Wet Mode Research Articles

Structural design and modal behaviors analysis of a new swept baffled inflatable wing

Inflatable wing has significant application value in the design of loitering munitions because of its advantages such as lightweight and foldability. However, due to the flexible characteristics, aeroelastic behaviors of inflatable wings such as flutter are nonnegligible in flight. By designing a certain angle between the inflatable beam and the wing span, the structural dynamic and even the aeroelastic performance of the inflatable wing can be effectively improved. Based on the analysis of the mechanical and geometric characteristics of the inflatable structure, a new inflatable wing with sweep arranged inflatable beams is proposed, and the main design variables and methods are analyzed. For purpose of investigating the aeroelastic performance of the swept baffled inflatable wing, the modal behaviors by considering the wet mode are studied. In consideration of the deficiencies of the traditional wet modal analysis method, by introducing the influence on the additional stiffness of flow field, an added mass-stiffness method is proposed in this paper, and the advantages are verified by ground vibration experiments. On this basis, the effects of baffles sweep angle, pressure, and boundary conditions on the modal parameters and aeroelastic performance of inflatable wing are analyzed. The results show that the aeroelastic performance of the inflatable wing can be designed by changing the baffles sweep angle, which is enlightened for the aeroelastic tailoring design on inflatable wings.

Numerical Analysis of the Flow-induced Whistling Noise of Ventilation Wall Based on Fluid-structure Coupling Method

As a widely used device in the field of air cooling and heat dissipation of electronic equipment, ventilation walls often have the problem of whistling caused by airflow. This paper presents a numerical study on the flow-induced whistling noise of a ventilation wall. Firstly, the interior flow field of the ventilation wall under typical working conditions was calculated. Secondly, the structure wet mode of the ventilation wall was calculated considering the airflow influence on the structural vibration. Thirdly, taking the fluid pressure fluctuation at the surfaces of the ventilation wall as excitation source, the structural vibration and radiation noise of ventilation wall was simulated, respectively. Finally, the structure of the ventilation wall was optimized to reduce the whistling noise. The results show that the high velocity airflow causes strong fluid-structure coupling of the ventilation wall. Besides, the peak frequency band of whistling noise ranges from 112Hz to 125Hz, and the maximum sound pressure level (SPL) reaches 87.3dB. Moreover, by improving the structure of ventilation wall, the maximum SPL of whistling noise deceases about 10.5dB, which significantly reduces the flow-induced noise. In conclusion, this paper could provide a method for reducing the flow-induced noise of ventilation walls.

Combustion behaviors of pulverized coal MILD-oxy combustion under different steam injection parameters

MILD-oxy combustion under the wet flue gas recirculation mode is of potential in achieving a synergetic control of C/N emissions, whereas its practical realization is restricted by how to efficiently form an in-furnace H2O-rich atmosphere under MILD regime. Towards this issue, this work numerically evaluates the feasibility of applying the direct steam injection method by arranging the individual steam nozzles with different diameters (Dste) on both sides of the primary stream nozzle (i.e., the inner- and outer-steam injections). The effects of incident position and velocity on combustion behaviors are studied. Results show that compared with the advanced confluence of primary and secondary streams in the inner injection cases, outer-steam injection delays the confluence of inlet jets to enhance the in-furnace dilution level. Inner-steam injection is better in inhibiting temperature rise and fluctuation, which facilitates a more uniform distribution of temperature. MILD combustion with diffusion/kinetics-controlled regime is better maintained in the inner injection cases under a small Damkӧhler number. The share of gasification reaction on char consumption in the inner injection cases is higher than that in the outer injection cases, and the burnout time of char is also increased. The increased Dste further enhances the contribution of gasification reaction and prolongs char burnout. Inner-steam injection inhibits the oxidation of fuel-N and enhances NO-reburning in a large low-O2 region as Dste increases, which leads to the lower NO emission concentration. Meanwhile, interaction between NO and fuel-N intermediates is found to play an inevitable role in reducing the overall NO emission.

Effects of Atmospheric Plasma Corona Discharge on Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Viability, Permeability, and Morphology.

