Wetland In Indonesia Research Articles

Understanding Wetland Environmental Risk Mitigation Communication Strategy: A case study in Banjarmasin

The environmental problems of wetlands in Indonesia, especially in Kalimantan, are not only problems of land fires, haze, floods, but can also be in the form of collapse of buildings due to the contour of swampland and the use of river channels with various uses both for community life, transportation facilities, and river channels as part of tourist destinations. The purpose of this study is to explain the problem of phenomena that often occur in wetlands for tourism activities. Qualitative research methods with case studies, data collection techniques are carried out by collecting various news about motorboat accidents, observations, interviews, and documentation of river crossing tours from social media. The results showed that mitigation communication to prevent accidents in river channel tourism activities has three components that should be jointly responsible, namely the government, river crossing tourism managers, and river crossing visitor communities. Three components are not partially but comprehensively responsible for overcoming problems with risk mitigation. The river is part of the local wisdom of the people in Kalimantan, by utilizing the existing potential to maximize the increase in tourism objects based on comfort and safety.

HABITAT SUITABILITY SPATIAL MODEL OF NEAR THREATENED SUNDA TEAL ANAS GIBBERIFRONS (MULLER, 1842) (ANSERIFORMES: ANATIDAE) IN MUARA ANGKE WETLANDS, JAKARTA, INDONESIA

Wetland ecosystems are important habitats for many waterbird species, including the IUCN nearthreatened Sunda Teal Anas gibberifrons, a species that inhabit wetlands in Indonesia. Muara Angke is one of few remaining wetlands located in Jakarta and has potential as an important habitat for Sunda Teal. This study aims to assess and model suitable habitat for near-threatened Sunda Teal in remaining wetlands in Muara Angke in Jakarta, Indonesia. The study areas include an ecotourism park, the western and eastern parts of the Angke protected forest, and the wildlife reserve. Remote sensing data and geographic information system (GIS) analysis were employed to assess Sunda Teal’s habitat suitability. Some environmental variables negatively influencing habitat suitability for the species include the presence of fishponds and settlements, and represent anthropogenic disturbance. In contrast, variables that may positively influence the species include the occurrence of gastropod and crustacea, both groups being known as food resources, and mangrove cover. The highly and moderately suitable habitats were estimated to form 32.36% and 23.48% of the total wetlands, respectively. In contrast, 12.17% was considered unsuitable for Sunda Teal. The ecotourism park had the most unsuitable habitats. In contrast to the ecotourism park, the protected forest, followed by the wildlife reserve, had more moderately and highly suitable habitats.

Assessment of the multifunctional role of wetlands in Indonesia: a case study in West Java Province

Agricultural activities in paddy fields (wetlands) producing products and sell that product, and also generate desirable or positive externalities as environmental services. Environmental services and the products that sell to the market are called multifunctional agriculture (MFA). This study aims to evaluate and economically assess the multifunctional role of wetland areas in Indonesia by taking the case of the West Java region. This study uses secondary data and data collected from various institutions and publications. This study uses the replacement cost method (RCM) to investigate the economic value of the role of MFA in wetland farming systems. The results show that the total value of environmental products and services marketed in wetland areas in West Java Province is around USD 36.59 billion per year or USD 39.41 million per hectare per year. The policy implications of this research are (1) attracting the maximum capacity of the stakeholders and community to participate in all the programs planned to protect, preserve and conserve the environment; (2) parting, endorsing, and strengthening the government and communities in the downstream area to invest in rehabilitating the upstream and middle watersheds; and (3) in per hectare a year, excluding the price of the land itself, the cost of building paddy fields, and the value of other infrastructure and facilities, USD 39.41 million is the replacement cost value if the rice fields are to be converted to non-agricultural use and replaced by the construction of rice fields new in other areas that are still possible.

