Wet Waste Research Articles

Kinetics of nitrogen-, oxygen- and sulfur-containing compounds hydrotreating during co-processing of bio-crude with petroleum stream

The rational selection of catalysts and process parameters for co-processing biomass- and waste-derived bio-crudes with petroleum streams requires detailed reaction networks and kinetics of the conversion of heteroatom-containing compounds existed in both kinds of feedstocks. We provide the kinetics and reaction networks for the hydrotreating of N,N-diethyldodecanamide and N-methyldodecanamide, model compounds of major components in bio-crudes from hydrothermal liquefaction of wet waste. Their conversion undergoes via two pathways over sulfided NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst: deoxygenation followed by denitrogenation of the amine intermediate (DO pathway), and denitrogenation followed by deoxygenation of the alkanol intermediate (DN pathway)—with the DO pathway dominant over the DN pathway. H2S inhibits the deoxygenation step and promotes the denitrogenation step in the DO pathway. The amine intermediate inhibits the amide conversion, with weaker effects on the conversion of secondary amide than on the tertiary amide. The kinetics of hydrotreating of several model compounds representing the main species during co-processing indicate that the removal of nitrogenous species, which are in large quantities and of varying structures, remains the main challenge (compared with S- and O-removal) for co-processing.

Valorization of Wet Oily Petrochemical Sludge via Slow Pyrolysis: Thermo-Kinetics Assessment and Artificial Neural Network Modeling

Oily sludge is a hazardous waste stream of oil refineries that requires an effective process and an environment-friendly route to convert and recover valuable products. In this study, the pyrolytic conversion of the wet waste oil sludge was implemented in an autoclave pyrolyzer and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) at 5°C/min, 20°C/min, and 40°C/min, respectively. The kinetic analysis was performed using model-free methods, such as Friedman, Kissenger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), and Ozawa–Flynn–Wall (OFW) to examine the complex reaction mechanism. The average activation energy of wet waste oil sludge (WWOS) estimated from Friedman, KAS, and OFW methods was 198.68 ± 66.27 kJ/mol, 194.60 ± 56.99 kJ/mol, and 193.28 ± 54.88 kJ/mol, respectively. The activation energy increased with the conversion, indicating that complex multi-step processes are involved in the thermal degradation of WWOS. An artificial neural network (ANN) was employed to predict the conversion during heating at various heating rates. ANN allows complex non-linear relationships between the response variable and its predictors. nH, ΔG, and ΔS were found to be 191.26 ± 2.82 kJ/mol, 240.79 ± 2.82 kJ/mol, and −9.67 J/mol K, respectively. The positive values of ΔH and ΔG and the slightly negative value of ΔS indicate the endothermic nature of the conversion process, which is non-spontaneous without the supply of energy.

Effect of solvent and feedstock selection on primary and secondary chars produced via hydrothermal carbonization of food wastes

Hydrothermal carbonization is a thermochemical process that converts wet waste biomass into hydrochar, a renewable solid fuel that comprises a coal-like primary phase and an oily secondary phase. The varying oxidation rates of these phases may result in an inefficient energy recovery when combusting the hydrochar, as secondary char is more reactive. Brewer’s spent grain, dairy cheese whey and food waste were hydrothermally carbonized at 250 °C. The hydrochars were extracted using six solvents to evaluate the hydrochar partitioning between primary and secondary char phases. Feedstock nature and solvent selection impact the amount and composition of these phases detected. For lipid-rich feedstocks, ethanol extracts up to 50 wt% secondary char enriched in liquid fuel precursors from a solid primary char with enhanced coal-like characteristics. For substrates rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and lignocellulose, less secondary char is produced. Acetone and dichloromethane remove the oily secondary char and maximize primary char yield.

The effect of extorted wet edamame pod liquid waste in chicks performance

This study aimed to determine the effect of liquid waste from extorted wet edamame pod (LEP) as a natural feed additive added to drinking water in chicks during rearing in a tropical environment. The study was designed using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 levels of LEP and 1 control treatment. Each level treatment replicated 4 times with 10 chickens for each experimental unit. The treatment levels were L0=control (using commercial additive based on the product dosage); L1=2.5% v/v LEP; L2 = 5%v/v LEP; and L3=7.5% v/v LEP as additive that added to drinking water. The variables observed broiler performance in the first week starter period which included water intake and feed intake, body weight gain and FCR. The statistical analysis used analysis of variance (ANOVA) then followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) when showed significant result. The results presented that the usage of 2.5% v/v LEP increased water intake but presented similar effect on feed intake and the performance of first week broiler maintenance in the tropical environment. In conclusion, the usage of LEP up to 7.5% in broiler drinking water is safe to apply as a natural feed additive without reducing broiler performance.

