran vessel

Abstract The flat-sided hull vessel was designed with the purpose of simplifying hull production by eliminating the requirement for fairing, bending, and assembly of curved panel lines. Nevertheless, implementing the flat hull concept may marginally increase the hull resistance. The objective of the study is to investigate the impact of the hexagonal hull concept on resistance characteristics when altering the deadrise angle, angle of attack, and stern angle. Additionally, the resistance performances of the proposed hexagonal hulls were compared to evaluate the influence of the hull design geometry parameter. The contribution of this work is to identify the configuration of the design parameters to achieve an ideal level of resistance in a hexagonal catamaran hull design. The findings indicate that a greater angle of attack could potentially enhance wave generation and increase the resistance. Despite the increase in the wave resistance coefficient caused by the increment in deadrise angle, the overall resistance was reduced due to the significant reduction in wetted surface area resulting from the greater deadrise angle. As a result, the decrease in friction resistance was more pronounced than the increase in wave resistance. At last, the stern angle can cause a substantial oscillation in the curved line, resulting in a large increase in wave generation and overall resistance, particularly at high speeds.

Liana versus tree seedling responses to spatial and temporal variation in dry season severity

AbstractLianas are key components of tropical forests, particularly at sites with more severe dry seasons. In contrast, trees are more abundant and speciose in wetter areas. The seasonal growth advantage (SGA) hypothesis postulates that such contrasting distributions are produced by higher liana growth relative to trees during seasonal droughts. The SGA has been investigated for larger size classes (e.g., ≥5 cm diameter at 1.3 m, dbh), but rarely for seedlings. Using eight annual censuses of >12,000 seedlings of 483 tree and liana species conducted at eight 1‐ha plots spanning a strong rainfall gradient in central Panama, we evaluated whether liana seedlings had higher growth and/or survival rates than tree seedlings at sites with stronger droughts. We also tested whether an extreme El Niño drought during the study period had a more negative effect on tree compared to liana seedlings. The absolute density of liana seedlings was similar across the rainfall gradient, ranging from 0.32 individuals/m2 (0.20–0.49, 95% credible interval [CI]) at the driest end of the gradient and 0.27 individuals/m2 (0.13–0.51 95% CI) at the wettest end of the gradient. The relative density of liana seedlings compared to tree seedlings was higher at sites with stronger dry seasons (0.27, 0.21–0.33, 95% CI), compared to wetter sites (0.12, 0.04–0.20 95% CI), due to lower tree seedling densities at drier sites. However, liana seedlings did not grow or survive better than tree seedlings in drier sites compared to wetter sites. Tree seedlings were more negatively impacted in terms of mortality by the extreme El Niño drought than liana seedlings, with an increase in annual mortality rate of 0.013 (0.003–0.025 95% CI) compared to lianas of −0.009 (−0.028 to 0.008 95% CI), but not growth. Our results indicate that lianas do not have a SGA over trees at the seedling stage. Instead, higher survival of liana versus tree seedlings during severe droughts or differences in liana versus tree fecundity or germination across the rainfall gradient likely explain why liana seedlings have higher relative densities at drier sites.

Green is the New Black: Outcomes of post-fire tree planting across the US Interior West

Reforestation activities such as tree planting are important management tools to offset carbon emissions and restore forest ecosystem integrity. Severe wildfire activity, a key driver of forest loss, is increasing throughout the western United States (US) and creating an immense backlog of areas needing reforestation. Major financial investments and recent policy changes are expected to accelerate rates of tree planting, yet the broad-scale impact and efficacy of post-fire planting activities remain poorly understood. We quantified the outcomes of recent (1987–2022) post-fire plantings in the US Interior West using remotely sensed estimates of forest cover change and in-situ survival records (69,245 seedlings) spanning 297 unique fire events. Overall, planted areas gained forest cover 25.7 % more rapidly than environmentally similar, unplanted sites in the same fires, and planted seedling survival averaged 79.5 % (SD = 23.2 %) after one growing season. However, the effects of planting were highly variable over time and across environmental gradients. Forest cover gain and planted seedling survival were typically highest in cold, wet areas and when planting was followed by wetter-than-average years. Planting season also shaped outcomes, with late summer or fall plantings performing best on warm, dry sites, and spring plantings performing best in cold, wet areas. Forest cover gain was fastest in planting units that burned at low to moderate severity and had > 20 % post-fire forest cover in the surrounding area. Nearly half of all plantings were completed in such areas, where natural regeneration processes are most likely to promote forest recovery even without intervention. Here, we demonstrate that tree planting can enhance post-fire forest recovery rates at broad scales, though its effects are dependent on a range of environmental and operational factors. Our results help inform realistic expectations of planting outcomes, an issue of global relevance as such projects expand to achieve restoration and climate mitigation goals.

