Wet Magnetic Separation Research Articles

RECOVERY OF CHROMITE FROM ENRICHMENT PLANT TAILING

In this study, experimental studies have performed to recover chromite from Eskiköy-Sivas chromite concentrator which is owned Bilfer Madencilik ve Turizm A.Ş. Mineralogical and liberation measurement studies were performed, and it was decided to grind the feed to 100% finer than 300 µm. Gravity concentration and wet high intensity magnetic separation (WHIMS) tests were performed. After grinding to -300 µm, -38 µm fraction which cannot be recovered efficiently was removed. The studies were conducted on 300+100 µm and -100+38 µm fractions. After the beneficiation tests, it was determined a circuit consists of spiral concentrator and shaking tables could produce a concentrate containing 48% Cr2O3 from the tailings having 6,54 % Cr2O3, with a 56% recovery.

Kinetic study in selective reduction of limonitic and saprolitic nickel ore

ABSTRACT Saprolite and limonite have different behaviour in the carbothermic reduction process due to the differences in their atomic structures. This work investigates the kinetic study of these two different kinds of lateritic nickel ores. Nickel ore, coal, sodium sulfate, and calcium oxide were mixed, then pelletised into 10–15 mm diameters. The pellets were reduced with a non-isothermal condition using a muffle furnace at 950–1150 °C for 5–120 min. The reduced pellets were crushed into less than 74 µm prior to the wet magnetic separation process to obtain concentrates (ferronickel) and tailings (impurities). The result showed that the reduction rate for both lateritic nickel ores increased with the increase of reduction temperature and holding time. The Ginstling-Brouhnstein model was appropriate to describe the diffusion mechanism of the reduction process of limonite and saprolite. The activation energy in the reduction of limonite was lower than in saprolite. It indicated that the iron and nickel in magnesium silicate in saprolite have lower reducibility than the oxide structure in limonite. Modifying basicity in nickel laterite with CaO addition could also reduce the activation energy.

Studies on the processing of natural quartz from raw material sources with different amounts of fluid inclusions

This article presents the results of experimental processing of quartz obtained from sources of different genetic types that may potentially be used to generate high-purity quartz raw materials. A combined process was used that included: dry processing of quartz using visual sorting, crushing, screening, and magnetic separation, followed by quartz concentrate processing by flotation, wet magnetic separation, chemical milling, high-temperature calcination, and washing with deionized water. Quartz processing was monitored using inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) and quantitative mineralogical analyzes. The amount of fluid inclusions in the quartz was established by the light transmission coefficient in the visible region of the spectrum. The processing technology used allowed achieving a total content of impurity elements (Na, K, Li, Al, Ca, Fe, Ti, B, and P) in the quartz concentrates of 8–22 ppm. The processing did not change the amount of fluid inclusions in the quartz. The processing experiments conducted for quartz from 21 quartz deposits of different genetic types have demonstrated that the quartz concentrates obtained from six granulated quartz sources were suitable in terms of their grade characteristics for direct melting of transparent quartz glass. Additional process solutions are required for the remaining sources, aimed at reducing the amount of fluid and non-structural impurities in the quartz product. Three sources were rejected.The study was carried out under state assignment No. 122062100023-5, with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation and the Chelyabinsk Region within the framework of scientific project No. 22-27-20077.

Separation of pyritic sulfur from ultrafine coal by pyrolysis & wet high magnetic separation

ABSTRACT Coal plays a major role in the economic development of many countries, especially in metallurgical industries and conventional power generation plants. The removal of sulfur from coal has recently become even more critically important. Existence of sulfur compounds in coal limits its industrial applications due to environmental as well as technical problems. Thus, high sulfur coal is usually upgraded by desulfurization through physical, chemical, and biotechnological processes. In this study, lowering of pyritic sulfur took place after thermal treatment at 500–700°C (pyrolysis) using a wet high-intensity magnetic separation process. The samples were subjected to size reduction to −25 µm and characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), proximate and ultimate analysis, and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Then, the experiments were performed based on central composite rotatable design (CCRD) and response surface methodology (RSM) after thermal treatment of coal containing 3.30% total sulfur. Statistical analysis was performed to examine the significance of the effect of different operating parameters. A maximum sulfur rejection of 90.10% with the lowest sulfur content of 0.59 was obtained at 8.38% solid concentration, 4.59 g/min feed rate, and 7810 gauss magnetic field intensity. The confirmation tests at the optimum conditions produced 0.54–0.56% total sulfur with 90.25–92.33% sulfur rejection.