PEMANFAATAN SAMPAH SAYURAN RUMAH TANGGA MENJADI PELET PAKAN IKAN LELE (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS)

Vegetable waste that is not utilized causes an unpleasant odor effect and disturbs the aesthetics of the environment, wet waste thrown away can become a breeding ground for insects. One of the waste utilization methods is the manufacture of fish pellets. The purpose of this study is to utilize household vegetable waste used for fish feed pellets. The research design used was a pre-experimental design with a posttest only research design. The object of this research is vegetable waste originating from household activities. The treatments used were 3 variations of vegetables (20%, 30%, 40%) repetition which was carried out 3 times with a concentration of 1 kg. Making fish pellets using a machine that has been modified as a supporting tool for making pellets. The pellets produced were subjected to laboratory tests to determine the water content, ash content, fat content, crude fiber content, protein content referring to SNI (01-4087-2006) concerning catfish feed regulations. The results showed that from variation 1 (20%), variation 2 (30%) and variation 3 (40%) none of them met the Indonesian National Standard with water content, ash content, fat content, and protein content. crude fiber still does not meet because it is still under the provisions of SNI. It was concluded that there were no pellets made from vegetable waste that met the stipulation value of SNI. The percentage that can be reviewed for the formulation is that the percentage of shrimp head flour can be increased to 20% and the fine bran can be reduced to 40%. For the community, it can be useful to overcome the problem of vegetable waste being dumped directly into the surrounding environment without any processing of the vegetable waste to be used as fish feed pellets.

Combined treatment of high-strength fresh leachate from municipal solid waste landfill using coagulation-flocculation and fixed bed upflow anaerobic filter

The current research study describes the coagulation-flocculation process's investigation, followed by biological treatment. The two landfill simulated reactors were fabricated using an iron sheet of 1 m × 1 m × 1.1 m. In this study, landfill reactors were simulated with different operation modes, i. e., Reactor1 (R1) was operated without rainfall, and reactor2 (R2) Operated at the weighted average actual rainfall rate of 50 years, while both contained the waste composition of wet waste (73%) and dry waste (27%). The type of landfill leachate used for the study was fresh/young leachate. Initially, R1 leachate was used to obtain the effective coagulant in terms of coagulant dose and pH using different conventional coagulants, i.e., potash alum KAI(SO₄)₂·12H₂O, ferric chloride (FeCl3), ferrous sulphate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and bentonite clay. R1 leachate was used for the acclimatization phase for biomass growth, and R2 leachate was used for the treatment phase to check the removal efficiency of varied concentrations of pollution indicator parameters of leachate in the anaerobic filter. The leachate (R1) was characterized before the pretreatment process and showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal percentage was higher for FeCl3 with 55.4% at pH 5. In the up-flow anaerobic filter's acclimatization phase, maximum COD removal was 23.3%, while in the treatment phase, it was 20.03% (23,170 mg/L) removal of COD for the leachate from the simulated rainfall reactor (R2). R2 leachate was characterized before using it for the treatment phase. COD's removal efficiency was 35% in coagulation treatment, only 20.03% was achieved in the anaerobic filter, and overall removal was 51.52%, including both the treatment technologies. Therefore, it can be concluded from the study that there was no significant COD removal in the anaerobic filter through the conventional way. A further recommendation is to provide a microbial source (seeding) for biomass growth to improve anaerobic filter efficiency.

