Westminster Cathedral Research Articles

More English than the English, more Roman than Rome? Historical signifiers and cultural memory at Westminster Cathedral

ABSTRACTWestminster Cathedral, the Metropolitan church of English Roman Catholicism since 1903, occupies an ambivalent space in the heart of the modern metropolis. It was intended as a repository and symbol of a national, very English, Catholic heritage in central London, replicating and re-using medieval signs and rituals to lay claim to a history that stretched back to the original conversion of England in the late 6th century. Drawing on studies of cultural memory, the authors examine how successive Cardinals of Westminster from the late 19th century onwards designed, constructed, and used the Cathedral to define Catholic identity in the first decades of the 20th century. In this they steered a difficult and often contested course between twin loyalties to the nation and to Rome. The limits of institutional power to reshape cultural memory are also explored through a case study of the Cathedral's resident martyr-saint, John Southworth, acquired in 1930 and similarly revealing the uneasiness of English Catholicism regarding its ‘otherness’ within a national culture.

Judging Redmond and Carson by Alvin Jackson (review)

Book Reviews Judging Redmond and Carson, Alvin Jackson (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 2018), 282 pages. A century ago, as the First World War drew to a close, the partitioned Ireland we have today emerged from the bitter political struggle between two of the dominant Irish politicians of their age: Edward Carson and John Redmond. Redmond led the campaign for a Home Rule parliament for all Ireland, while Carson fought to keep the entire island in the United Kingdom. By 1918 both men had accepted partition as the only way to settle the matter. The political upheavals and violence of the following years did not change that fundamental fact. Now that Brexit has made the Irish border a live political issue once again, the origins of partition a century ago have never been more relevant. This comparative biography by Alvin Jackson illuminates with insight and wisdom the lives of the two politicians and treats of the great events in which they participated. The book, the latest in the ‘Judging’ series from the Royal Irish Academy, is a beautiful production, crammed with wonderful photographs, cartoons and illustrations of all kinds. Looking at key historical events through two parallel lives is not entirely new but Jackson’s book is a fine example of the genre. He is not only one of the foremost historians of the period, he also has the ability to be both fair and critical of his subjects. Too many historians have little sympathy or understanding for the kind of dilemmas faced by politicians on a daily basis. Jackson teases out the choices faced by Redmond and Carson, without ever underestimating the challenges faced by both. His treatment of Carson, with many illuminating insights into his character as well as his politics, is more successful than that of Redmond, whose character and charisma do not emerge as clearly. Yet, in his lifetime, Redmond was acknowledged as one of the finest speakers of his age and able to hold the attention of a packed House of Commons. He also demonstrated enormous political skill in exploiting the balance of power conferred on the Irish Parliamentary Party after the two elections of 1910 to get Home Rule to the top of the political agenda. That achievement paved the way to an independent Ireland, yet it is something which is widely underestimated to this day. Studies • volume 107 • number 426 230 Jackson makes the point that both men were to an extent outsiders in the mass movements they led. Redmond was a leader of the Parnellite minority faction of the Irish Parliamentary Party and, coming from the Catholic gentry, was removed from the passions of many of his supporters. Carson was a middle-class Dubliner, who made his mark in London as one of the great legal advocates of his age, and had little enough in common with the mass of Ulster Unionists who gave his cause such force. Partition was a bitter pill for both men. Redmond was abandoned by the people of nationalist Ireland and died on 6 March 1918, a political failure and a broken man. ‘Do not give your heart to Ireland, for if you do you’ll die of a broken heart’, he told Lady Fingall two months before his death at the age of sixty-two. Carson was initially satisfied at the exclusion of the six north-eastern counties from Home Rule but, when the British government agreed to the establishment of the Free State in December 1921, he was plunged into despair, telling the House of Lords: ‘I was in earnest. What a fool I was. I was only a puppet . . . in the political game that was to get the Conservative Party into power’. A year later he wrote to a friend: ‘I am a citizen without nationality or anything to be loyal to’. Despite their titanic political struggle, the two men had great respect for each other. At Redmond’s funeral service in Westminster Cathedral in 1918, mourners were taken aback to see one Irish MP with tears streaming down his face. It was none other than Carson. Jackson opens his book with this surprising vignette but it typifies both his exemplary research and his ability...

‘The writings of querulous women’: contraception, conscience and clerical authority in 1960s Britain

AbstractOn 31 May 1964, Dr Anne Bieżanek travelled from Wallasey to Westminster Cathedral to attend Mass and receive Holy Communion. She was flanked by hoards of reporters, who over the previous six months had fueled extensive media coverage of her establishment of one of the firstCatholicbirth control clinics in the world, alongside her intertwined personal story of the physical and emotional strain caused by ten pregnancies. Repeatedly refused the sacraments by her local parish priest in consequence of these activities, and unable to gain satisfaction from the Bishop of Shrewsbury, Dr Bieżanek wrote to the Archbishop of Westminster to announce her intention to ‘resolve the issue’ through an ethical adjudication at the Communion rails.As the first sustained exploration of this exceptional woman and her sensational life story, this article examines Dr Bieżanek’s private correspondence and public persona to illustrate the ways in which her idiosyncratic re-negotiation of spiritual and sexual politics was path breaking in articulating a ‘modern’ Catholic approach to love and sex and in anticipating the cacophony of such voices elicited by theHumanae Vitaeencyclical in 1968. As such, it illustrates the form and force of contrasting and modulating Catholic discourses about love, marriage, and contraception in the post-war period and demonstrates the continuing and critical interplay of religion, infused with the insights of sexology and psychology, when negotiating the sexual and spiritual revolutions of the sixties.