Short-term drought exposure decelerated growth and photosynthetic activities in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a preferred vegetable by local farmers at a riparian wetland in Indonesia due to high market demand and its economic value. Chili pepper can be grown immediately after rice harvesting, concurrently with the early dry season. Three chili pepper varieties, namely Genie, Romario, and Laris were evaluated for their adaptability to drought condition. Drought treatment was imposed for 7 days until soil water potential was dropped to around −30 to −40 kPa. Morphological and photosynthetic traits were measured at pre-, during, and post-drought exposures. Growth analysis was calculated based on measured morphological traits. Results indicated that the number of leaves (NoL), total leaf area (TLA), total accumulated dry matter (TDM), and relative growth rate (RGR) were negatively affected by drought. Water content of shoot (SWC), leaf (LWC), and root (RWC) were significantly decreased during drought exposure; yet, able to fully recover at 7 days after drought treatment was terminated. Decrease in shoot root ratio (SRR) and leaf weight ratio (LWR); reversely, increase the root weight ratio (RWR) under drought condition, was not associated with enhancement of root growth. Rather, it was due to less negatively effect of drought on roots than on the above-ground organs. Simultaneously, chlorophyll fluorescence, LWC, stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthetic rates declined during drought exposure. However, 7 days after drought treatment was terminated, all traits were able to return to pre-drought levels. Among chili pepper varieties studied, Genie exhibited better overall performance than Laris and Romario did under drought stress condition.

Cross-ecosystem utilizing primed seeds of upland rice varieties for enriching crop diversity at riparian wetland during dry season

Abstract. Ria RP, Lakitan B, Sulaiman F, Kartika K, Suwignyo RA. 2020. Cross-ecosystem utilizing primed seeds of upland rice varieties for enriching crop diversity at riparian wetland during dry season. Biodiversitas 21: 3008-3017. Cultivation of rice during second growing season at riparian wetlands in Indonesia must deal with drought conditions at reproductive stage. Seed priming can speed up seed emergence and produces vigorous seedlings. Objective of this study was to screen upland rice varieties which were positively responded to seed priming and tolerant to drought during late vegetative and/or reproductive stage. Results of this study indicated that osmo-priming showed positive effects on seed emergence, percentage of germinated seed, and time to reach 50% germination. Effects of osmo-priming on seedling growth did not go beyond four weeks after seedlings had been transplanted. Among nine varieties screened, Inpago 10 exhibited better response to seed priming during late vegetative stage as it produced the highest number of tillers and total leaf area. However, at harvest, osmo-priming with 20% PEG lowered filled spikelet and weight of 100 grains but did not affect yield. Drought during late vegetative stage lessened number of tillers but after drought-treated plants recovered during reproductive stage, percentage of filled spikelet and grain size were comparable to those of control plants. Meanwhile, drought imposed during reproductive stage decreased percentage of filled spikelet and grain yield. Despite its better performance under drought conditions, leaf rolling score was higher during heading stage in Inpago 10. This phenomenon indicated that leaf rolling was not forced by drought, rather it was a quick response of Inpago 10 variety to limit water loss due to transpiration.

Response of some soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) varieties on flooded conditon with application of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and Salicylic Acid (SA) in the R3 phase

Soybean production (Glycine max (L.) Merril) in Indonesia has fluctuation every year. The area of wetlands in Indonesia is about 24.5 million ha, but only about 8.5 million ha of wetlands are used as rice fields, the remaining 16 million ha have not been utilized. The study aims to determine the response of some soybean varieties on the application of benzyl amino purine (BAP) and salicylic acid (SA) in flooded conditions. The research initiated in research land of the Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Sumatera Utara, using the Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 treatment factors namely varieties consisting of 3 varieties (Demas 1, Dering 1 and Burangrang), the concentration of plant growth regulator consisting of 3 levels (control, 50 ppm BAP + 100 ppm of SA and 100 ppm of BAP + 200 ppm of SA) and the treatment of flooding stress consisting of 2 treatments (control and flooded). The results showed that the varieties had critical effect on the parameters of number of pods per plant and the weight 100 seeds. Synthetic plant growth regulator concentration had no effect on all the observation parameters, but flooding stress had significant induce on the parameter of number of pods per plant.

Inclusive and Ecologically-Sound Food Crop Cultivation at Tropical Non-Tidal Wetlands in Indonesia

Productivity and cropping intensity on non-tidal wetland in South Sumatra are considerably low and has been underutilized up to now. The majority of farmers in this ecosystem are smallholders with limited adoption capacity on introduced technologies and modern agricultural practices. The objectives of this research were (1) to comprehensively capture multidimensional constrains that restrained local farmers in increasing their agricultural productivity; and (2) to identify, assess, and develop substantially-relevant, financially-affordable, and socially-acceptable agricultural technologies and practices for smallholder farmers to increase productivity. This research was organized in three main activities: qualitative research employing Grounded Theory procedure, quantitative questionnaire-guided survey, and a series of laboratory and field experiments. The research results indicated that the main constraints in increasing productivity and cropping intensity on the non-tidal wetland in South Sumatra include (1) unpredictable flooding occurrence and low soil nutrients content (agronomic constraint), (2) low financial and technology adoption capacity of local farmers (economic constraint), and (3) public policy has not significantly escalated farmer’s motivation to increase food production (social and institutional constraint). This research suggests that multidimensional (technical, financial, ecological, and socio-cultural) approaches should be integrated in collective efforts for sustainably intensifying food production on the non-tidal wetland.