Evolution of the Olive Oil Industry along the Entire Production Chain and Related Waste Management

The production of olive oil involves the sustainable management of the waste produced along the entire production chain. This review examines the developments regarding cultivation techniques, production technologies, and waste management, highlighting the goals to be achieved and the most reasonable prospects. The results show that cultivation and production technology have evolved to an almost final solution to meet economic feasibility, keeping the oil’s high quality. Continuous horizontal decanters will coexist with traditional mills in many countries with old olive oil production and consumption traditions. High-quality products have conquered markets, especially in the wealthiest countries. At the same time, the exploitation of dried pomace by solvent extraction is increasingly an obsolete practice. However, waste management is still looking for one or a few reasonable solutions that meet modern society’s constraints. The enhancement of some experienced technologies and the full-scale application of emerging technologies and strategies should solve this problem in the short–medium term. A short discussion is reported on the possibility of unifying the nature and the quality of the waste, whatever the olive oil production method is. Furthermore, modern thermochemical treatment for solid wet organic waste disposal is examined and discussed.

Experimental conception and thermo-energetic analysis of a solar biogas production system

Solar biogas system production offers the possibility to simultaneously produce heat, electricity and to treat waste products as well as to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the industrial sector. In this paper, we report on the development of an experimental solar biogas prototype to valorize the biomass generated by the Moroccan paper industry in order to reduce its carbon footprint. This paper presents an integrated solution to an environmental and energy problem of the companies that generate wet waste biomass. The current new prototype consists of a biogas production system using liquid biomass, a solar installation, and thermodynamic storage derived from a heat pump. Energy balances carried out show that the solar system can reach a thermal efficiency of 70%; the thermal losses of the system are around 53% for the biogas system and 22.6% for the storage and piping system. Further, the results found indicate the average heat demand of the digester reactor is 302 kWh per month, the solar system produced 284 kWh per month (94%) in worth case, which means the solar system is the main source energy and the system solar biogas is a self-energy system. Besides, it was found that the pilot solar biogas system produces about 1100 L of biogas, the analysis of biogas produced prove that it contains 74% of CH4 (814 L) and processes about 3000 L of industrial biomass daily, the biogas conversion efficiency of the whole system is 42%. The economic potential of the current solar biogas system in terms of electricity savings reached 2 MWh per month. The life cycle savings of the current solar system instead of purchasing electricity to meet the energy needs of the biogas process is approximately $4687. Annual emissions of (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are reduced by 69%, 71%, and 70% respectively. Upscaling the current prototype system to 700 m3 (reactor volume) for the case study of cardboard company industry, shows that the yearly bio-methane (CH4) production is around 52,836 m3 per year, which represent 64% of the total fuel consumption for the current case of cardboard recycling and packaging company.

Natural Growth of Plant by Bio-Organic Input

Fertilizers are usually added on plants to improve the plants growth and production. OHN isa fluid form of fertilizers which consists of leftover of agricultural and wet market wastesand also microbes. OHN was fermented and added to the plants when it’s ready to use after1 week. The experiment is done to produce organic fertilizer from wet market waste for abetter soil fertility and also to increase the growth of spinach plants by using differentconcentrations of OHN. In this experiment, two different concentrations of OHN were madewhich is 10% and 20% and there was also controlled. The efficiency of this experiment wasmeasured by the height of the plant, number of leaves and the length of spinach. In the endof this experiment, OHN with a concentration of 20% have shown an excellent result whichhave the 21.7 cm height of the plant, 23 number of leaves, and 7.3 cm length of spinach.The study has shown that the OHN with the concentration of 20% able to enhance thegrowth of the spinach. As a conclusion, the implementation of OHN in plants has beenapproved to enhance the growth of plants, reduce amount of market wastes and also sustainthe fertility of the soil and also known as organic fertilizer.

Co-Processing Agricultural Residues and Wet Organic Waste Can Produce Lower-Cost Carbon-Negative Fuels and Bioplastics

Co-Processing Agricultural Residues and Wet Organic Waste Can Produce Lower-Cost Carbon-Negative Fuels and Bioplastics

Hydrothermal liquefaction of food waste to bio-oil over hierarchical Fe-Co-ZSM-5 catalyst for the circular economy

Food waste is an important wasted resource needs to be utilized for fuel production towards achieving circular economy. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), a fast and energy efficient method of transforming wet food waste to bio-oil whose yield depends on catalyst. In the present study hierarchical Fe-Co-ZSM-5 was synthesized by steam assisted crystallization, characterized and evaluated for the HTL of model food waste. Highest bio-oil yield of 41.8% was obtained at 250 °C, 80 bar using 1 g of hierarchical Fe-Co-ZSM-5 catalyst of crystallinity of 84% for 2 h. Hierarchical Fe-Co-ZSM-5 catalyst is less prone to deactivation compared to conventional microporous ZSM-5 catalyst.

