Wet Markets Research Articles

Campylobacter in Broiler Chicken and Broiler Meat in Sri Lanka: Influence of Semi-Automated vs. Wet Market Processing on Campylobacter Contamination of Broiler Neck Skin Samples.

Broiler meat can become contaminated with Campylobacter of intestinal origin during processing. The present study aimed to identify the prevalence of Campylobacter in broiler flocks and meat contamination at retail shops, and determine the influence of semi-automated and wet market processing on Campylobacter contamination of neck skin samples. Samples were collected from semi-automated plants (n = 102) and wet markets (n = 25). From each batch of broilers, pooled caecal samples and neck skin samples were tested for Campylobacter. Broiler meat purchased from retail outlets (n = 37) was also tested. The prevalence of Campylobacter colonized broiler flocks was 67%. The contamination of meat at retail was 59%. Both semi-automated and wet market processing resulted to contaminate the broiler neck skins to the levels of 27.4% and 48%, respectively. When Campylobacter-free broiler flocks were processed in semi-automated facilities 15% (5/33) of neck skin samples became contaminated by the end of processing whereas 25% (2/8) became contaminated after wet market processing. Characterization of isolates revealed a higher proportion of C. coli compared to C. jejuni. Higher proportions of isolates were resistant to important antimicrobials. This study shows the importance of Campylobacter in poultry industry in Sri Lanka and the need for controlling antimicrobial resistance.

PIN107 - Knowledge Of Leptospirosis Among Malaysian Wet Market Sellers

PIN107 - Knowledge Of Leptospirosis Among Malaysian Wet Market Sellers

Microalgae Biomass Recovery Grown in Wet Market Wastewater via Flocculation Method Using <i>Moringa oleifera</i>

Microalgae biomass has been established as a sustainable bio-product such as fish feed and supplement. However, the major challenge for recovering the biomass yield lies in the harvesting process. The recent direction is to use the natural coagulation as alternative techniques for the conventional methods. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the efficiency of Moringa oleifera in recovering Scenedesmus sp. biomass from wet market wastewater medium in comparison to Aluminium Sulphate (alum). The efficiency of alum and M.oleifera was tested with 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L of the dosage. The results revealed that M.oleifera exhibited high percentage recovery of Scenedesmus sp. than alum (97.5 vs. 95.4 %respectively). Moreover, the final pH of microalgae cultured wastewater after the harvesting with M.oleifera was 6.4, while decreased to 4.37 with alum. These findings indicated that the using M.oleifera the using natural coagulants are better than the chemical coagulants in terms of recovery efficiency and the characteristics of wastewater. Therefore, M.oleifera has the potential to be used as a natural coagulants alternative for alum.

Co-Composting of Sewage Sludge with Food Waste Using Bin Composter

Optimization of sludge composting has been analysed by co-composting of sewage sludge with food waste by using a bin composter with regular aeration. Two bin composting experiments were set up to study the effect of different mixing ratios of food waste from the wet market to sewage sludge from Al Hadhbah waste water treatment plant which is located in Tripoli on some physical and chemical characteristics of the resulted compost. The selected ratios were 1:2 (A) and 1:3 (B) of food waste to sewage sludge respectively. Composting was conducted for 100 days and the sampling from the mixtures was performed each five days. Temperature (T), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total organic carbon contents (TOC %) and total nitrogen contents (TN %) were monitored during the composting. The ratio of C/N, inorganic residual material (ash content) and nutrient changes as represented by potassium (K %) and phosphorus (P %) contents was also determined. The compost produced in this study has a favorable ratio of C/N (13.43 for compost A and 14. 32 for compost B). With significant amount of nutrients (TN %, K%, P%) The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant effect of elapsed composting time (at the probability level of 0.05) on T, pH, TOC%, K% and P%. The effect of composting ratio was insignificant (at the probability level of 0.05) on T, TOC %, TN %, C/N and P%. The multiple comparison results using Tukey’s test showed significance difference between the mean values of EC and K% among the composting ratio at the confidence level of 95%. Generally, the compost ratio of 1:2 was found to be the most suitable for use as organic fertilizer

Comparative market supply of protein from livestock and fish in the selected urban areas of Rajshahi district in Bangladesh