Electrochemical performance of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode recovered from pyrolysis residue of waste Li-ion batteries

Cycling performances of lithium-ion batteries using the cathodes of LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 recovered from pyrolysis residue of a waste automotive lithium-ion battery stack (Recovered NCM111 including impurities), and commercial LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 (Commercial NCM523). • A bare waste Li-ion battery stack was pyrolyzed at 800 °C under air-free conditions. • LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 cathode was hydrometallurgically recovered from pyrolyzed stack. • The cathode included Al, Cu, and Fe impurities at a total of 4 mass% and residual F. • Cathode exhibited a specific capacity of 120 mAh g −1 and very high cycling stability. • High-level coexistence of Al, Cu, and Fe was not harmful to the recovered cathodes. A methodology for time-effective, automatic, and safe extraction of cathode active materials from waste lithium-ion battery (LIB) stacks without complex mechanical disassembly and using electrically and chemically harmless processes can be beneficial for the sustainable fabrication of LIB. Herein, we present a feasibility study on the recovery of ternary Li transition metal oxide (LTMO) cathode active materials from the residue of a waste automotive LIB stack using pyrolysis at 800 °C without exposure to air. Sequential processes from pyrolysis, residue grinding, classification (sieving), wet magnetic separation, acid leaching, hydroxide precipitation, and desalination to drying were used to prepare the precursor of the cathode active material. The precursor was mixed with Li 2 CO 3 and sintered in air at 800 °C, which yielded LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (NCM) with metallic impurities of Al, Cu, and Fe at a total of 4 mass% as well as excess Li and residual F. The electrochemical performance of waste LIB-derived LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (W-NCM) cathode active materials was evaluated in half-cell and full-cell configurations and compared with that of a commercial LIB cathode active material of LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 (NCM) used in automobile applications. The Li-ion extraction/insertion specific capacity of W-NCM in the half-cell was 120 mAh/g at 15 mA g −1 , which was 70.4 % that of NCM. The specific capacity of W-NCM in a full-cell using a graphite anode at 0.1 C was 85 mAh/g, which was 69.1 % that of NCM. However, W-NCM in the full-cell exhibited much higher capacity retention (91.2 %) after 1000 charge–discharge cycles at 2 C, while the capacity retention of NCM was 34.0 %. The excellent cycling performance of W-NCM was attributed to the co-existence of metallic impurities. The proposed cathode recovery method may be further explored for applications in large-scale and automatic recycling of waste LIBs.

Magnetic concentration route for recovering pellet feed fines stored in a mining dam

The greatest and noblest challenge of mining engineering for the present and the future of iron ore treatment could be considered as the pursuit of optimizing the use of mineral resources. The use of mining tailings, in the mineral sector itself, or in another industrial branch, meets the needs of circular economy as it increases the useful service life of this material. In order to investigate this scenario, a technological characterization of a sample from a tailings dam was carried out along with magnetic concentration tests in a Wet High-Intensity Magnetic Separator (WHIMS) to propose a possible concentration route. In relation to the characterization itself, the results demonstrated a relative density of 3.04 x 103 Kg/m3and an average superficial specific area of 3.75 cm3/g. The granulometric analysis classified the material as fine, with d90 of 0.110 mm and d50 ≅ 0.049 mm. Quartz, hematite, goethite, kaolinite and manganese oxide were identified in the sample. The test which presented the best results (66.83% Fe and 1.74% SiO2) consisted of the Rougher, Cleaner and Recleaner phases, using a 1.5 mm grooved GAP matrix, a 7,000 Gauss magnetic field, 30% solids, and water pressure at 0.5 kgf/cm2 (49.0 x 103 Pa). Finally, the conclusive results indicate that the studied material can be concentrated through magnetic concentration, keeping in mind the specifications concerning the pellet feed fines commercial product. Besides the financial gain, the activity prolongs the durability of the tailings dam and reduces the environmental impacts associated with these structures.