Late pleistocene glacial history of Mount Karadağ, SW Türkiye

Glacial landforms in the southwestern part of the Anatolian Peninsula are found at lower elevations than the rest, suggesting that glaciers were present during the Late Pleistocene. Karadağ, located west of the Western Taurus Mountains, provides evidence of the climatic conditions that facilitated this extensive glaciation. It is characterized by numerous peaks exceeding 2300 m above sea level (asl), with the highest peak reaching 2418 m, making it the region's largest glaciation area. This high mountain mass is composed mainly of limestone and dolomite. This study focuses on the glacial landforms in Karadağ to reconstruct the Late Pleistocene glacial chronology and palaeoclimate of the Western Taurus Mountains. We employed detailed UAV photogrammetry, extensive fieldwork and mapping, surface exposure dating with cosmogenic 36Cl, meteorological measurements, palaeoglacier reconstruction, and palaeo-equilibrium line altitude (pELA) calculations. Karadağ, a topographic barrier to humid air masses from the Mediterranean Sea, ranks as the second wettest area in the Western Taurus Mountains. At a meteorological station we installed in Karadağ, an annual precipitation of 1700 mm or more was recorded, highlighting its significant precipitation. In Karadağ, we have identified two glacial valleys with a maximum length of 4.5 km and six cirques. The glaciers reached their maximum extent around 22.4 ± 2.8 ka during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), facilitated by the lowering of the pELA to 2090 m. During the LGM, the glaciers covered an area of approximately 3.5 km2 and reached a maximum thickness of about 140 m. Sample TRKR 10 at 2015 m probably belongs to the LGM period. Although a single sample does not conclude definitive conclusions, the presence of the moraine at its highest position indicates the maximum thickness of the glacier. Following the LGM, two more significant glacier advances occurred during the Lateglacial (15.5 ± 2.7 ka) and the Younger Dryas (12.4 ± 1.1 ka). During the late Pleistocene glaciations, and especially during the LGM, Karadağ probably received more precipitation than today, leading to the formation of glaciers at relatively lower elevations than on the Anatolian Peninsula.

Investigating the role of groundwater in ecosystem water use efficiency in India considering irrigation, climate and land use

Terrestrial ecosystems (TEs) play a crucial role in carbon sequestration and climate regulation. While interactions between surface water and ecosystems are well-studied, groundwater-ecosystem relationships remain poorly understood, particularly in groundwater-dependent regions like India. This study investigates the relationship between water table depth (WTD) and ecosystem productivity across India, considering the variation in irrigation practices, land use and climate types, from 2000 to 2021. We employ Ecosystem Water Use Efficiency (WUEe), the rate of carbon uptake per unit of water consumed, to examine these interactions at different spatial scales. Our findings reveal a strong link between WUEe and WTD. Shallower WTD regions, such as the lower Himalayas and Northeast India with forests and dominated by a wet/humid subtropical climate, exhibit higher WUEe (1.5–3.5 g C/kg H2O). Whereas deeper WTD regions like northwest India, characterized by shrublands and an arid climate, display lower WUEe (<1 g C/kg H2O). This suggests vegetation in arid/semi-arid regions shows higher sensitivity to water availability compared to wetter areas. This is also evident by a declining WUEe trend and increasing elasticity of WUEe (εWUE) to interannual climatic variability with increasing WTD in these regions. Furthermore, the study identifies potential unsustainable groundwater use for irrigation in areas like the Trans Gangetic plains. Irrigation has a strong correlation with evapotranspiration (ET) (r = 0.4–0.6) in deep WTD zones, but no correlation with WUEe. This implies that intense and unsustainable irrigation might disrupt the natural water use strategies of vegetation. This research, by improving understanding of these interactions, aims to contribute to the sustainable management of India's groundwater resources.