The study was conducted with the objectives to determine the market availability of animal sourced foods (ASF) and fish, and their share in the supply of biomass and protein through visiting the wet markets of metropolitan and municipality areas of Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. A preset questionnaire was used for recording the biomass weight of different ASF and fish in every four days interval in March, 2016. It was found that the supply of ASF (beef, chevon, chicken and egg) and fish in the metropolitan markets (80.20 and 35.89 t/d, respectively) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than any municipality wet market in the district (7.66 and 3.03 t/d, respectively). The market supply of biomass and its protein value of ASF were 3.64 and 4.33 times higher than fish. The chicken shared the highest amount of protein (28.19 %) followed by fish (26.8%), beef (26.21%), eggs (11.46%) and chevon (7.34%) during the study period. However, this initial work does not include milk, and the wet market of ASF and fish may have seasonal variations which needs to be explored through further research. In addition to them, socioeconomic status of consumers and regional variations are important which needs to be studied for addressing resource base safe food production help the strategic reduction of food insecurity in the country by 2030.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.4(1): 29-36, April 2017

Prevalence of Salmonella in poultry processing environments in wet markets in Penang and Perlis, Malaysia.

Aim:The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of various Salmonella serotypes in chickens, carcass contact surfaces as well as environmental samples collected from wet markets and small scale processing plant.Materials and Methods:A total of 182 poultry and environmental samples were collected at random on separate occasions from wet markets and small scale processing plant, during the period of October 2014 to July 2015 in Penang and Perlis, Malaysia. The samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella using ISO 6579:2002 conventional culture-based method. Presumptive Salmonella colonies were subjected to various biochemical tests (such as triple sugar iron and lysine iron test), serologically confirmed using polyvalent O and H antisera and further serotyped at Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Perak, Malaysia.Results:Salmonella serotypes were isolated from 161 out of 182 samples (88.46%) with 100% prevalence in the whole chicken carcass and chicken cuts - as well as transport crate, cage, drum, knife, chopping board, display table, floor, bench wash water, wash water, and drain water. Salmonella was isolated from 91.67%, 83.33%, and 66.67% of defeathering machines, drain swabs, and apron, respectively. 17 serotypes were isolated in this study with Salmonella Albany (57/161), Salmonella Corvallis (42/161), and Salmonella Brancaster (37/161) being the predominant serovars.Conclusion:The most carcass contact and environmental samples collected along the wet market chicken processing line were consistently contaminated with Salmonella. This indicates that Salmonella has established itself in poultry processing environments by colonizing the surfaces of the equipment and survives in these environments by establishing biofilms. Our results highlight the need of implementing strict hygiene and sanitation standards to reduce the incidence of Salmonella. The prevalence of Salmonella in poultry can be reduced effectively by identifying and eliminating the sources and contamination sites during slaughter and processing of poultry.

Microbial Modeling and Monte Carlo Simulation to Determine Microbial Performance Criteria on Wooden Cutting Boards

This study used simulation modeling to evaluate the microbial performance over time for four types of meat and the effect on the frequency of changing cutting boards. The results revealed that pork chopping boards can be used up to time t = 9 minutes, that is, with the corresponding bacterial counts of 19 CFU/4cm2. Beef chopping boards can be changed or clean beyond the time t = 7 minutes since the bacterial growth already exceeds the standard sanitary requirement of using wooden cutting boards. On the other hand, chicken cutting boards can be used only for up to t=10 minutes out of a 20 – minute period of chopping chicken meat to meet the sanitary guidelines. Wooden cutting boards used tochop fish meat can be used for a maximum of t= 9 minutes to meet the acceptable sanitary requirement. These findings suggest that wet market meat vendors can be constrained to the allowable time in minutes of using the wooden cutting boards in order to meet the sanitary guidelines that guarantee safe meat cutting boards utilized in most wet market settings.

Microbioligical Hazard Contamination in Fermented Vegetables Sold in Local Markets in Cambodia

Fermented vegetables are common part of Cambodian diet. The food safety status for these foods has not been investigated. This study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological hazards that contaminated fermented vegetables. A total of 68 samples of fermented vegetables were purchased randomly from five wet markets in Phnom Penh. The conventional culture methods for microbiological analysis were used. Coliform bacteria (Escherichia coli, Cronobactersakazakii, and Enterobacter spp.), opportunistic non-Entrobacteriaceae, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Listeria spp. were found in these fermented foods. The highest contamination rate of Enterococcus spp. was 34% of total fermented vegetable samples, followed by Bacillus spp. coliform bacteria and E. coli (31%, 24% and 10%, respectively). The potential foodborne pathogen, C. sakazakii, was identified in one sample. Fermented mixed vegetables showed higher contamination rate of coliform bacteria (50%) than fermented single-type vegetables (13%). The results showed that fermented vegetables sold in wet market are poor in hygiene. The stage in the processing chain where contamination occurred should be identified and basic sanitary practice should be enforced to improve the food safety of fermented vegetables in Cambodia.