Recovery of Hematite from Banded Hematite Quartzite of Southern India by Magnetic Separation and Reverse Flotation

Recovery and grade are the two crucial performance parameters commonly used in mineral processing plant operations. These two parameters are interdependent. An increase in recovery would result in a decreased product grade and vice versa. The present study enumerates concentration efficiency (CE),which can be adopted exclusively for processing low-grade hematite ore by WHIMS—the reverse flotation route to produce a pellet grade concentrate. In this study, the ore’s amenability by wet high-intensity magnetic separation followed by the reverse flotation of a magnetic concentrate route is investigated on BHQ samples of the Sandur schist belt (Kumaraswamy hills), India, after its characterization by microscopic and XRD studies. Dodecyl amine acetate was used as a collector to float siliceous gangue while depressing hematite using the freshly synthesized caustic starch as a depressant. The separation efficiency of the flotation was evaluated by estimating the grade, recovery, and concentration efficiency. The WHIMS conducted using the feed with the particle size minus 106 µm (d80 = 82 µm) followed by reverse flotation produced a pellet grade concentrate assaying 64.60% Fe, a 0.32 alumina-to-silica ratio with 60.4% Fe recovery, and a yield of 37.4% with 79.0% concentration separation efficiency.

A study on the recovery of fine chromite from UG2 tailings

The recovery of chromite from the tailings streams of South African UG2 platinum concentrators adds significant financial returns to these operations. Whilst the coarser fractions are amenable to processing by physical separation, the focus is now also on the recovery of fine (typically −75 µm) chromite by flotation.This paper describes the results of a series of physical separation, and chromite bench flotation tests that have been carried out at acidic and natural pH respectively, on UG2 tailings from Pilanesberg Platinum Mines (PPM) on the western limb of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa. The objective of the work is to find a route that would best produce, from a feed assaying around 18 % Cr2O3 and with 50 % of the chromite in the −38 µm fraction, a concentrate of at least 40 % Cr2O3 and an overall yield of more than 13 %.Results showed that shaking tables and wet high intensity magnetic separation (WHIMS) alone were not capable of upgrading the tailings to the target grade. However, flotation tests at a pH of 2.5 on a sample that was deslimed at 10 µm by cycloning, as well as a sample that was screened at 25 µm and subjected to WHIMS, demonstrated that a product assaying 42 % Cr2O3 could be attained at yields between 8 and 11 %, with recoveries ranging between 19 and 27 %. The results highlighted the importance of desliming prior to flotation, in reducing the dosage of the Flotinor V-2711 collector by more than 60 %.Subsequent flotation tests at natural pH on hot tailings samples with two stages of cleaning showed good upgrading, where a feed grade of 16.1 % Cr2O3 after desliming was converted to a concentrate of 29.4 % Cr2O3 at a yield, based on deslimed feed, of 28.6 % and a recovery of 52.4 %. The overall upgrade ratio in this case of 1.83 was slightly lower than those of the acidic tests (i.e., 1.87 and 2.31 respectively) but also at lower yields (28.6 % vs 33 %) and recoveries (52.4 % vs 62 %). Further work is underway to investigate various flowsheet options, including the flotation of fines spiral concentrates, staged collector addition to the cleaning stages, and froth washing.

Particle-based characterization and classification to evaluate the behavior of iron ores in drum-type wet low-intensity magnetic separation

Magnetic separation is a versatile technique widely used in the mining industry. Drum-type wet low-intensity magnetic separation (WLIMS) represents the backbone of the iron ore upgrading circuits since the mid 19th century. However, it has been traditionally applied through guidelines that commonly disregard the ore properties and their interaction with the operating conditions to influence the final process selectivity. This work describes a three-stage methodology to achieve the comprehensive characterization and classification of an iron ore, seeking to recognize links between the ore properties and operating conditions, and their influence upon the process performance. This methodology integrates 1) laboratory testing, 2) particle-scale characterization of the ore and products from separation trials, and 3) data analysis to identify and categorize the particle attributes that control their behavior in a laboratory-scale magnetic separator. Dry sieving, Saturation Magnetization Analyzer (SATMAGAN) and Mineral Liberation Analysis (MLA) represent the basis to collect quantitative particle-level information for clustering the ore into classes of unique nature. The further determination of the volumetric magnetic susceptibility by particle class, together with the relative probability of particle capture, provides valuable insight on the ore magnetic behavior. The calculation of particle-classed partition coefficients resulted practical to assess the process selectivity in terms of particle attributes and operating conditions. The methodology proposes guidelines to comprehend the behavior of an ore from a particle-scale perspective. Moreover, the acquired data can be used for geometallurgical and process modeling, which represent promising forecasting tools to support decision-making in plants.