Effects of Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Roughness on the Ship Resistance

Ship hull roughness can significantly increase the ship resistance. The roughness caused by biofouling attached to the ship hull is not uniform but has a random distribution. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the inhomogeneous surface roughness distribution affects the ship resistance and the various resistance components. The KRISO container ship (KCS) is considered as a case study. To model the inhomogeneous surface roughness, the ship hull is divided into three segments with equal wetted surface area. Combinations of three roughness heights, denoted as P, Q, and R with ks values of 125 μm, 269 μm, and 425 μm, respectively, are considered to obtain homogeneous and inhomogeneous roughness arrangements (PPP, QQQ, RRR, PQR, PRQ, QPR, QRP, RPQ, and RQP). CFD method is utilized in this study, utilizing RANS equations and k-ω SST turbulence model. A VoF method is used to model the free surface. CFD simulation results show that for the homogeneous roughness, the total resistance coefficient CT increases with increasing ks (PPP &lt; QQQ &lt; RRR), as expected. For the inhomogeneous roughness, the friction resistance coefficient CF increases in the order PQR &lt; PRQ &lt; QPR &lt; QRP &lt; RPQ &lt; RQP, consistent with results from earlier studies. In all the cases, the friction resistance (CF) is the dominant component of the total resistance. As Re increases from 2.2 x 109 to 2.7 x 109, the percentage of the friction resistance decreases, while the percentage of the wave resistance increases. The viscous-pressure resistance decreases slightly as Re increases from 2.2 x 109 to 2.7 x 109.

Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Land Cover Change and Oil Palm Expansion in Gunung Mas

Abstract: The area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia has increased over time. The growth of oil palm plantations even exceeds the percentage of the area of paddy fields, especially in Gunung Mas Regency. This phenomenon is accompanied by the implementation of "Regional Regulation No. 1 of 2020 concerning Land Fire Control". The regulation aims to prevent land fires due to human activities. However, local people believe that burning can increase land productivity. As a result, many people convert their land to plant oil palm, because it is considered to guarantee economic improvement compared to paddy fields. Remote sensing satellite imagery is the basis and main source in the analysis. With spatio-temporal analysis, mapping of land use changes in a certain period of time and its relationship with the distribution of agricultural wet and dry areas. As a result, the proportion of palm oil land in Gunung Mas Regency is higher than the proportion of paddy fields. If oil palm expansion continues in the future, agricultural drought could become more widespread. Keywords: Expansion of oil palm, Land use change, Paddy Fields, Remote sensing, Spatio-Temporal Analysis

Evolution of wetted and corroded areas on 8Cr4Mo4V bearing steel exposed to salt water contaminated lubricant oil

Relationship between wetted and corroded areas on 8Cr4Mo4V bearing steel during exposure to salt water contaminated lubricant oil was explored by Monte Carlo simulation and corrosion experiment. Results show that locally corroded areas are initially scattered then connected and eventually merged due to droplet coalescence, and are resulted from galvanic, uniform and filiform corrosions, respectively. Droplet coalescence also redistributes wetted areas and activates de-wetting which interrupts transformation towards corrosion. Role of droplet coalescence in evolution of corroded areas is addressed. Combining two Monte Carlo models varied with droplet relaxation helps to predict the corroded areas' distribution after long-term exposure.

Enhancing Efficiency in Deep-V Planing Hull Ships: A Study on The Design of Spray Strips to Minimize Resistance

Spray strips are deflectors installed on the hull to decrease the wetted surface area (WSA). By reducing the WSA, the overall resistance of the ship is lowered because it lessens the friction of water flowing against the hull. The purpose of this research is to predict the function of spray strips in an effort to improve ship performance. In this study, the numerical methodology employs the Finite Volume Method (FVM) along with the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation (RANS) for resolving fluid dynamics issues. The modeling of the two-phase flow involves the utilization of both the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model and the Eulerian model. The results of this study show that spray strips can reduce the total resistance by about 2.7%. Increasing the number of spray strips can reduce the drag shear value by 3.5%. Spray strips are effective in reducing total drag when the Froude number (Fr) is greater than 1 or when the vessel is in the planing phase. The profile shape of spray strips with dimension 2:1 shows the best performance on ship resistance.

Reptile Diversity Patterns Under Climate and Land Use Change Scenarios in a Subtropical Montane Landscape in Mexico