Shoot and Root Growth in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Exposed to Gradual Drought Stress

Drought condition during the dry season is a major constraint for intensifying agricultural activities at riparian wetlands in Indonesia, particularly for annual vegetables, including common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Besides inhibiting growth and reducing yield, drought also causes alteration of the shoot and root growth and development. The objective of this study was to evaluate responses of common bean to three durations of drought stress and the bean ability to recover after termination of the stress treatments. Gradual drought stress treatments were imposed by withholding all water sources to the treated plants. Three durations of drought stress imposed were 4, 8, and 12 days. The ability of the stress-treated plants to recover was evaluated at 7 days after termination of each treatment. The result of this study revealed that common bean was able to tolerate and recover from gradual water deficit for up to 8 days; however, prolonged water deficit for 12 days inhibited the growth of above-ground organs in common bean. Despite root regrowth during the recovery period, plants previously treated with 12 days of drought were unable to recover but those treated with shorter drought stress period were able to recover.

Application of floating culture system in chili pepper (Capsicum annum L.) during prolonged flooding period at riparian wetland in Indonesia

Floating culture system (FCS) is the only feasible way for crop cultivation during high and prolonged flooding period at riparian wetlands. Objective of this research was to evaluate growth and yield of chili pepper cultivated using three different FCS during high flooding period at tropical riparian wetland. Floating rafts were constructed using used plastic bottles. Dimension of the raft was 2m x 1m with load capacity of 60 kg m-2; therefore each raft can carry 120 kg dead weight of growing media and chili pepper grown on it. Chili pepper used was CK9856 variety. Three FCS treatments applied were: P1, with gunny sack layer placed at interface between water surface and growing media; P2, without gunny sack at the interface; and P3, bottom part of growing media was immersed in water at 2-3 cm depth. These treatments were compared to P0, conventionally cultivated chili pepper as control. Result of this study revealed that chili pepper cultivated using FCS (P1, P2, and P3) significantly outperformed those of conventionally cultivated (P0) as indicated by higher growth and yield. Among FCS treatments, P2 produced the highest marketable yield (248.9 g plant-1). Therefore, the P2 is recommended for cultivation of chili pepper by smallholder farmers at riparian wetlands during high and prolonged flooding period.

Effects of particle size and application rate of rice-husk biochar on chemical properties of tropical wetland soil, rice growth and yield

Besides unpredictable time and duration of flooding occurrence, low soil fertility has been another main agricultural issue at riparian wetland in Indonesia. The objective of this research was to determine the potential use of biochar in improving soil chemical properties, rice growth, and yields. Assessment on the effects of particle sizes (S) and application rates (R) of rice-husk biochar was executed through pot experiments in a greenhouse of Universitas Sriwijaya, Indonesia, from January to April 2017. The experiment was laid out in randomized block arrangement with three replications. S consisted of particle sizes ≤1 mm (S1) and > 1 mm (S). R consisted of application rates at 1 t ha-1 (R1), 2 t ha-1 (R2), 3 t ha-1 (R3), and 4 t ha-1(R). Rice growth, yield, and growth analysis were measured during vegetative and generative stage. Soil chemical properties were analyzed after harvesting. Results indicated that application of biochar increased soil pH but did not affect cation exchange capacity (CEC), and availability of major soil nutrients. During vegetative stage, biochar application increased relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) but decreased leaf are ratio (LAR). R4 treatment significantly increased grain weight per panicle, number of filled spikelet, and weight of 1000 grains. Root and stem N content tended to be higher with biochar application. Application of biochar on riparian wetland soil exhibited some promising positive impacts on soil properties, growth, and yield of rice. However, a long term study on residual effects of biochar application in tropical riparian wetland needs to be pursued further for a more comprehensive understanding on this issue.