Carbon thermal reduction of waste ternary cathode materials and wet magnetic separation based on Ni/MnO nanocomposite particles

The widespread use of lithium-ion batteries and the increase in the number of new energy electric vehicles have brought more waste batteries to be recycled. In this paper, a new combined process for in-situ recycling of wasted ternary lithium batteries using graphite for carbon thermal reduction with the cathode material under nitrogen atmosphere, after which the nanocomposite particles formed by the reduction products were separated and recovered by wet magnetic separation, has been proposed. The carbon thermal reduction products were Li2CO3, Ni, Co and MnO, respectively, and Ni and Co could form nanocomposite particles with MnO in the thermal reduction process. The reaction mechanism of the carbon thermal reduction reaction of anode materials and the effects of carbon thermal reduction temperature, wet magnetic separation time and solid-to-liquid ratio on the recovery rate were investigated. The recovery rate of Li, Ni, Co and Mn were 95.57 %, 96.44 %, 94.88 % and 94.98 %, respectively, under the optimum condition of reaction temperature of 650 °C, wet magnetic separation time of 75 min and solid-liquid ratio of 15 g/L, respectively.

Beneficiation of Iron Oxides from Cupola Furnace Slags for Arsenic Removal from Mine Tailings Decant Water

Large volumes of ferrous metallurgical slags (FMS) are generated annually as waste materials from metal extraction, purification, casting and alloying processes worldwide. Some attempts have been made to use bulk FMS in metal precipitation and concrete works but little success has been achieved because of unstable precipitates and volume expansion of concrete structures. As a result, significant quantities of FMS are still disposed in landfills. This disposal leads to land conflicts and poor environmental practices. The present study focuses on the characterization and separation of iron oxide from selected bulk FMS (Cupola Furnace Slag - CFS) obtained from Ghana into constituent components for use as engineering materials. Quantitative X-ray diffractometry was used to determine the mineralogy of CFS. Iron oxide morphology and spot composition in the CFS were determined using scanning electron microscopy, combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry was used to ascertain the chemical composition of CFS after acid digestion. Wet low intensity magnetic separation technique was employed for beneficiating iron oxides from the CFS. It is shown that the CFS is amorphous and consist of ferrous and non-ferrous material. Results of the investigation confirmed that ferrous materials in the slags can be separated using magnetic separation technique. The study further confirmed that fine grinding (- 75 µm) liberates the magnetic portions of the slag efficiently, and as such, they can be recovered using a low magnetic field. The recovery was 99.04 % and the concentrates obtained from the beneficiation process consist primarily of pigeonite, quartz, magnetite and jacobsite. The beneficiated concentrates have the capacity to adsorb arsenic from mine effluent. This study has demonstrated that, slags can be utilized as secondary resources rather than a waste.

Wet High Intensity Magnetic Separation (WHIMS) of Algerian Kaolin: a Potential Application

Wet High Intensity Magnetic Separation (WHIMS) of Algerian Kaolin: a Potential Application

Creation of New Adsorbents for the Removal of Emulsified Oil Products from Wastewater Using a Magnetic Field

The synthesis of a complex adsorbent with magnetic properties and a method for removing emulsified oil products from wastewater using a magnetic field were proposed. Fine iron ore concentrate in the form of magnetite obtained by wet magnetic separation of crushed iron ore was introduced as a magnetic load. Breaking steelmaking slag obtained by dry air cooling was chosen as an adsorbing component. Process diagram for treatment of wastewater containing used up cutting-oils was detailed.