Probing elemental speciation in hydrochar produced from hydrothermal liquefaction of anaerobic digestates using quantitative X-ray diffraction

Understanding elemental speciation in the hydrothermal liquefaction-derived hydrochar paves the way for more profitable and sustainable wet biomass waste biorefineries.

Experimental Analysis of a New Green Recycled Wet Waste Masonry for the Soil Stabilization Incorporating Both Cement and Lime

Experimental Analysis of a New Green Recycled Wet Waste Masonry for the Soil Stabilization Incorporating Both Cement and Lime

A review of the reported technologies to segregate municipal solid waste into dry and wet waste based on their moisture content

This paper deals with the various techniques used to segregate municipal solid waste based on its size and types. We study various research works and ongoing industry practices and finally summarize a general process that is being used to segregate municipal solid waste. This paper also addresses the major problem related to segregating waste as wet and dry and the existing technologies that are being used in industries to segregate municipal solid waste. The methods used to detect moisture in waste materials, are also discussed along with their pros and cons. For this study, we have considered the practices used to segregate waste in India and how they can be improved by implementing the technologies used in other countries in the existing Indian waste management scenario.

Twenty Years’ Research on Microwave Application to Metal Production and Recycling

Ever since discovery of microwave heating in 1946, its application has been developed in various fields. Our research group has performed intensive studies on microwave heating application to metal production and recycling for these twenty years. In this article, it is intended to introduce our attempts having made for different projects. They are 1. Microwave processing of Ti bearing blast furnace slag, microstructural alteration and comminution. 2. Microwave carbo-thermic reduction of valuable metals from various oxides. 3. Microwave drying and dehydration of wet wastes. 4. Vapor de-phosphorization by microwave rapid heating. It is to be emphasized that we utilized a single mode microwave applicator for the purpose of clarification on the heating mechanisms of various metallurgical matters and compounds, and it was intended to discuss the reaction kinetics excited by microwave heating.

Improvement Plan of Crushed Sand Manufacturing Process: Waste Characteristics, Utilization and Process Risk Management

This study presents an improvement plan for the crushed sand manufacturing process (CSMP) through hazard assessment, utilization of CSMP waste, and process risk management. In Korea, the wet method has been applied to most CSMPs because of the technical aspects, production volume, and efficiency. To assess the harmfulness of wet CSMP waste, the analysis methods of leaching toxicity information on flocculants were investigated. Furthermore, to evaluate the risks of waste from CSMP due to its high moisture content, a fluidity test was conducted. The results indicated that there is no effect on the harmfulness of the target waste. However, it is difficult to guarantee unconditional safety because of the lack of detailed ecotoxicity information of the flocculant used for the washing process in the CSMPs. Finally, based on these results, the improvement plan of CSMPs was suggested. This plan includes the design operation guidelines to enable consistent process operation through standardized cleaning and dewatering process. In addition, the basic data with an effective management system of CSMP waste for increasing recycling was also suggested.

Techno-economic Analysis and Life-Cycle Analysis of Renewable Diesel Fuels Produced with Waste Feedstocks

Wet waste feedstocks represent an important category of resources that could be utilized to produce biofuels. Diversion of the wet waste resources from going through conventional waste management practices to utilization as feedstocks for energy production also benefits from avoided cost and pollutant emissions of waste management and disposal. This study investigates the economic and environmental implications of producing bioblendstocks for mixing controlled compression ignition engines from two waste-to-fuel pathways: hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) from yellow grease and swine manure hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) followed by biocrude upgrading. Detailed process models were developed for both pathways, which informed the techno-economic analysis and life-cycle analysis. Conventional swine manure management practice was also modeled in detail as the business-as-usual scenario for the swine manure HTL pathway. The estimated minimum fuel selling prices were $1.22/gasoline liter equivalent (GLE) and $0.94/GLE for the yellow grease to HEFA and swine manure HTL pathways, respectively. The life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the two pathways were 11.2 and −33.3 g of CO2e/MJ, respectively, for the yellow grease to HEFA and swine manure HTL pathways. The credits of avoided emissions from conventional swine manure management were the main reason for the negative GHG emissions of the swine manure HTL pathway. The marginal GHG emissions abatement costs were estimated to be $116–$270/tonne CO2e and $5–$103/tonne CO2e for the yellow grease HEFA and swine manure HTL pathways, respectively, for a diesel price ranging between $0.5/GLE and $0.9/GLE. Since the yellow grease HEFA pathway is already commercialized, it can benefit from the $200/tonne carbon credit in the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard market, which could help the yellow grease HEFA pathway to achieve near-zero marginal GHG emissions abatement cost.

