Wet Stage Research Articles

Corrosion performance of super duplex stainless steel and pipeline steel dissimilar welded joints: a comprehensive investigation for marine structures

This study investigates the corrosion behavior of dissimilar gas tungsten arc (GTA) welded joints between super duplex stainless steel (sDSS 2507) and pipeline steel (X-70) using electrochemical and immersion corrosion tests. The GTA welds were fabricated using ER2594 and ER309L filler metals. The study examined the electrochemical characteristics and continuous corrosion behavior of samples extracted from various zones of the weldments in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization methods, and an immersion corrosion test. EIS and immersion investigations revealed pitting corrosion in the X-70 base metal/X-70 heat-affected zone, indicating inferior overall corrosion resistance due to galvanic coupling. The corrosion byproducts identified in complete immersion comprised α-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, Fe3O4, and Fe2O3, whereas γ-FeOOH and Fe3O4 were predominant in dry/wet cyclic conditions. Corrosion escalated with dry/wet cycle conditions while maintaining a lower level in complete immersion. The corrosion mechanism involves three wet surface stages in dry/wet cycles and typical oxygen absorption during complete immersion. Proposed corrosion models highlight the influence of Cl−, O2, and rust layers.

Bioinspired Composite Fabrics with Nanoneedle Structures for High Wicking-Evaporation performance

Achieving ultrafast antigravity water transport and evaporation in high-performance moisture-wicking fabrics remains a significant challenge in textile engineering. In this study, we introduce two novel asymmetric composite fabrics, NN-TS/PET/BS and NS-TS/PET/BS, developed through a straightforward one-step method. These fabrics incorporate different hydrophilic nanostructures—nanoneedles (NN) and nanosheets (NS) of cobalt carbonate—to enhance wicking-evaporation capabilities. The NN-TS/PET/BS fabric exhibited superior unidirectional water transport and evaporation performance, achieving a one-way transport value (R) of up to 330%, an outstanding overall moisture management capacity (OMMC) of 0.87, and a rapid water evaporation rate of 0.5 g h⁻¹, which is 2 and 2.3 times higher than that of NS-TS/PET/BS and Coolmax, respectively. Detailed analyses revealed that the curvature gradients in the nanoneedles significantly enhanced the wetting and evaporation stages, facilitating efficient antigravity water transport. Wear studies confirmed that the NN-TS/PET/BS fabric could swiftly remove sweat from the skin surface, enhancing comfort and performance. These findings offer new perspectives for developing high-performance unidirectional water transport fabrics with broad application potential, including smart textiles, fog harvesting, and wound dressings.

Transient refrigerant distribution in a microchannel heat exchanger heat pump system under different reverse cycle defrosting strategies

The migration and redistribution of refrigerant are critical factors that affect the refrigeration system performance. To improve the defrosting and start-up heating performance, it is essential to investigate the transient distribution characteristics of refrigerant mass. However, quantitative studies on the transient distribution of refrigerant during defrosting and start-up heating stages in heat pump systems are scarce. The dynamic characteristics of defrosting and start-up heating cannot be deeply understood from the perspective of refrigerant migration. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to experimentally study the transient distribution characteristics of refrigerants during defrosting and start-up heating stages for different defrosting strategies. Based on the refrigerant-side dynamic characteristics, the defrosting cycle is divided into three stages for the defrosting strategy with the indoor fan off, the indoor coil charging stage, accumulator charging stage, and wet compression stage. Additionally, for the defrosting strategy with the indoor fan on, it is divided into two stages: the indoor coil charging stage and the outdoor coil discharging stage. For the defrosting strategy with the indoor fan off, the wet compression phenomenon occurs at 240 s, which poses significant challenges to the stability of the compressor. At the end of defrosting, the accumulator retains the most refrigerant for both defrosting strategies. From the perspective of refrigerant transient distribution, the start-up heating stage is the process of refrigerant migration from the accumulator to indoor and outdoor coils. The two main factors that affect start-up heating performance are heating the indoor coil metal, and vaporizing the liquid refrigerant in the accumulator. For the defrosting strategy with indoor fan on, the energy consumption of heating the indoor coil and vaporizing the liquid refrigerant is reduced by 45.7 % and 48.9 % during start-up heating. Based on the transient refrigerant distribution experiment, some methods to improve defrosting and start-up heating are also proposed. This study can provide useful insights into the transient distribution of refrigerants and provide guidance for defrosting optimization.