Food spoilage is a routine challenge in food production. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a major contaminating microorganism associated with fruit pulps and juices. Our study demonstrated the effect of a plasma corona discharge on S. cerevisiae viability, membrane permeability, and morphology when the cells were prepared in both dry and wet modes. The S. cerevisiae viability was examined as a function of the duration of plasma exposure, the sample's distance from the treating head, initial cell concentration, and yeast suspension volume. The results showed a linear correlation between the exposure duration and the CFU/mL in both dry and wet modes. When the initial yeast concentration was 106 CFU/mL, complete eradication in the dry and wet modes occurred after 45 and 240 s, respectively. Exposure of different initial concentrations of S. cerevisiae to plasma in dry (20 s) or wet (90 s) mode led to 2 to 3 orders of magnitude reduction. In both modes, there was total eradication when the initial cell concentration was about 103 CFU/mL. The cell-membrane permeability was examined using a flow cytometer and the fluorescent dye propidium iodide (PI). Plasma treatment in the dry mode for 30 and 45 s led to 51% and 76% PI-positive cells. Similar results were obtained in the wet mode but with a longer exposure for 120 and 240 s, respectively. Atmospheric plasma may provide disinfection technology for the food industry in a short process without heating.

The monolithic coupling of straight tube Coriolis mass flowmeter with liquid hydrogen

The Coriolis mass flowmeter (CMF) has the advantages of a simple structure and direct measurement of fluid mass flow rate. This paper numerically simulates the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) of a straight tube CMF based on the monolithic coupling methods of hydrodynamics and structural mechanics with liquid hydrogen (LH2) as the working fluid. The simulated time lag for the CMF with water is firstly compared with the results from the published experiment and the iterative partitioned coupling method to validate the model. The comparison shows that the results of the monolithic coupling are closer to the experimental results. Then the monolithic coupling method is used to analyze the FSI characteristics of the CMF with LH2. And the general flow-induced vibration results with LH2 are presented for the straight tube CMF, including the dry and wet vibration modes. The velocity and the detector positions on the time lag are specially discussed. The results reveal the FSI characteristics of the straight tube CMF with LH2.

A major orbito-hyetal event at the middle-to-late Oxfordian transition (Late Jurassic)

Arido-eustasy is a model that explains palaeoenvironmental change by linking the covariation of the carbon isotope record and the eustatic sea level to orbitally modulated hydroclimatic intensity. Orbitally forced wet climate modes periodically accelerate the water cycle in the biosphere, modulating the balance between terrestrial fresh-water reservoirs and the eustatic sea level and perturbating the carbon cycle through catastrophic weathering of terrestrial carbon reservoirs, resulting in excessive transfer of carbon into the oceans. These intervals of extreme hydroclimatic intensity and weathering, or Orbito-Hyetal Events (OHEs), are hypothesised to be responsible for major palaeoenvironmental crises such as oceanic anoxic events and biotic extinction events. Here, I consider the available data and show evidence for the occurrence of a strong and short-term OHE at the end of the middle Oxfordian. The event probably lasted ∼40 kyr and was bracketed by characteristic arido-eustatic traits, including a prominent sea level fall (the OX5), a contemporaneous extreme (>2‰) negative excursion in the marine carbonate and terrestrial organic-carbon isotope records, and regional occurrences of anoxic environments with organic-rich deposits. Important prolific source-rock reservoirs, such as the Smackover, Hanifa, and Khodjaipak Formations in the Gulf of Mexico, Arabian Gulf, and Uzbekistan, respectively, seem to have been created during this end-middle Oxfordian OHE.

Implication of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering on compound precipitation and temperature extremes in Africa

Three Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) models that simulated the G4 experiment of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) were used to investigate the impact of stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) on combined temperature and precipitation extremes in Africa that can have greater negative impacts on human and the environment than individual rainfall or temperature extremes. The examined compound extremes included the dry (Rwarm׀dry and Rcold׀dry) and wet (Rwarm׀wet and Rcold׀wet) modes assessed during the injection (SAI, 2050–2069) and post-injection (postSAI, 2070–2089) periods compared with the historical period (1986–2005). We found a significant projected change in the occurrence of both wet and dry modes during SAI and postSAI related to the historical period. The magnitude and sign of this change depend on the season and the geographical location. During the SAI and postSAI, the wet (Rwarm׀wet and Rcold׀wet) modes are projected to be significantly lower while the dry modes are noted to increase in a large part of African continent depending on the season and the geographical location and may consequently leads to an increase of the droughts prone areas. The termination effect is noted to reduce the occurrence of dry modes, which may reduce the potential negative effects of the injection after halting. As the effect may vary from one region to another and according to the season, it suggested assessing the key sector impacts of SAI. Thus, this change in dry modes due to SAI could affect all activities which depend on water resources such as water supply, agriculture and food production, energy demand, and production with adverse effects on health, security, and sustainable development, but this needs to be assessed and quantified at regional scales.