Purchasing Patterns and Consumer Level Waste of Fruits and Vegetables in Urban and Peri-Urban Centers in the Philippines

Fruits and vegetables are inherently perishable hence they are considered as one of the most wasted categories of food. While several studies have been conducted to assess consumer level waste of fruits and vegetables, few have been conducted in developing countries like the Philippines. A survey, using a pre-tested questionnaire, and involving 500 respondents, was conducted in selected urban and peri-urban areas in the Philippines, to ascertain consumer level fruit and vegetable waste. The quantities of fruits and vegetables wasted by supermarket shoppers and those who purchased fruits in wet markets were comparably low at 3% - 4%. This low level of consumer fruit and vegetable waste was attributed to the small quantities (250 to 500 grams per purchase) purchased by consumers in both categories of markets. Consumer level fruit and vegetable waste, showed a positive correlation to household size. The level of fruit waste was positively related to household income, and negatively related to shopper’s age. Consumers who shopped in supermarkets, purchased larger quantities of fruit when compared to those who shopped in wet markets. Wet market shoppers on the other hand, purchased large quantities of vegetables. Decay, and quality loss manifested by shriveling, wilting, toughening, browning and softening were the main characteristics of fruits and vegetables discarded by consumers. The underlying causes of this waste, cited by respondents included “forgot to eat”, “poor quality”, “forgot to cook” and “overbuying”. Consumer efforts to minimize waste include buying enough for consumption, consuming or using immediately after purchase, planning their menus, improving storage and purchasing produce that is of good quality.

Occurrence of Intestinal Parasitic Contamination in Select Consumed Local Raw Vegetables and Fruits in Kuantan, Pahang.

Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the most common causes of human diseases that result in serious health and economic issues in many developing and developed countries. Raw vegetables and fruits play an important role in transmitting parasites to humans. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the parasitological contamination of select commonly consumed local leafy vegetables and fruits in Kuantan, Malaysia. One kilogram of locally consumed raw vegetables and fruits were collected randomly from the Kuantan wet market (Pasar Tani) during the monsoon season (November 2014-January 2015) and the dry season (February 2015-April 2015). A standard wet mount procedure and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining were used for the detection of parasites. In the present study, the examination of vegetables revealed five different parasite species. The vegetable samples collected from Kuantan's wet market were positive for both helminthes and protozoa. However, the fruits samples were negative for parasitic contamination. Pegaga was the most contaminated leafy vegetable in this study, and Strongyloides was the parasite found most frequently. Furthermore, there was a high diversity in the type of parasites observed during the dry season compared to the monsoon season. Therefore, further action should be taken to reduce the occurrence of parasitic contamination in vegetables by implementing the principles of good agricultural practice and improving water treatment efficacy.

Protein and Lipid Content of Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. Biomass Grown in Wet Market Wastewater

Microalgae biomass is a type of organism that has various advantages and often used for variety of uses not only for wastewater treatment purposes but also serve as bio-based products development. Because of high in protein and lipid accumulation, this freshwater microalgae Scenedesmus sp. was selected for the present study. In this study, microalgae Scenedesmus sp. was grown in four concentrations of wet market wastewater (10%WM, 15%WM, 20%WM and 25%WM) in comparison with the Bold Basal Medium (BBM) as a control. The result shows that the highest protein content (50.72%) was in 10%WM followed by 15%WM, 20%WM, 25%WM and BBM. As for lipid content, the best concentration was obtained in the 25%WM with the value of 26.7% compared to other concentrations and BBM. Therefore, the result indicates that microalgae Scenedesmus sp. biomass cultured using wet market wastewater has a great potential in producing protein-rich and lipid content which significantly could be used as a fish feed product.

东亚大城市菜市场发展经验及其借鉴 —— 以中国香港、中国台湾和新加坡为例

东亚大城市菜市场发展经验及其借鉴 —— 以中国香港、中国台湾和新加坡为例

King’s Confectionery: Transferring Tacit Knowledge from Malaysia to Bangladesh

This case traces the birth and growth of King’s Confectionery by Wong Yoke Khing and her husband in Malaysia. They started their first bakery by selling an array of pastries and cakes in the Kepong’s wet market. Eventually, they owned their first outlet in Jinjang and later on they opened their second outlet in Kepong. Currently, the enterprise owned by the second generation of Wong family continues the legacy and tempts their customers with delicious baked goods, pastries and other delicacies. King’s Confectionery continues to expand its production capabilities and has started preparing for globalization, by entering into ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). This case narrates such penetration into Bangladesh and the issues they had to face in the transfer of tacit knowledge.