Comprehensive evaluation of the Paleogene lacustrine source rocks within the Bodong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin using kinetics-based petroleum system modeling

The hydrocarbon potential of the Bodong Sag remains unclear. Investigation and comprehensive evaluation of Paleogene lacustrine source rocks is essential to determine the exploration potential and direction. This study examined the Paleogene source rocks using organic geochemical methods, including total organic carbon (TOC), Rock-Eval pyrolysis, maceral composition, vitrinite reflectance (Ro), and kinetic analysis. For the first time in this study area, a three-dimensional (3D) kinetics-based petroleum system modeling approach was employed to reconstruct the burial history, thermal maturity, and hydrocarbon generation history of the source rocks. The resource mass was evaluated based on the calculated generation mass. Results indicate that the third member (E2s3) and first member (E3s1) of the Shahejie Formation are mainly Type II1 organic matter, exhibiting high generation potential. The third member of the Dongying Formation (E3d3) contains mixed Type II1 and II2 organic matter, with moderate potential. The E2s3 and E3s1 source rocks matured early, entering the oil window in the Early Oligocene (∼30.3 Ma) and Middle Oligocene (∼28 Ma), respectively, and are currently in the wet gas to dry gas stage. The E3d3 source rocks matured later, entering the oil window at the end of the Oligocene (∼24.6 Ma) and are currently in the late oil to the wet gas stage. Subsidence and burial have resulted in higher maturity in the southern subsag compared to the northern subsag, with the margins remaining in low maturity to immature stages. Resource estimates for the Bodong Sag source rocks are quantified at 8.33 × 108 t of oil and 1.68 × 1011 m3 of gas. E2s3, E3s1, and E3d3 contribute 41.62%, 33.95%, and 24.43% respectively, with E2s3 source rocks being the major contributor. The southern subsag, accounting for 76.92%, is the primary hydrocarbon generation kitchen. The significant increase in natural gas resources highlights the prospects for natural gas exploration in the Bodong area.

Insects on Decomposing Pigs and their Forensic Importance at a University in Nigeria

The use of insects to estimate post-mortem interval (PMI) of cadavers by forensic entomologists, is an innovative science enshrined in the medico-criminal system of the developed world. The science is dependent on the biology of insect species that are found in decomposing cadavers. Thus, insect species that are found on decomposing pigs as model to human cadaver, was studied during the rainy and dry seasons of 2021 in a University forest in Nigeria. The decomposition stages (fresh through skeletonization) of the pig cadavers were monitored, and insects found on them were collected with a sweep net, visually observed, and handpicked. They were identified morphologically using insect identification keys with the aid of a dissecting microscope. The tissues of the pig cadavers decomposed completely in 14 and 10 days, respectively, for dry and rainy seasons. Twenty-seven insect species belonging to the orders; Diptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera were identified. The dipterans consist of the families Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Ulidiidae, and Stratiomyidae. The coleopteran families are the Carabidae, Chrysomelidae, Cleridae, Dermestidae, Histeridae, Scarabaeidae, and Staphylinidae, while Formicidae is the only family for the hymenopteran. The dipteran species were the first group to visit the cadavers during fresh, bloated, and wet decay stages while the coleopterans visited during wet and dry decay stages thus, creating a succession pattern on the cadavers. The insect species that aided the cadaver decomposition at different stages are discussed as forensic indicators, which could be useful as PMI estimators of the study area.