Discrete-module-beam-based hydro-elasticity simulations for moored submerged floating tunnel under regular and random wave excitations

This study investigates the hydro-elastic behaviors of a moored submerged floating tunnel (SFT) using a fully-coupled time-domain hydro-elastic model based on the discrete-module-beam (DMB) method. In frequency domain, multibody hydrodynamic coefficients and wave excitation forces are obtained from 3D potential theory. In the time-domain DMB-based hydro-elastic model, the multibody Cummins equation and coupled stiffness matrix according to the theory of Euler-Bernoulli beam and Saint-Venant torsion are used. Mooring lines are modeled with rod theory and high-order finite-element formulations. The tunnel is then coupled with mooring lines by linear springs at respective connection locations. The present DMB model is validated through comparisons with two independent commercial programs, i.e., quasi-static computation based on the 3D solid model by ABAQUS and dynamic simulation using the semi-empirical Morison model by OrcaFlex. Then, the effects of various design parameters, such as submergence depths, buoyancy-weight ratios (BWRs), and wave conditions, on dynamic responses and mooring tensions are evaluated. The effects of nonlinear snap loadings and first- and second-order wave forces on SFT dynamics in regular and random waves are also investigated. Wet natural frequencies and mode shapes, hydro-elastic lateral and vertical displacements, mooring tensions, and bending moments for various cases are presented and analyzed.

The Scale Effect Study on the Transient Fluid–Structure Coupling Performance of Composite Propellers

In order to predict the fluid–structure coupling performance of a full-scale composite propeller under a wake flow field behind a full ship, a bidirectional transient fluid–structure coupling algorithm was established. The performance includes the transient fluid–structure coupling deformation, structural natural frequency, and unsteady hydrodynamic performance. The results showed that the circumferential non-uniform wake flow field can cause periodic pulsation of the propeller’s hydrodynamic force. The average values of thrust and torque coefficient increase, while the pulsation ratio decreases with the increase in scale. The maximum deformation ratio of fluid–structure coupling is linearly related to the scale ratio. Due to the influence of fluid-added stiffness, the maximum deformation ratio needs to be modified by 3% based on the cantilever plate deflection formula. The first five natural frequencies of dry mode and wet mode decrease with the increasing scale, and the wet natural frequencies of each order decrease by 60~68% compared with dry mode. The fluid–structure coupling hydrodynamic performance still show a periodic pulsation with the phase angle, and its average value increases linearly with the scale ratio, while the pulsation ratio decreases with the power relationship of the scale ratio.

Green and Integrated Wearable Electrochemical Sensor for Chloride Detection in Sweat.

Wearable sensors for sweat biomarkers can provide facile analyte capability and monitoring for several diseases. In this work, a green wearable sensor for sweat absorption and chloride sensing is presented. In order to produce a sustainable device, polylactic acid (PLA) was used for both the substrate and the sweat absorption pad fabrication. The sensor material for chloride detection consisted of silver-based reference, working, and counter electrodes obtained from upcycled compact discs. The PLA substrates were prepared by thermal bonding of PLA sheets obtained via a flat die extruder, prototyped in single functional layers via CO2 laser cutting, and bonded via hot-press. The effect of cold plasma treatment on the transparency and bonding strength of PLA sheets was investigated. The PLA membrane, to act as a sweat absorption pad, was directly deposited onto the membrane holder layer by means of an electrolyte-assisted electrospinning technique. The membrane adhesion capacity was investigated by indentation tests in both dry and wet modes. The integrated device made of PLA and silver-based electrodes was used to quantify chloride ions. The calibration tests revealed that the proposed sensor platform could quantify chloride ions in a sensitive and reproducible way. The chloride ions were also quantified in a real sweat sample collected from a healthy volunteer. Therefore, we demonstrated the feasibility of a green and integrated sweat sensor that can be applied directly on human skin to quantify chloride ions.