Helminths in rodents from Wet Markets in Thailand

Summary Only a few surveys have ever been carried out of the helminths of the commensal rodents found in the traditional wet markets that play such an important part of daily life in South-east Asia. The potential of rodents as reservoirs of zoonoses including helminths is of great interest since in these markets humans and rodents come into closer contact than in other environments and food may be indirectly contaminated via rodent faeces. Helminths in a total of 98 rats belonging to two species (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus exulans) were surveyed in eight traditional wet markets in Udon Thani, Thailand. Thirteen species of helminths were recovered, seven of which are potentially zoo-notic, with an overall prevalence of 89.8 %. Our results show that rodents in wet markets could pose a threat to human health as potential reservoirs of zoonotic helminthiases.

Beta-agonist residues in cattle, chicken and swine livers at the wet market and the environmental impacts of wastewater from livestock farms in Selangor State, Malaysia

Fourteen beta-agonists were quantitatively analyzed in cattle, chicken and swine liver specimens purchased at 14 wet markets in Selangor State, Malaysia, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The health risks of ractopamine and clenbuterol residues in the Malaysian population were assessed based on quantitative data and meat consumption statistics in Malaysia. Wastewater samples collected at swine farms (n = 2) and cattle/cow farms (n = 2) in the Kuala Langat district were analyzed for the presence for the 14 compounds. Wastewater in chicken farms was not collected because there was negligible discharge during the breeding period. The environmental impacts caused by beta-agonists discharged from livestock farms were spatially assessed in the Langat River basin using a geographic information system (GIS). As a result, 10 compounds were detected in the liver specimens. Ractopamine, which is a permitted compound for swine in Malaysia, was frequently detected in swine livers; also, 9 other compounds that are prohibited compounds could be illegally abused among livestock farms. The health risks of ractopamine and clenbuterol were assessed to be minimal as their hazard quotients were no more than 7.82 × 10−4 and 2.71 × 10−3, respectively. Five beta-agonists were detected in the wastewater samples, and ractopamine in the swine farm resulted in the highest contamination (30.1 μg/L). The environmental impacts of the beta-agonists in the Langat River basin were generally concluded to be minimal, but the ractopamine contamination released from swine farms was localized in coastal areas near the estuary of the Langat River basin because most swine farms were located in that region.

Airborne bacterial contaminations in typical Chinese wet market with live poultry trade

Chinese wet markets with live poultry trade have been considered as major sources of pathogen dissemination, and sites for horizontal transfer of bacterial and viral pathogens. In this study, the pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) in air samples collected at a typical Chinese wet market had been analysis and quantified. Corynebacterium minutissimum and other pathogenic bacteria accounted for 0.81–8.02% of the whole microbial community in different air samples. The four ARGs quantified in this study showed a comparable relative concentration (copies/ng_DNA) with municipal wastewater. Poultry manures were demonstrated to be important microbial contamination source in wet market, which was supported by both microbial composition based source tracking and the quantification of airborne microbial density. A series of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes indicators of poultry area contamination were successfully screened, which will be useful for the more convenient monitoring of airborne poultry area contamination. Our results indicate bioaerosols acted as important route for the transmissions of pathogens and ARGs. Continued surveillance of airborne microbial contamination is required in poultry trade wet market. Practical implicationsUrban live poultry markets are important sources of pathogen dissemination, and sites for horizontal transfer of viral and bacterial pathogens. In the present field-study, pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes were focused to provide quantitative information on the levels of microbial contaminations at the indoor air of wet markets. Results demonstrated that poultry manures were important microbial contamination source in wet market, and in the meanwhile bioaerosols were identified as important route for the transmissions of microbial contaminants. A series of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes indicators of poultry area contamination were successfully screened, which will be useful for the more convenient monitoring of airborne poultry area contamination.

Value Chain Analysis of Processed Poultry Products (Egg and Meat) in Some Selected Areas of Bangladesh