Flatness warping of CRTS III track slabs during curing phase

At present, there is a problem of excessive flatness warping in high-speed railway CRTS III type ballastless track slabs on certain railway lines. To analyze the evolution of flatness warping in track slabs and propose effective solutions, this study measured the compressive strength of the concrete used in track slabs, and the flatness warping of track slabs during the water curing and wet curing stages. A comparative experiment was also conducted to evaluate six improvement designs of track slabs. A model was developed to calculate the flatness warping of track slabs during the natural curing stage. The primary findings are as follows: (1) After the demoulding of the track slab, central upward arching deformation occurs at all stages due to the combined effects of drying shrinkage, thermal shrinkage, prestressing, and creep. The flatness warping generated during steam curing stage is a prerequisite; (2) During the curing phase, the primary factors causing excessive flatness warping in track slabs are drying shrinkage and thermal shrinkage; (3) The issue of excessive flatness warping of track slabs can be effectively resolved by employing secondary water spraying and setting a 0.5 mm reverse arch. Additionally, when the temperature is below 0℃ and the relative humidity is less than 0.55, it is necessary to apply insulation and moisturizing measures to the track slabs during the natural curing stage.

A novel rock-physics model of organic-rich shale considering maturation influence

Geochemical parameters, e.g., maturity and total organic carbon (TOC) content, play a crucial role in the prediction of sweet spots and the exploration of oil and gas in organic-rich shales. Thermal maturity significantly affects the conversion of solid organic matter into hydrocarbons and the evolution of microstructures, thereby altering the overall elastic properties of shales. To clarify how maturity affects shale properties, we develop a novel rock-physics model (RPM) of organic-rich shale, in which we consider the continuous process of thermal maturity. First, we present how to estimate the maturity level, TOC content, and organic porosity using logging data. Second, different from only considering the discrete-stage maturity, we establish a novel RPM in which a continuous kerogen maturation process serves as a key control condition. Furthermore, we calibrate the volumetric proportion of each porosity type as a function of maturation. Finally, we apply the RPM to investigate how sweet spot parameters (thermal maturity, TOC content, and brittle mineral content), overpressure, and diagenesis affect the overall elastic properties and anisotropy of shale during thermal maturation. Results demonstrate that using our RPM, we may predict the acoustic velocity of shale formations reliably and that kerogen evolution has a noticeable impact on the elastic properties of shale rocks, particularly during the wet gas window stage of mid-to-high maturation. We conclude that thermal maturity emerges as a crucial sweet spot parameter in the case of the exploration of oil and gas in organic-rich shales.

Ecological Observations along the River Banks at Allahabad, U. P.

This paper embodies the ecological observations made along the exposed riverbeds and the immediate banks of the rivers Jamuna and Ganga at Allahabad during thé months of April to June in 1962 and 1963.The physical features, climate and soil of the area are discussed.Botanical composition of the vegetation and the relative abundance, preference for habitat, types, and phenology of the important species are given.The vegetation is characterised by the preponderance of annual plants and consists of the species of the wet meadow and dry meadow stages of Dudgeon (1920). The thorn scrub Stage is represented by Acacia arabica and Zizyphus jujuba.