The potential of obtaining ilmenite concentrate from titanomagnetite ore tailings

Titanomagnetite and ilmenite are the primary titanomagnetite ore minerals of the Gusevogorsk deposit. Due to its low mass fraction in the ore (approximately 1 %), ilmenite is treated as waste during ore processing. The purpose of this research was to assess if titanomagnetite ores of the Gusevogorsk deposit could be used to obtain highgrade ilmenite concentrate with a TiO2 mass fraction of at least 48 %. With the expected low yield of the secondary (ilmenite) con-centrate, the tailings processing system at the existing concentrator should be simple and should not include regrinding of non-magnetic products downstream of wet magnetic separation. This is a mandatory precondition for the profitable production of ilmenite concentrates. Taking into account the low content of ilmenite in the original ore, a combined system was selected, based on the technologies of magnetic and electric separation and gravity concentration. The process shall consist of six successive operations, namely: high gradient magnetic separation, wet magnetic separation, fine screening, table concentration, drying, and electric separation. Pilot processing of wet magnetic separation tailings without additional grinding delivered high-grade ilmenite concentrates with a mass fraction of titanium dioxide of 48.66 % and a yield of 0.13 % to ore. With lower yields, higher-grade concentrate (50.87 % TO2) may be obtained. Titanomagnetite middlings were also produced, with a mass fraction of iron of 52.12 % and a yield of 0.46 % to ore. Their further grinding and processing will additionally improve the titanomagnetite concentrate yield. A final conclusion on the applicability of the technology designed for obtaining ilmenite concentrate from titanomagnetite wet magnetic separation tailings should be made following a respective feasibility study.

Optimization of Iron Recovery from BOF Slag by Oxidation and Magnetic Separation

In order to solve the problem of solid waste pollution of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag in the metallurgical process, this paper took BOF slag as the research object, and carried out oxidation reconstruction of BOF slag and alcohol wet magnetic separation recovery of iron phase, so as to efficiently recover and utilize BOF slag. In the early stages, the research group realized the transformation from weak magnetic iron oxide to strong magnetic magnesia-iron spinel phase in BOF slag through oxidation reconstruction experiments under different technological parameters. On this basis, different conditions in the magnetic separation process were adjusted to achieve the optimal iron recovery rate and grade in this paper. The experimental results show that, under the appropriate reconstruction temperature, with the increase of reaction time, gas flow rate and magnetic field intensity, the iron recovery will increase and the iron grade will decrease. The most suitable magnetic field intensity is 75 mT, the magnetic material yield is 46.00%, the iron grade is 29.10%, and the iron recovery is 64.12%. Compared with the initial steel slag, the iron grade increased by 8.22%, and the iron recovery increased by 46.38% compared with the direct magnetic separation without oxidation.

Effect of metal components on NO removal performance of modified high-content iron fly ash MnCe/HIFACa

In this paper, high-content iron fly ash (HIFA) was obtained from coal-fired solid waste fly ash by wet magnetic separation, then it was modified by hydration impregnation method. The denitration performance of modified high-content iron fly ash (MHIFA) was tested in a fixed bed evaluation system, and the effects of Ca, Fe, Mn and Ce on the NO removal ability were studied. The physical and chemical characteristics of HIFAs were analyzed by XRF, XRD, BET, FTIR, XPS, SEM and in situ DRIFTS. The results showed that the MHIFA modified by Mn and Ce (MnCe/HIFACa) has the best denitration ability with the breakthrough time of 171 min and the nitrate capacity of 11.42 mg/g. The denitration process of MnCe/HIFACa includes both chemical reaction and chemisorption, and the former plays a major role. Hydration reaction with CaO not only destroys the dense silicon-aluminum shell of HIFA but also provides active center O–H for NO removal. The interaction of Mn and Ce increases the chemisorbed oxygen (Oα) and lattice oxygen (Oβ), and enhances the oxidation capacity of iron oxide (Fe6+ to Fe3+). NO is oxidized into NO3− and nitrogen exists on the MnCe/HIFACa surface in the form of nitrate finally.