ABSTRACTAimMountainous regions are rich in reptile biodiversity but face threats from climate and land use changes. Understanding how these factors affect reptile diversity in these regions can highlight key conservation hotspots that require effective conservation actions. Here, we explored reptile taxonomic and functional diversity patterns along the Sierra Madre del Sur region in southeast Mexico, and potential changes in future years caused by different climate and land use change scenarios.LocationSierra Madre del Sur, México.TaxonReptiles.MethodsWe used species distribution models and information on species traits to estimate taxonomic and functional diversity throughout the Sierra Madre del Sur (SMS) region under current and future climate and land use change scenarios.ResultsGreater taxonomic and functional diversity was observed in both temperate and tropical forests. Taxonomic diversity was higher in more drier areas at high elevations while higher functional diversity was observed in wetter areas at intermediate‐to‐high elevations. Lower diversity for both dimensions was associated with anthropic land uses. In future scenarios, both dimensions of diversity are expected to increase in temperate forest in highlands of central Oaxaca and decrease in the southcentral portion of the SMS, particularly for the worst scenarios due to increased deforestation rates.Main ConclusionsHigher taxonomic diversity in more drier areas at high elevations could be due to historical and evolutionary factors, while higher functional diversity in wetter areas at intermediate‐to‐high elevations may be explained by a higher environmental heterogeneity in forests within these conditions. Larger diversity losses in the southcentral portion of the SMS are probably due to larger predicted deforestation rates in those areas. Our results are valuable not just for informing conservation actions, such as the creation of protected natural areas but also to understand the underlying processes behind the patterns of reptile diversity.

Waterproofing integrity and water tightness of buildings in the tropic

For tropical countries in Southeast Asia, frequent heavy rains and the local habit of using lots of water in wet areas such as toilets and bathrooms within dwelling units are the major reasons that waterproofing designs fail to prevent the water ingress into buildings. Unfortunately, not many studies on the effectiveness of waterproofing system for such climatic conditions and social habits have been reported. Results of studies conducted on various categories of defects related to water ingress and water tightness for public housing projects and others buildings in Singapore are reported. Examination of waterproofing failures in Singapore and other Southeast Asia countries showed the cause of the failure was because the waterproofing designs adopted were mainly copied from developed temperate countries in the earlier years. Based on the causes of waterproofing failures, revised details are proposed for tropical countries with frequent heavy rains and similar social habits to eliminate these failures in an integrated approach, that is, design, construction, and maintenance, to achieve efficiency, durability, ease of construction and maintenance, overall quality assurance, and cost effectiveness for the waterproofing system. Revised details adopted to achieve waterproofing integrity and water tightness of conventional and prefabricated buildings in the tropic are presented.

Ecohydrological Variables Underlie Local Moisture Recycling in Mediterranean‐Type Climates

AbstractMediterranean areas are projected to face increased water scarcity due to global changes. Because a relatively large fraction of the precipitation in Mediterranean areas originates locally, changes at the land surface may further dampen local precipitation. Here, we study the contribution of evaporation to local precipitation for the first time on a scale of approximately 50 km using local evaporation recycling (ELMR) and local precipitation recycling (PLMR), and make a comparison among five Mediterranean climate regions: South West Australia, South West US, central Chile, the Mediterranean Basin, and the Cape region of South Africa. Specifically, this study aims to understand the effects of ecohydrological (dependent on vegetation or the hydrological cycle) and non‐ecohydrological variables on ELMR and PLMR. We find that (a) on average, ecohydrological variables correlate more frequently and more strongly to ELMR and PLMR than non‐ecohydrological variables; (b) ELMR is large over wet areas and PLMR is large over dry areas; and (c) there are differences in underlying factors of ELMR and PLMR among the regions due to differences in wetness, topography, and land cover. The results suggest that in Mediterranean regions, changes in vegetation cover or the hydrological cycle may strengthen the local water cycle through enhancing ELMR. Finally, ELMR and PLMR help to identify where in Mediterranean regions we might enhance the local water cycle through land cover changes.

Criminal liability for illegal cutting of forest vegetation: new practical connotations

Currently, in the Republic of Moldova, there is a rallying of national, European and global concerns, as a result of the awareness of the need to take more serious measures to limit and stop the criminal phenomenon in the field of ecological crime which is in full expansion. Since the sanctioning systems were not sufficient to guarantee full compliance with environmental protection legislation, stricter provisions were needed to prevent the extent of the criminal phenomenon in the field of illegal tree cutting. As a result, by the Law of 06.06.2024, changes were made to the provision of the crime of illegal cutting of forest vegetation, by criminalizing not only the actions of cutting, but also the actions of breaking and uprooting trees and shrubs without authorization, such as and by including the vegetation from green spaces, from wet areas, from the bottom of the waters and other lands with a special purpose of protection, as being the material object of this crime.