DEGRADATION ESTIMATION OF ROSUVASTATIN CALCIUM IN PHARMACEUTICAL TABLET FORMULATION

Objectives: The present objective was to undertaken the Rosuvastatin Calcium degradation in the tablets formulations with a rapid, economic, consistent, specific and simple analytical procedure. Methods: The analytical RP-HPLC was validated with mobile phase composition of methyl alcohol : cyanomethane : water (45:35:20,v/v). The detection was achieved with a flow 1.0 ml/min by using octylsilane column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µ), at 248 nm. Results: The established analytical procedure of Rosuvastatin Calcium was validated statistically for reproducibility, accuracy, specificity as per ICH-guideline. The correlation coefficient was 0.999 with the linearity concentration range 140-260 µg/ml. The percentage recovery was achieved 99.86 to 106.12 and RSD% of precision was 0.599. The specificity was confirmed by excellent photolytic and thermal stability of Rosuvastatin Calcium. The degradation statistical recovery of Rosuvastatin Calcium in dry, wet and thermal stage ware 99.25%, 99.52 % and 99.64% respectively validated. The developed peaks in the chromatograms of alkali, oxidation and acid decomposition of Rosuvastatin Calcium were confirmed by screening the degradation peaks and the recovery percentage were found 23.16 %, 85.59 % and 66.33 % respectively. Conclusions: The stress conditions of Rosuvastatin Calcium in degradation study is successfully developed and it is also important in stability to determined the highest lipid lowering agent in the body that block the manufacturing of cholesterol. The stress conditions like in aqueous acidic hydrolysis, oxidative, alkaline hydrolysis, thermal and photolytic degradation study was validated with a simple, cost efficient, linear, accurate, selective, specific, high performance liquid chromatography with a simple effortless mobile phase containing methyl alcohol, cyanomethane and water.

Analysis and prediction of interactions between transmembrane and non-transmembrane proteins

BackgroundMost of the important biological mechanisms and functions of transmembrane proteins (TMPs) are realized through their interactions with non-transmembrane proteins(nonTMPs). The interactions between TMPs and nonTMPs in cells play vital roles in intracellular signaling, energy metabolism, investigating membrane-crossing mechanisms, correlations between disease and drugs.ResultsDespite the importance of TMP-nonTMP interactions, the study of them remains in the wet experimental stage, lacking specific and comprehensive studies in the field of bioinformatics. To fill this gap, we performed a comprehensive statistical analysis of known TMP-nonTMP interactions and constructed a deep learning-based predictor to identify potential interactions. The statistical analysis describes known TMP-nonTMP interactions from various perspectives, such as distributions of species and protein families, enrichment of GO and KEGG pathways, as well as hub proteins and subnetwork modules in the PPI network. The predictor implemented by an end-to-end deep learning model can identify potential interactions from protein primary sequence information. The experimental results over the independent validation demonstrated considerable prediction performance with an MCC of 0.541.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, we were the first to focus on TMP-nonTMP interactions. We comprehensively analyzed them using bioinformatics methods and predicted them via deep learning-based solely on their sequence. This research completes a key link in the protein network, benefits the understanding of protein functions, and helps in pathogenesis studies of diseases and associated drug development.

Research on Retinal OCT Image Classification Based on Deep Learning

Presently, there persists an issue in convolutional neural network (CNN)-based classification methods for retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, particularly in discerning small-scale lesion areas. This dilemma results in neural network models exhibiting diminished accuracy when determining the activity of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) regarding its dry and wet stages, as well as choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Accurate identification of lesion types is paramount for ophthalmologists in devising treatment strategies. To address this challenge, a transfer learning-based EfficientNet retinal OCT image classification algorithm is proposed. Initially, retinal OCT images undergo data augmentation and preprocessing procedures. Subsequently, the pre-trained EfficientNet-B3 model is trained via transfer learning, followed by fine-tuning training using partial oversampling and class weighting techniques. The ultimate classification accuracy reaches 99.2%, signifying the model's commendable classification recognition accuracy. This underscores the clinical guidance significance of this research endeavor.

Dual resistance Janus PDA/patterned PVDF membrane for membrane distillation with early wetting detection using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Membrane distillation (MD) is highly efficient in separating and removing water pollutants; however, it is susceptible to membrane wetting and fouling especially when treating low-surface tension pollutants such as oils and surfactants. To address these limitations, we fabricated a Janus polydopamine (PDA)/patterned polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane with anti-wetting and anti-fouling properties via non-solvent- and vapor-induced phase separation. In the MD test with a NaCl feed solution with hourly sodium dodecyl sulfate injection, the Janus membrane with the hydrophobic patterned PVDF layer significantly delayed membrane wetting with only a slight trade-off in flux - an 8.6 % decrease in water vapor flux. Also, in the MD test using a NaCl feed solution containing 1000 mg L−1 of canola oil, the hydrophilic PDA layer of the Janus membrane effectively prevented the interaction between oil and the membrane surface. The wetting progression of the Janus membrane was systemically monitored using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to identify the mechanism of its wetting behaviour and to detect and analyse the different wetting stages (i.e., non-wetting, partial wetting, and full wetting). Therefore, unlike conventional electrical conductivity measurement methods, the wetting front estimated using EIS enabled a more precise wetting detection during the DCMD operation.