Tolerance of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different durations of simulated shallow water table condition

Shallow water table problem has lessened farmer’s interest in cultivating vegetables at riparian wetland in Indonesia. At present, riparian wetlands are mostly underutilized. Objective of this study was to evaluate tolerance of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to shallow water table condition. Common bean variety of PV072 was used in this study. Research was conducted in Jakabaring, South Sumatra, Indonesia; from November 2016 to February 2017. Leaf and root growth or damage can be used as an indicator of stress tolerance in plants exposed to unfavorable soil conditions. Results of our study indicated that roots of common bean were unable to survive in water saturated condition below water table, but the plants were able to compensate for this constraint by increasing root biomass within aerobic substrate above water table. Moreover, after termination of shallow water table treatment, common bean was able to regrow their roots into the ex-saturated zone. Common bean plants produced marketable yield albeit limited rhizosphere space. Interestingly, the plants exposed to 24 days of shallow water table produced the highest yield. In conclusion, common bean can be considered as tolerant vegetable to shallow water table. It should be noted that bean leaf reached 90 percent and full size in less than 6 days and 9 days, respectively, after the young leaf was unfolded. Therefore, long term study on bean leaf growth and development requires measurement on sequential and multiple leaves. Also, nocturnal relative leaf expansion rate (RLER) was significantly faster than diurnal RLER.

Recognizing farmers’ practices and constraints for intensifying rice production at Riparian Wetlands in Indonesia

Despite its large acreage, riparian wetland has been underutilized in Indonesia. Intensity of agricultural activities on this wetland was very low mainly due to two unfavorable extremes, i.e. unpredictable occurrence of flooding during rainy season and drought during dry season. Relevant, affordable, and acceptable technologies are required as solution to this problems. The technologies should be developed based on actual needs, preferences, and absorptive capacity of smallholder farmers, to ensure adoption. Objective of this study was to explore needs, preferences, and absorptive capacity of smallholder farmers through direct observation on their farming practices and dialogs on constraints in intensifying food production at riparian wetlands in Indonesia. The study was conducted at five villages in riparian wetland ecosystem in South Sumatera, Indonesia, from January to June 2016. This qualitative research was conducted in two stages: started with no-preconception Grounded Theory procedure; then, followed by questionnaire-guided survey. Results of this study indicated that intensive observation on farmer’s practices and dialogs on constraints in intensifying food production could reveal needs, preferences, and absorptive capacity of smallholder farmers. Observed farmers’ practices include land preparation and soil quality improvement, seedling preparation, transplanting, cropping management, and harvesting. Dialogs disclosed that unmanageable constraint but urgently needed by smallholder farmers in intensifying food production was technology solution for uncertain and uncontrollable natural flooding and drought occurrence at riparian wetlands. Government intervention is expected for constructing infrastructure for water management at riparian wetlands, i.e. polder system.

Lahan Basah dan Arkeologi Nusantara

AbstractReferring to the assumption that the technology gives deep influence to the human ability to adapt the environment, we have found that the research result could describe the influence of environment to human being in the simplest level in cultural evolution. In line with that, the role of human in changing the environment will increase in parallel with the development of technology. As one of environmental form, there’s a wide wetland in Indonesia which is known as an wetland country and people also depend on it. Wetland has an importand value in contributing the biological variance, world climate regulator, source of food, etc that give the benefit to the human’s life and others. It’s not surprising that there’s lot of archaelogical sites on wetland area.

Mapping wetlands in Indonesia using Landsat and PALSAR data-sets and derived topographical indices

Wetlands play an important role in the provision of ecosystem services, ranging from the regulation of hydrological systems to carbon sequestration and biodiversity habitat. This paper reports the mapping of Indonesia’s wetland cover as a single thematic class, including peatlands, freshwater wetlands, and mangroves. Expert-interpreted training data were used to identify wetland formations including areas of likely past wetland extent that have been converted to other land uses. Topographical indices (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission-derived) and optical (Landsat) and radar (PALSAR) image inputs were used to build a bagged classification tree model based on training data in order to generate a national-scale map of wetland extent at a 60 m spatial resolution. The resulting wetland map covers 21.0% (39.6 Mha) of Indonesia’s land, including 25.2% of Sumatra (11.9 Mha), 22.9% of Kalimantan (12.2 Mha), and 28.9% of Papua (11.8 Mha). Results agree with existing image-interpreted products from Indonesia’s Ministries of Forestry and Agriculture and Wetlands International (89% overall agreement), and with the Ministry of Forestry forest inventory data for Sumatra and Kalimantan (91% overall agreement). An internally consistent algorithm-derived national wetland extent map can be used to quantify changing rates of land conversion inside and outside of wetlands. Additionally, wetlands extent can be used to efficiently allocate field resources in national assessments of wetland sub-types such as peatlands, which are a current focus of policies aiming to reduce carbon emissions from land use change.