Knowing the existing nature of processed poultry and poultry products marketing system, from producer to consumer via value chain were considered among two mega Districts Dhaka and Chittagong as a respondent. A total of 123 respondent from each districts in 8 different categories of stakeholders those were directly related to this business namely 10 broiler,10 layer farmers; 10 Chain shop; 20 Fast food shops; 15 Chinese restaurants; 20 normal Hotel; 15 wet market Buyer; 20 Consumer and 3 Poultry product processing industries. All actors were randomly selected towards collection of relevant information following pretested questionnaire. Simple statistical tools were applied for analysis of collected data. Surveyed data analysis clearly revealed that for achieving margin of profit, average value addition for farmers cases 13% and 16.5% respectively for meat/kg and eggs/no; for whole seller/Aratdar added extra value 5.09% and 0.28%; and for retailer 7% and 8% level and for whole seller to consumer’s added extra value near about 7% and 5.5% and for meat and egg finally processed poultry meat 30% and further processed meat 125% respectively. During value addition consideration each and every stake holder all production cost factor along with other management activities costing were considered before marketed to one stakeholder or to others. For item-wise of value added poultry meat and eggs were found in different number and names. Average 5-6 no. meat type and 3-4 no egg type for hotel for Chinese restaurant 17-18 no meat products and 8-9 no. egg products, for fast food shop cases 28-30 no. meat products and 6-8 egg products; for chain super market 40-45 no. meat products and 7-8 no. egg products;. The total value added was found higher in Hotel especially for meat cases. Production cost for open market was found only 6.5% whereas for structured or processed market tends to estimate 40.5% because of manages mental, transportation and publicity cost incurs involvement. To flourish or gear-up of processed or further processed poultry & poultry products business in our country profitably need to be set up a well-structured marketing system in replace of wet market. Ensuring available safe and quality poultry and poultry derived food products to meet consumers demand, value chain actors especially entrepreneur public private partnership initiative need to come forward to run processed or further processed business to a great extend.

Rodents as a Source of Salmonella Contamination in Wet Markets in Thailand.

Few studies have been conducted on the presence of Salmonella in the rodents that inhabit the wet markets that play an important role in daily life in Southeast Asia. The results of studies of rodents as carriers of Salmonella vary greatly, ranging from an absence of Salmonella to high prevalences. Previous studies investigated habitats such as farms and urban and wild areas where there is less rodent-human interaction than in wet markets. Consequently, the potential role of rodents as reservoirs and transmitters of Salmonella in wet markets is of great interest. Rodents were trapped in eight traditional wet markets in Thailand and identified to species level. Subsequently, they were screened for Salmonella and isolates were serotyped. A total of 110 rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus exulans) were examined. Overall, the prevalence of Salmonella in rats was 49.10%, but varied between 0% and 73.3% among markets. Three serovars were identified: Salmonella Typhimurium (30%), S. Weltevreden (12.7%), and S. 4,[5],12:i:- (6.4%). Our results show that rodents in wet markets are a potential reservoir of Salmonella due to the close contact they have with humans and food. The three isolated serovars, of which serovar S. 4,[5],12:i:- is reported for the first time in rodents, are among the 10 commonest serovars isolated from humans in Thailand. Thus, more attention should be paid to rodents as potential reservoirs of Salmonella.

The dual roles of phycoremediation of wet market wastewater for nutrients and heavy metals removal and microalgae biomass production

Wastewater generated from fresh, vegetables and meat shops contains high concentrations of nutrients, COD, BOD and TSS. Therefore, the direct discharge of wet market wastewater into natural water may increase the pollution level. Wet market wastewater is rich with nutrients necessary for microalgae growth. Therefore, it represent a superlative environment for producing high quantity of microalgae biomass which have several applications in aquaculture, human nutrition and pharmaceutical industries. Phycoremediation is a process with high potential for the treatment wastewater and removal of nutrients and heavy metals as well as the production of microalgae biomass. However, the main challenges for the phycoremediation technology lie in the wastewater composition, microalgae species, and the competition process between the microalgae strain and the indigenous organisms as well as final utilization of biomass yield. The present review discusses the dual roles of phycoremediation for nutrients and heavy metals removal and microalgae biomass production. The microbiological aspects of phycoremediation, mechanism for heavy metals removal from wastewater, as well as factors affecting wastewater treatment are reviewed. It appears that phycoremediation plays an important role in the treatment of wastewater and production of microalgae biomass.

Shopping drivers of generational cohorts: A comparison between night market and wet market formats for fresh fruit and vegetable purchase in Malaysia

The objective of this study is to determine the shopping drivers that influence consumers to choose the night market or wet market for fresh fruit and vegetable (FFV) purchases. The study also investigates whether any differences in behavior among generational cohorts exist while purchasing fresh fruits and vegetables between two retail formats. The cluster sampling technique was applied to the entire population of Klang Valley area in Malaysia, and 700 respondents were randomly selected for this research. Perceived freshness, perceived quality and perceived safety of the fresh fruits and vegetables are the most important shopping drivers in a consumer's decision to purchase FFV in night market and wet market retail formats. The findings show that members of different generational cohorts have different perceptions about freshness, quality and safety of fresh fruits and vegetables purchased in night market and wet market retail formats.