An application for mobile devices as a decision support for the treatment and prevention of bovine fasciolosis - A survey among organic dairy farms in Bavaria

Based on health applications used in human medicine for the self-management of chronic diseases, the aim of this study was to evaluate a mobile app in veterinary medicine using the example of a decision-making aid for the control and prevention of bovine fasciolosis on dairy cattle farms. The study was carried out on 37 organic dairy cattle farms in Bavaria. The farms were divided into two groups: one group received a mobile app (n=17) as a decision-making aid, while the other group received a printed brochure (n=20) with identical content. At the beginning of the study, all participants were questioned by telephone concerning their farm, among other things. After using the respective tool, the participants were again interviewed by telephone. At the beginning of the study, the majority of participants were aware of the options for drainage (n=28; 75.7%) and fencing off wet areas (n=36; 97.3%). 37.8% (n=14) stated that they were familiar with a pasture rotation system. After using the respective aid, the majority of participants described the tool as helpful (94.1% app; 80% brochure). Many participants (app group: n=10 (58.8%); brochure group: n=16 (80%)) stated that they wanted to change their approach based on the new knowledge gained, e. g. introducing a pasture rotation system (app group: n=9 (52.9%); brochure group: n=13 (65.0%)). Both study groups enjoyed working with the tool they used. They viewed the knowledge imparted by the mobile app or brochure as helpful and useful. Most participants expressed a desire to continue using these tools in animal health management on farms in the future. The use of tools such as mobile apps may improve veterinary advice, e. g. in the management of parasitoses in cattle herds.

Estimation of relative permittivity for measuring soil texture-dependent water content by GNSS-IR

Techniques for measuring the soil moisture content (SMC) using global navigation satellite system-interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) with a positioning antenna have been reported. However, conventional methods are limited to evaluating the relative change in volumetric water content in a dry range for certain soil textures. In this study, we proposed a method to measure relative permittivity using GNSS-IR and evaluated its applicability at two sites with different soil textures and moisture content. The true multipath penetration depth was obtained from the tangent dielectric suitable for the soil textures, and the apparent penetration depth affected by the relative permittivity of the soil was calculated from the signal-to-noise ratio measured by GNSS. The relative permittivity of the soil was obtained from the ratio of these values and compared with the relative permittivity of the SMC sensor. As a result, we could measure soil permittivity according to soil textures from dry to wet conditions from GNSS-IR, except when the true multipath wave penetration depth was less than 1.5 cm, at which only surface reflection occurred. Sandy soils with a low dielectric loss tangent and wet areas with small changes in the depth of penetration of electromagnetic waves are particularly suitable environments for this method.

Enhancing the productivity of pyramid solar still utilizing repurposed finishing pads as cost-effective porous material

The primary objective of the current research is to augment the potable water yield of the solar still (SS). This objective is achieved by integrating a used brushed refinishing pad (BRP) as a porous material (PM) in the absorber basin. This integration maximizes the wet surface area due to the pad's porous nature, thereby enhancing photothermal absorption, which is the process where a material absorbs light and converts it into heat. An experimental investigation was conducted to analyze the effect of porous materials in a rectangular pyramid solar still (RPSS) regarding potable water yield and feasibility. The results were compared with those of the conventional solar still (CSS), revealing a noteworthy enhancement in the production of potable water with RPSS-PM, showing a 47.7 % increase on day one and a 48.1 % increase on the second day with a mere 10 % rise in basin water temperatures. The energy efficiency of RPSS-PM improved significantly by about 9 % on both days compared to CSS. From an economic perspective, this system's payback period (PBP) was 5.2 months, compared to 6.1 months for the CSS. Furthermore, the cost per liter (CPL) of potable water produced by the RPSS-PM was 16.6 % lower than that of the CSS. This innovative approach holds great potential for effectively addressing challenges related to water scarcity.

A model of racing kayak surge motion a numerical approach with realistic oscillating propulsion forces

This study presents a novel forward dynamics model of racing kayak surge motion. The model, driven by adjustable oscillating propulsion forces, replicates true paddle stroke forces. It is based on Newton’s second law of motion, with the net force comprising of propulsion force, skin friction drag, wave-making drag, form drag, and air drag. The total mass includes the kayak, paddler, and added mass. The fourth-order Runge–Kutta method is used to solve for speed and distance. The model incorporates a unique hull formulation for wetted surface area estimation, Michell’s integral for wave-making drag, and a log wind profile with allometric scaling for air drag. It accounts for varying stature height, body mass, kayak dimensions, wind speed, and stroke propulsion profiles. The model is a significant advancement in its domain, with broad applicability for the future. It aligns with existing data and analyses, but validation data is limited.