Economic efficiency of leather treated with zeolite after the pickling process

Raw bovine leather (hide) undergoes a series of manufacturing processes to obtain a finished leather or semi-finished leather, which as such can last for a long period without damage to the hide. The damage by bacteria in the tannery is almost entirely restricted to the soaking operation, but some damages occur under poor storage conditions after pickling and in a wet stage after tanning. Protection against microorganisms is still needed because long periods of storage in moisture and heat create conditions suitable for the rapid growth of microorganisms, which can cause considerable hide damage. The development of microorganisms causes damage that affects the final quality and usability of the leather. In order to avoid damage, the hide undergoes a process of washing and removing microorganisms, before the tanning process. This paper studies and compares the costs of protection from microorganisms of hide treated with bath containing zeolite and citric acid, after the process of pickling, in relation to the costs of removing microorganisms that occur due to poor storage conditions. The costs are one of the elements for determining economic efficiency. This comparison provides an insight into the costs of these processes and their cost-profitability.

POTENTIAL OF DIETARY FIBER AND ANTIOXIDANTS FROM COFFEE SKIN AS A FOOD PRODUCT IN PREVENTING OBESITY: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Obesity is a global health problem that continues to increase and is a major concern in efforts to maintain public health. In this context, the role of food in preventing obesity becomes very important. Food components that have an impact on preventing obesity, namely dietary fiber and antioxidants. Coffee skins are often not utilized, even though they contain high amounts of dietary fiber and antioxidants which can help prevent obesity. The purpose of this article is to explain the potential of dietary fiber and coffee skin antioxidants to prevent obesity. The method used to complete this article is by using the literature study method. Coffee skin consists of several parts, namely pulp, parchment, and silverskin. The coffee skin is obtained from processing coffee berries or coffee cherries which go through wet, dry and semi-wet processing stages. Food products made with coffee skins contain high levels of dietary fiber and antioxidants so they can prevent obesity. Food products made using coffee husks include tea, biscuits, granola, syrup, chocolate and kombucha. Utilizing coffee skins as a food ingredient created food product that are not only delicious but also healthy because they can help individuals maintain a balanced body weight. The dietary fiber and antioxidants contained in coffee skin have the potential to prevent obesity so they can be used as food products.

Characteristics of Electrical Resistance Alteration during In Situ Leaching of Ion-Adsorption-Type Rare Earth Ore

The chemical reaction of ion-adsorption-type rare earth ore during the in situ leaching process is accompanied by ion migration and charge movement, making the leaching process electrochemical in nature. The chemical reaction rate plays an important role in the leaching rate of rare earth elements. In this work, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to reveal the characteristics of electrical resistance alterations and leaching rate of rare earth elements during in situ leaching. The equivalent circuit model of the leaching process was established, and two critical parameters of solution resistance Rs and charge transfer resistance Rt were analyzed to reflect the electrochemical characteristics. According to the characteristics of electrical resistance alteration, the leaching process was divided into four stages: wetting, reaction, equilibrium, and top water stage. The resistance parameters Rs and Rt decreased first and then increased during the leaching process. The maximum value of Rs was 1330 Ω∙cm2 at the end of the top water stage, and the minimum value was 125 Ω∙cm2 at the beginning of the equilibrium stage. The maximum value of Rt was 8310 Ω∙cm2 at the beginning of the leaching stage, and the minimum value was 21 Ω∙cm2 at the end of the reaction stage. Rs and Rt were negatively correlated with the pore size and chemical reaction rate during leaching. With an increasing pore size and reaction rate, the resistance parameters decrease. This study provides a new idea for the intelligent monitoring of rare earth ore.