Beneficiation of Nb and Ti carbides from pyrochlore ore via carbothermic reduction followed by magnetic separation

Beneficiation of niobium and titanium carbides from pyrochlore ore via carbothermic reduction followed by magnetic separation was investigated in this work. During carbothermic reduction, Nb, Ti and Fe oxides within the pyrochlore ore could be reduced into NbC, TiC and metallic iron, respectively. The carbides gather around and dissolve into the metallic iron grains, enabling the enrichment of niobium and titanium carbides by magnetic separation with the carrier of metallic iron. Under the optimal conditions: coke dosage of 6%, reducing temperature of 1400 °C and time of 120 min, a magnetic concentrate with 4.18% Nb, 4.60% Ti and 70.57% Fe can be obtained followed by wet magnetic separation. The corresponding recoveries of Nb, Ti and Fe were 70.5%, 59.8% and 92.6%, respectively.

Development of innovation routes for iron ore using high intensity magnetic separators

The mineral processing of low-grade iron ores commonly generates large volumes of slime, which are disposed as tailings. Modern mining requires strives to eliminate the use of tailings dams in a maximum effort to increase metallurgical recovery, the security and reduction of the operational cost. This research aims for the recovery of iron contained in the slime, which consists of a material with 38% Fe and <40 µm, originating from the desliming cyclones. Pilot tests were performed on the Wet High-Intensity Magnetic Separator (WHIMS) and on the Vertical Ring Pulsating High Gradient Magnetic Separator (VPHGMS) considering different configurations in terms of operating parameters and routes. The best results were obtained for VPHGMS with an iron content in the concentrate of 67.06% and mass and metallurgical recovery of 32.42% and 56.86%, respectively. In the best condition tested, around 540 thousand tons of concentrate can be incorporated into production and has great environmental relevance.

Comparison of various forces acting on magnetic particles in a low-intensity magnetic field: A 3D FEA

Magnetic agglomeration plays a vital role in enhancing the separation of fine magnetic mineral particles. However, the forces causing magnetic agglomeration in wet low-intensity magnetic separators (LIMS) are poorly understood; this calls for improved understanding of various forces (including magnetic force (Fm), magnetic agglomeration force (Fmm), gravity (G)) acting on magnetic particles in the LIMS. In this study, a 3D low-intensity magnetic field (LIMF) with uniform gradient was simulated, and the different forces acting on magnetic particles were calculated in the form of Fmm/Fm and Fmm/G by finite element analysis (FEA). Results show that magnetic agglomeration force has a significant competitive effect on magnetic separation. However, there are still some methods to weaken the effect of magnetic agglomeration force. This study not only provides theoretical guidance for the innovative development of LIMS, but also opens a new perspective for the recovery of strong magnetic minerals from ore resources.

Magnetization roasting of waste iron ore beneficiation plant tailings using sawdust biomass; A novel approach to produce metallurgical grade pellets

Minerals recovery and recycling of valuables from industrial waste using biomass (renewable energy resource) is the need of the hour for mineral-rich countries worldwide. Moreover, growing steel demand and fossil fuel consumption led civilization to ponder the alternative raw materials and energy sources apart from conventional coal/coke as an appropriate reductant for the iron and steelmaking process. Therefore, the generated waste iron ore beneficiation plant tailings (IOBPT) containing 56.96% Fe(T), 4.07% Al2O3, 7.23% SiO2 and 4.38% of LOI (contributed mainly from clay and goethite) can be considered a potential secondary mineral resource consumed in the downstream iron making processes. In the current investigation, a novel approach of magnetization roasting of the IOBPT using sawdust biomass (SDB) (generated from the sawmill) as a carbonaceous solid reductant is used to recover the pellet grade magnetite concentrate. On the other hand, the IOBPT was directly subjected to a wet high-intensity magnetic separator (WHIMS) to compare the generated pellet grade concentrate in both methods. In this regard, the quality of the concentrate and indurated pellets obtained from both processes was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), wet chemical analysis, and X-ray microtomography (X-ray microCT), respectively. Altogether, the innovative way of utilizing SDB as a suitable reductant in magnetization roasting at 950 °C to produce metallurgical grade pellets (CCS:258 kg/pellet, Porosity:25.68%, RI:0.71%/min at Rt = 60, RDI-2:RDI]-2.8 = 2.61%, FSI:19.05%) indicates towards a fossil fuel-free industrialization.