Plot Scale Phosphorous and Potassium Balances of Newly Opened Wetland Rice Farming Originated from Wetland

Development of newly opened wetland rice fields both from dry land and wetland in Indonesia are important to meetrice growing demand, increase soil productivity, keep rural food security and provide jobs as well as generateincome. Most soils of newly opened rice fields are low in P and K contents, but the farmers do not apply P and Krecommended fertilisers. The study was conducted on newly opened wetland rice farming in Panca Agung village,Bulungan District, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia in 2009. The aims were to evaluate phosphorous andpotassium input – out of newly opened wetland rice and to validate the P and K recommendation. Six treatmentswere tested including farmers practices (as control), farmer practices + straw compost + dolomite, NPK withrecommendation rate in which N and K was split in two applications, NPK with recommendation rate in which N andK was split three applications, NPK with recommendation rate + straw compost + Dolomite , in which N and K wassplit three applications, and NPK with recommendation rate + straw compost + dolomite, in which N and K weresplit two applications. The N, P and K rates were 250 kg urea, 100 kg SP-36 and 100 kg KCl ha-1 season-1, while thefarmer practices 100 kg urea and 100 kg SP-36 ha-1 season-1. Parameters to be measured were concentration P andK in mineral fertilizer, compost, irrigation water and grains as well as straw. The results showed that surplus Pranged from 5.75 to 12.85 kg P ha-1 season-1, meaning that SP-36 application rate was more than enough to replace Premoved by harvest product. In contrast, potassium application rate should be increased from 100 to 200 kg KClha-1 season-1 to fix K removed by harvest product. However, when the compost will also be increased to 3 Mg ha-1season-1 K fertilizer can be increased to 150 kg KCl ha-1 season-1 to substitute K taken away by rice harvest productand to keep higher rice grain yield. These P and K recommendation rate imply that total SP-36 and KCl should beavailable at district level will be about 984.9 Mg SP-36 and 1.477 Mg KCl district -1 season -1, respectively.Keywords: Newly opened wetland rice; nutrient balance; nutrient input; nutrient losses; plot scale wetland[How to Cite: Sukristiyonubowo, K Nugroho and S Ritung. 2012. Plot Scale Phosphorous and Potassium Balances of Newly Opened Wetland Rice Farming Originated from Wetland. J Trop Soils 17 (3): 227-237. doi: 10.5400/jts.2012.17.3.227][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2012.17.3.227]

Wastewater Treatment Using Vertical Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland in Indonesia

Problem statement: A constructed wetland to treat wastewater from farm house has been built in Padjadjaran University farming research station in Jatinangor, Indonesia, in July 2009. Approach: Water samples from both influent and effluent were taken every two weeks and analysed for COD, BOD5, NO3-N, NO2-N, NH4-N, total-N, PO4-P, total coliform bacteria, pH, O2 and settleable solids. Results: The objective of this study was to install one constructed wetland with a vertical flow system to treat sewage from farm house by using an aquatic macrophyte (Phragmites karka). The average treatment efficiencies during the period from August 2009 to January 2010 for BOD5, COD, NH4-N, total- N, PO4-P and total coliform bacteria were 76,03, 78,89, 88,18, 71,70, 91,06 and 99,45% respectively. The average concentration in effluent from period of August to January for BOD5 was 21.87 mg L-1, COD (57.66 mg L-1), NH4-N (0.82 mg L-1), NO3-N (1,36 mg L-1), total-N (2.68 mg L-1), PO4-P (0.07 mg L-1) and total coliform bacteria (4880 MPN/100 ml). Conclusion/Recommendations: The overall results show that all effluent concentration from constructed wetlands except BOD5 were still low and fall considerably short of Indonesian effluent standards for irrigation water. These results were very promising to be used in treating wastewater from agricultural industry and produce clean water which then can still be used for other purposes such as irrigation water, fisheries and other necessities.