Estimation of Fly ASH Availability in a Thermal Power Plant for Cement Manufacturers

The Indian coals are having 25 to 45% ash content and huge quantity of fly ash is being generated every day in the Indianthermal power plants. The fly ash so generated are being disposed by dry or wet mode from the power plant. The fly ashdisposed in dry mode is lifted by the cement manufacturers and the fly ash disposed in wet mode is unattended. Mostof the quantity of fly ash is collected in the ESPs. The particle size of fly ash collected in ESPs is finer compared to the flyash collected in other parts of the power plant. For this reason the cement manufacturers prefer the fly ash from ESPs.The quantity of fly ash collected in the ESPs is not directly measurable on everyday basis as there are no well proveninstrumental methods. Also the quantity of fly ash collected in ESPs fluctuates every day due to the varying load factorand coal quality. However, it is important to estimate the quantity of fly ash collected by ESPs on everyday basis so thatthe proportion of fly ash lifted by the cement manufacturers and the fly ash sent to the ash pond will be known. Presentlypower plants do not have a method to estimate the exact availability of fly ash and it is being theoretically calculated fromthe design value that the 80% of the total ash is fly ash and in that a fixed proportion (about 70% of total fly ash generated)is collected in the ESPs. However, the actual generation of fly ash would be different and this is influenced by the type ofcoal used, fineness of the input coal particles, boiler operating conditions, load factor, age of the power plant, etc. Thisuncertainty leads to disputes between cement manufacturers and the utility if there is a penalty clause in the agreementfor not completely lifting the available fly ash (as theoretically calculated by the utility). In view of this it is imperative toformulate acceptable methods for determining the actual quantity of fly ash collected in the ESPs on daily basis. In thepresent work, a simple methodology was developed to quantity the average fly ash collected in ESPs in a 210 MWe coalfired power plant on every day basis through site measurements and routine power plant data. The amount of fly ashdisposed in dry and wet mode has also been estimated through this method.

Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the antifungal properties of tissue conditioner incorporated with essential oils-loaded chitosan nanoparticles.

PurposeThis study aims to investigate new tissue conditioner (TC) formulations involving chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and essential oils (EO) for their antifungal potential, release kinetics, and hardness.Materials and methodsCSNPs were synthesized, and the separate solutions of CSNP were prepared with two types of EO, i.e., Oregano oil and Lemongrass. The EO was loaded separately in two concentrations (200 μL and 250 μL). The blank and EO-loaded CSNPs were screened against Candida albicans (C. albicans), and their minimum inhibitory concentration was established. GC Reline™ (GC corporation, USA) TC was considered a control group, whereby the four experimental groups were prepared by mixing CSNPs/EO solutions with TC powder. The antifungal effectiveness (C. albicans) and release kinetics behavior (1–6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h) was investigated. The Shore A hardness of control and experimental groups was evaluated in dry and wet modes (deionized water and artificial saliva). For statistical analysis, SPSS version 22 was used to do a one-way ANOVA post-hoc Tukey’s test.ResultsCompared to the control group, TCs containing blank CSNPs and CSNPs loaded with EO showed 3 and 5 log reductions in C. albicans growth, respectively. A significantly high antifungal effect was observed with TC containing lemongrass essential oil (200 μL). The continuous release of EO was detected for the first 6 hours, whereas completely stopped after 48 hours. Mean hardness values were highest for dry samples and lowest for samples stored in artificial saliva. The statistically significant difference within and between the study groups was observed in mean and cumulative essential oils release and hardness values of TCs over observed time intervals irrespective of storage media.ConclusionTCs containing essential-oil-loaded CSNPs seem a promising alternative treatment of denture-induced stomatitis, however, a further biological analysis should be taken.

Numerical study on the effects of layout compactness of the annular-aligned moist media on thermo-hydraulic performance of an indirect dry cooling tower

• A 3D numerical model integrating a dry cooling tower and moist media was built. • Annular-aligned moist media conduct air precooling and flow field reconstruction. • Effects of media layout compactness on tower performance were revealed. • Media in dry (wet) mode maximize cooling capacity of the tower by 17.7% (26.9%). • Water loss for unit cooling capacity increment of the tower is within 0.6–0.8 kg/MJ. It is necessary to address the low-efficiency operation of an indirect dry cooling tower (IDCT) under adverse ambient conditions. Annular-aligned moist media outside the tower base is an integrated solution by performing inflow air precooling and flow field reconstruction to improve thermo-hydraulic performance of the tower. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model was developed to evaluate the synergy between the air precooling effect and windbreak-like effect of moist media with varied interval angles. The results indicate that under moist media scheme of any interval angle, the air precooling effect enhances steadily with wind speed, but the windbreak-like effect or the combined effect of the moist media turns to decline as wind speed exceeds 8 m/s. The air precooling effect is stronger than windbreak-like effect in improving tower performance at low and ultra-high wind speeds. Under the identical windy condition, the windbreak-like effect of the moist media enhances with the interval angle, while the air precooling effect varies little. The media with an interval angle of 10° working in dry (wet) mode maximize cooling capacity of the IDCT by 17.7% (26.9%). Water consumption for unit cooling capacity increment of the IDCT generally ranges from 0.6 kg/MJ to 0.8 kg/MJ.