Efektivitas Pembuatan Kompos Dengan Aktivator EM4 dan MOL

A complicated problem for big city governments today is the increasing volume of solid waste, due to population growth and mobility so that the waste load will also increase, especially in metropolitan cities such as Makassar City. To reduce the rate of organic waste generation, which is 60%, is to use organic waste as compost, both liquid and solid. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of composting with EM4 and MOL activators. The results of the study with the addition of EM4 activator, MOL activator and without the addition of activator from the first day to the fourteenth day the compost structure was different. The addition of MOL produces a slightly coarser structure compared to the addition of EM4, while the compost without activator still smells like wet waste. The quality (C/N) of compost, the addition of 100 ml of EM4 was in the optimum level, while the addition of 100 ml of MOL was less than optimum.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СТАБИЛИЗИРУЮЩИХ ДОБАВОК НА УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ АСФАЛЬТОБЕТОНА К ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЮ ПОГОДНО-КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ ФАКТОРОВ

The article presents the results of studies on the influence of stabilizing additives from industrial waste on the change in the physical and mechanical properties of asphalt concrete as a result of the influence of weather and climatic factors. Microporous waste from the pulp and paper industry of high density (corrugated cardboard), mineral fillers from limestone and waste from wet magnetic separation of ferruginous quartzites in a stable and activated state and a bituminous emulsion are used as initial components. As a criterion for assessing the influence of weather and climatic factors on the physical and mechanical properties of the stone mastic asphalt, the coefficient of degradation of their values was used. It is found that after one and three years of conditional exposure to weather and climatic factors, there was an increase in the tensile strength at splitting and a decrease in the compressive strength at temperatures of 20 and 50 °C of samples of all compositions of the stone mastic asphalt, which is associated with the aging of the binder and the separation of the bitumen film from the surface of mineral materials and components of the stabilizing additive. It is shown that as a result of the introduction of mineral fillers into the composition of stabilizing additives, their bitumen-retaining ability increases, which indicates an increase in the structuring effect of the stabilizer and helps to slow down aging. The most effective was shown by a stabilizing additive containing freshly ground wet magnetic separation waste, which is explained by their high adsorption capacity in relation to an organic binder. It is found that the stone mastic asphalt using the developed stabilizing additive undergoes significantly less degradation as a result of the influence of weather and climatic factors than asphalt concrete on a traditional Viatop stabilizer.

Experimental study of the co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and wet waste via TG-FTIR-GC and artificial neural network model: Synergistic effect, pyrolysis kinetics and gas products

This study investigated the co-pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of sewage sludge (SS) and wet waste (WW) using thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-GC/MS) and artificial neural network (ANN). The proportion of WW is 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, and 100%, respectively. These mixtures were heated from 30 to 900 °C at three heating rates (10, 20, and 40 °C/min). The change of gas functional groups with different blends (-OH, –CH, CO2, CC, phenol, CO, and NH3) was detected by FTIR. S3W7 has a synergistic effect on the pyrolysis in all temperature ranges and can also greatly suppress CO2 emission (−35.25%), which is of practical significance to carbon neutrality. S3W7 was recommended as the best ratio. The gas products of S3W7 were obtained by GC/MS, which were mainly nitrides (C5H5N, C4H11N, etc.), hydrocarbons containing CO (C3H6O2, C7H8O2, etc.), and furans (C5H6O2, C6H8O, etc.). The apparent activation energy (E) was measured using Flynne-Walle-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) methods. Machine learning methods were used to analyze the pyrolysis. ANN19 was found the best prediction model of 21 models. The equation to predict TG data was established.