The Onset and Early Stages of Dynamic Wetting of Superspreading and Non-Superspreading Trisiloxane Surfactant Solutions on Hydrophobic Surfaces

The onset and early stages of dynamic wetting on different hydrophobic surfaces is investigated experimentally for aqueous solutions of two commercial trisiloxane surfacants of similar chemical structure, one of which exhibits superspreading behaviour, in order to investigate the spreading dynamics independently of the surface activity. Superspreading, or the ability of a surfactant solution to spread on a surface beyond the state determined by thermodynamic equilibrium, has been investigated for more than 30 years however its physical mechanism remains poorly understood to date despite its important applications in the formulation of agrochemicals. Surfactant solutions were prepared by dissolving S233 and S240 surfactants (Evonik Industries AG, Essen, Germany) into de-ionised water at a weight concentration of 0.1%. Drops of surfactant solutions and pure water were deposited on three horizontal substrates with different wettability (equilibrium contact angle of water ranging between 55∘ and 100∘), and observed from below with a high-frame rate camera to visualise the advancing contact line. The spreading ratio of drops as a function of time was extracted from high-speed videos by digital image processing. Results reveal that the superspreading solution exhibits an intermittent spreading rate, as well as peculiar features of the contact line, which are not observed for the non-superspreading solution, and confirm the superspreading effect becomes less significant when the surface energy of the substrate is decreased.

MODELING AND SIMULATIONS OF WET POROUS MEDIUM CONVECTIVE DRYING

In the convective drying of a wet porous medium by hot air, the medium surface exposed to the air fluid may experience three stages, namely the fully wet, partly wet, and fully dry stages. At the fully wet stage, the medium surface is fully covered by a water film, with the convective moisture transfer taking place all over the medium surface; at the partly wet stage, the medium surface is partly covered by water film, with the convective moisture transfer occurring only at the wet surface where free water is present. In this research, a theoretical model is presented to simulate the convective drying of a wet porous medium, and experiments on hot-air convective drying of a wet porous sand layer are carried out to investigate the sand-layer temperature and water content variations during the drying, in which the sand layer thickness is 4 mm, the initial water-film thickness is 0.4 mm, and the hot-air temperatures are 45, 60, and 75°C, respectively. Inverse calculations are conducted to get some insight into the water-film coverage function based on the experimental data, which are necessary for quantitatively evaluating the effective moisture transfer surface area when calculating the convective moisture transfer at the partly wet stage. By combining the coverage function with the wet porous medium drying model, a comprehensive model is obtained. Calculations are implemented to simulate the convective drying of the wet porous sand layer, and the effects of the two constants included in that function on the wet sand-layer drying characteristics are discussed. The calculation results are compared with the experimental data; they agree very well, supporting the effectiveness of the current model in simulating the sand-layer convective drying process.

Biological and environmental controls on nighttime water-use behaviors in Populus simonii in semi-arid areas of the Chinese Loess plateau

Recent studies have revealed that the active nighttime water-use behaviors by trees have critical physio-ecological significance in survival and growth in adversity. However, the characteristics and biophysical control of nighttime water-use of silvicultural trees are not clear. We continuously monitored sap flow and leaf water potential (predawn and midday) of Populus simonii of different tree sizes as well as environmental factors during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons (May-September) in a semi-arid area of Loess Plateau. Our results showed that both nighttime water-use (WUn) and the ratio of nighttime to daily water-use (WUn%) increased significantly with tree size, and had larger values in the drought year than in the normal year. The WUn% of different tree sizes ranged from 10.24 to 13.01% and can reach up to 36.49% during prolonged soil drought. Besides, the WUn% of different tree sizes were significantly positively and negatively correlated with nighttime vapor pressure deficit (VPDn) and soil water content, respectively. By partitioning the components of WUn, we found that as tree size increased, the stem water refilling (RE) and nighttime transpiration increased obviously, but the ratio of RE to WUn (RE%) did not change. The RE of different tree sizes constituted the major part of WUn with an average RE% of 65.7–68.0%, and the RE% was larger in the drought year than in the normal year. Additionally, the RE% of different tree sizes increased with decreasing predawn leaf water potential (Ѱpd) during the soil dry stage and with increasing VPDn during the soil wet stage. Given the increased risk of atmospheric drought and soil drought, it can be expected from our findings that the nighttime water-use behaviors of trees become more active in the future, which represents a significant performance of drought adaptation strategies of silvicultural species.