INVESTIGATION OF WATERJET EFFLUX NOISE WITH NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES

The URN resulting from a waterjet propulsion (WJP) is to be accurately estimated for stealth considerations. Such WJP systems are designed to operate either with a submerged jet (wet transom) or with a free surface jet (dry transom). The URN due to the operation of WJP system can be broadly categorized as pump noise and nozzle efflux noise. Pump noise includes mainly the cavitation noise and the tonal mechanical/hydrodynamic noise, whereas the nozzle efflux noise is due to jet impact and bubble entrainment. The present study attempts to implement advanced numerical techniques to estimate URN due to the nozzle efflux of a WJP in both wet and dry transom modes. Large Eddy simulations (LES) are carried out to simulate the hydrodynamics of turbulent multiphase flow behind both submerged and free surface water jets. The impact of water jet on free surface and subsequent bubble generation rate is captured using multiphase volume of fluids (VOF) technique. The impact noise is estimated by directly recording the fluctuating acoustic pressure at certain field points during the simulation. A blob detection algorithm is implemented to compute the bubble generation rate. A mathematical model to compute the bubble pulsation noise from bubble generation rate is validated and implemented. The estimated URN levels in wet and dry mode are presented and compared. Key inferences are presented which could be useful in further investigation of URN from water jet of stealth vessels, as well as to investigate bubble noise from propeller cavitation, air lubrication etc.

Analytical solution for the vibration characteristics of a partially immersed plate with experimental investigation on wet mode shapes

The objective of this paper was to investigate the relationship between dry mode shapes and the distortions associated with wet mode shapes base on theoretical analysis. The superposition method was used to construct the theoretical results of vibration behavior for cantilever plates. Flow field pressure was derived using an equation governing the behavior of incompressible fluids in a finite container. Analytic solutions for vibrations in a cantilever plate in air served as the fundamental function of the thin plate partially immersed in the liquid. We then used fluid pressure, and the deflection of the thin plate for the construction of frequency response functions for the analysis of vibration characteristics in the fluid-plate coupling system. Two powerful experimental measuring methods referred to as amplitude-fluctuation electronic speckle pattern interferometry (AF-ESPI) and the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor were used to measure the resonant frequencies and wet mode shapes. A detailed investigation on the distortion phenomena of cantilever plate with different levels of submergence is presented. Effects of a solid wall on the vibrating plate are also discussed by the experimental measurement and theoretical analysis. Comparison of the results from theoretical analysis, finite element method, and experimental measurements confirmed the accuracy of our theoretical analysis. Our methodology provided an intuitive method to discuss the distortion phenomena of partially submerged plates based on the relationship between dry and wet mode shapes.

Thermal oxidation of [0001] GaN in water vapor compared with dry and wet oxidation: Oxide properties and impact on GaN

Conventionally thermal oxidation of GaN is performed in either dry or wet oxygen ambient. In this work thermal oxidation in water vapor ambient, together with the two above mentioned modes, is characterized. All three GaN oxidation modes were comprehensively studied structurally and optically using a wide range of experimental methods. Thermal oxidation of GaN at 950 °C in dry oxygen, in wet oxygen, and in water vapor, was performed for up to 20 min. All oxidation modes resulted in β-phase Ga2O3 growth as confirmed by XRD measurements. A different surface morphology was observed between processes, smooth and featureless for the vapor oxidation, and grainy for dry and wet modes. Similarly, the growth rate varied between modes of oxidation with the slowest observed for the vapor mode and the fastest for the dry mode. An oxygen diffusion into GaN was observed for the dry and wet processes with above background levels of O visible over 150 nm below the oxide/GaN interface. Conversely, only negligible diffusion was observed for the vapor oxidized GaN. Optical studies of the structures electronic properties revealed that only the vapor process did not degrade the material underneath the oxide layer.

Research on Acoustic Characteristics of Low-noise Modular Hydraulic Power Unit

As the power source of a hydraulic system, hydraulic power unit also act as the main vibration and noise source. In this paper, systematic noise source characteristic and vibration performance of the low-noise modular hydraulic power unit are analysed, and specific measures to reduce vibration noise in the design process are studied. Firstly, through dry and wet mode analysis of the system, it is proved that the optimization of the pipeline and the oil tank separator plates should be emphasized in the system design. Based on that, by identifying the exciting forces of the motor and applying them to the analysis model, the vertical acceleration vibration response of 16 measuring points could be calculated. The results show that the attenuation of shaft frequency vibration noise should be focused in the acoustic design of the system. Above all, this paper provides a way in low-noise modular hydraulic power unit design.

Laboratory Accelerated Testing of Traffic Polishing Effects on Asphalt Paving Mixtures

Abstract Most laboratory polishing machines for pavement materials in use today are bulky and could not be easily fabricated in a typical pavement engineering laboratory. Most machines adopt a small-diameter circular-path polishing mode, which is different from actual field polishing actions, to save space and reduce test durations. Still, each test typically lasts longer than a day. To overcome the problems of test duration and polishing mode, this study developed a high-slip ratio linear-path polishing device to achieve a test duration of less than 4 h. The main research objectives were to study the polishing effects of different polishing modes and propose a polishing procedure to produce a polished state of British pendulum number (BPN) and mean texture depth (MTD) matching with field measured values. The four polishing modes studied were 1. dry polishing, 2. wet polishing, 3. dry polishing with sand, and 4. wet polishing with sand. The presence of water was found to have no statistically significant effect on the terminal BPN and MTD. When sand was applied, whether in dry (Mode 3) or wet (Mode 4) polishing, lower terminal MTD but higher BPN than those by Mode 1 or 2 were obtained. If polishing was continued without sand, the terminal BPN became lower than that achieved by Mode 1 or 2. Upon comparing laboratory polished BPNs with polished BPNs of in-service pavements, this study recommended the following two-stage mixed-mode polishing procedure: Mode 3 or 4 polishing with sand, followed by either Mode 1 or 2 polishing without sand.

Modal Investigation on a Large-Scale Containership Model for Hydroelastic Analysis

A 20,000 TEU containership with an overall length of about 400 m is designed as a target ship to investigate ship hydroelastic characteristics in the joint industry project (JIP) of CSSRC-20,000 TEU. A set of systematic model tests are carried out in the seakeeping wave basin of CSSRC. The large-scale ship model data for hydroelastic experiments are presented with the determination of modal features. The modal test of the containership model is the premise of the hydroelastic analysis. The test of the natural frequency and modal shape of the ship model can be used to corroborate the accuracy of the finite element modelling. A three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) of the ship is employed to carry out modal analysis in a vacuum and provide modal parameters to decide the large-scale ship model data for hydroelastic experiments. Through the analysis of hydroelasticity, the wet frequency corresponding to the motion of each elastic mode is obtained. Good agreement is achieved between the numerical results and the measurement data, particularly for the lower-order modes. Only when the numerical calculations of the dry and wet modes are consistent with the experimental results, the containership model's calculated motion responses and structural loads are comparable to the experimental results. Therefore, examining the modal tests is extremely important for hydroelastic analysis. As the input data, the FEM will be shared with JIP members for further comparative studies of linear and nonlinear hydroelastic analyses. The experiments help provide reliable and accurate benchmark model test data for comparative studies using numerical software and methods.

Analysis of Main Factors on Evaluation and Selection of Wet Waste Disposal Modes: A Case Study of Universities in Shanghai, China

This paper explores greenhouse gas emission intensity and economy of centralized and on-site wet waste disposal mode, while comprehensively evaluating the two modes for decision-making. Based on the fieldwork in Shanghai’s 20 campuses of 15 universities, multiple scenarios that can reflect the different levels of technology and management in reality, were set for the following studies. The greenhouse gas emissions generated from centralized and on-site disposal modes of wet waste were calculated in two emission scenarios using Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Inventory, and the IPCC 2006 method. Additionally, the continuous cost input from the universities for the two disposal modes was analyzed in three cost-input scenarios using the Net Present Value method. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation of the two modes was also conducted by using Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation under the five main factors of greenhouse gas emission—control, economy, stability, education and innovation, and bargaining power for municipal sanitation departments. The results revealed that the centralized disposal mode is superior to the on-site disposal mode in terms of greenhouse gas emission control and economy. The centralized disposal mode is a more rational choice due to the better comprehensive evaluation performance. It was also emphasized that the construction of the wet waste disposal system is so complicated that the academic community and the policymakers may have to pay more attention to the integration of system design, industrial development, and other aspects of wet waste disposal.