Characterizing imbibition and void structure evolution in damaged rock salt under humidity cycling by low-field NMR

The excavation damaged zone (EDZ) of salt cavities for compressed air energy storage (CAES) undergoes daily humidity cycling. This study investigated moisture imbibition and its impact on void structures in differently damaged rock salt in a cyclic humidity environment using periodic low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests. NMR tests were also conducted on centrifuged and saturated specimens to assist with the analysis. Fluid-accessible voids in rock salts encompass mesovoids (2–50 nm) and macrovoids (>50 nm). In the wet stage of the first cycle, imbibition in the mesovoids lagged behind that in the macrovoids, whereas dehydration in the mesovoids was more pronounced and rapid in the subsequent dry stage than in the macrovoids. Throughout the long-term treatment, imbibition persisted, and the macrovoid volume in all three specimens notably decreased, whereas those of the mesovoids slightly increased. Collectively, these effects significantly reduced the fluid-accessible porosity. In our interpretation, the greater viscous force in the mesovoids impeded their imbibition and brine supplementation, resulting in a difference in the tests of the first cycle. The continuous imbibition of brine activated two self-healing mechanisms in the macrovoids: diffusion mass transfer and recrystallization. These mechanisms transformed consecutive macrocracks into isolated voids filled with recrystallized microstructures, effectively transforming macrovoids into mesovoids. In summary, this study characterized the complex imbibition and void structure evolution affected by self-healing mechanisms of rock salt under humidity cycling, offering new insights for evaluating the long-term stability and integrity of CAES salt cavities.

Study of Changes in the Chemical Composition of Date Palm Fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Derived from Tissue Culture Under the Influence of Different Pollen Treatments

The current study was conducted on growing date palm trees in Al-Siba area - Basra Governorate in order to identify the chemical composition of the fruits under the influence of different pollen treatments. The study was conducted using three main factors. pollen) and the second factor is the pollen variety (Al-ghanami red and Al-ghanami + normal Al-Khukri and Al-ghanami + Alkanari) and the third factor is the age of the male pollination (early, medium and late). The fruit content of amino acids and total soluble protein in the interstitial stage and the percentage of total soluble solids in the wet stage were studied. And the percentage of knots, falling, and chips, in the khalal stage, and the results showed that there are differences in the chemical composition of the fruits under the influence of these treatments. Sequentially, the lowest value for total soluble protein and total soluble solids and the lowest percentage of precipitation and shea was 341.4 mg. L-1, 47.08, 37.1, and 11.3%, respectively. As for the effect of the cultivar, the two cultivars Al-ghanami red + Alkanari and Al-ghanami red + Al Khukri normal were significantly superior in the fruit content of amino acids and total soluble protein, as it recorded (39.5, 33.6) mg.L-1 and (387.7, 397.5) mg.L-1 for both. the two categories sequentially. While the cultivar did not significantly affect the fruit content in the percentage of total dissolved solids and the percentage of precipitation, while Al-ghanami red cultivar recorded the highest percentage of knots and the lowest percentage of hook, which amounted to 55.4 and 4.5%, respectively. Significant differences were recorded between the ages of the male pollens in the fruit content of amino acids, total soluble protein and the percentage of total soluble solids. The medium-mature male pollen gave the highest concentration of free amino acids at an average of (38.7) mg.L-1 and the lowest concentration of total soluble protein and total soluble solids. At a rate of (347.6) mg.L-1 and (45.63)%, respectively. As for the bilateral and triple interactions, it showed a significant superiority in some of the study interventions.