Westminster Cathedral

Westminster Cathedral

Westminster Cathedral

Westminster Cathedral

The Development of Katherine Mansfield’s First-Person Narratives

The Development of Katherine Mansfield’s First-Person Narratives Elke D’hoker (bio) In narrative terms, the transition from Victorian tale to modern short story in Anglophone literature has often been characterized as a movement from ‘telling’ to ‘showing.’ Anthony Alpers refers to this development as “getting rid of the narrator” (The Life 238), while Clare Hanson describes it as moving “from ‘teller’ to indirect free narration, and from ‘tale’ to ‘text,’” as part of a larger shift from “‘discourse’ to ‘image’ in the art and literature of the period” (1). In the nineteenth-century tale, indeed, a first-person narrator—often a polished version of the author (Shaw 114–15)—guides the reader through the story, guaranteeing its authenticity and providing a certain moral framework. The hallmark of most nineteenth-century tales, this narrative mode is reminiscent of the tale’s origins in communal, oral storytelling traditions. A desire to question narrative authority and remove the teller gradually from the tale characterizes the so-called modern short story, the origins of which—at least in Britain—are usually traced to the 1880s. Early experiments with this other narrative mode, in which focalization alternates with narration,1 can be found in the proto-impressionist psychological sketches of George Egerton, Hubert Crackanthorpe, Ella D’Arcy, and Ernest Dowson (Korte 103–107; Malcolm and Malcolm 12–13). Yet only with the figural narration of James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and—especially—Katherine Mansfield does the modern short story really come into its own. In such a story, the narrator virtually disappears behind [End Page 149] the characters’ voice and inner consciousness, mostly rendered through free indirect discourse. In the absence of a narrator to guide, instruct, or communicate with the reader, the emphasis invariably shifts from plot and (moral) message to suggestion, symbolism, and mood. This modernist development in the shaping of the short story, in which Mansfield played a crucial role (Dunn 202, Van Gunsteren 108–115), became especially influential, to the extent that focalization, interior monologue, symbolism, epiphany, and slice-of-life are still among the defining features of the short story today. Nevertheless, this general development should not make us forget that proto-modernist and modernist writers also adopted other narrative modes to turn the moralizing and plot-bound Victorian tale into a literary form suited to the modern age and its aesthetics. Indeed, several writers experimented with first-person narration, the reigning mode of the nineteenth-century tale: Rudyard Kipling introduced uncertainty and ellipsis in his otherwise traditional and plot-bound first-person narratives; Joseph Conrad undermined narrative authority by multiplying his narrators and narrative frames; and Virginia Woolf staged excessively hesitant and self-reflexive narrators in stories such as “An Unfinished Novel,” “The Mark on the Wall,” or “The Lady in the Looking-Glass.” Mansfield’s short fiction contains a surprising number of first-person narratives as well—surprising, because her short stories are, like those of Joyce, often cited as textbook examples of free indirect discourse and focalization. Moreover, in the span of her short career, Mansfield’s first-person narratives undergo a considerable alteration: from satirical and autobiographical first-person narration to a subtle and highly flexible narrative form that perfectly realizes her poetics of impassioned objectivity and cultivation of an intensely felt impersonal style (Head 110; Coelsch-Foisner 98–99). Mansfield’s short fiction thus shows that the short story’s movement from telling to showing need not involve the extinction of the narrative ‘I.’ The “Vignettes” and other prose poems that Mansfield wrote and, to some extent published, in 1907 are the first texts in which an ‘I’ appears. Yet because of their poetical quality (they are collected in Vincent O’Sullivan’s edition of Mansfield’s poetry) and relative absence of narrative development, their ‘I’ resembles more the ‘I’ of lyrical poetry than that of an actual first-person narrator. As in lyrical poetry, moreover, the speaker seems quite close to the actual author. Several small details suggest this [End Page 150] connection: “Vignette III” alludes to Mansfield’s cello, and “Vere” in “Westminster Cathedral” and “Carlotta” in “Summer in Winter” refer to actual persons (86). In general, the “Vignettes” revolve around small...

THE REDISCOVERY OF GREEK ROSSO ANTICO MARBLE AND ITS USE IN BRITAIN IN THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES

The metamorphic geology of Greece and the Aegean produced a wide range of coloured stones which were used in antiquity. In the second half of the nineteenth century several of the ancient quarries were rediscovered and reopened by Greek and British companies within the developing economy of the young Greek state. One such stone is the fine maroon marble rosso antico, emplaced at several locations in the Mani. It had first been exploited in the Late Bronze Age and exploitation continued extensively during the Roman Empire. The new quarryings of the nineteenth century resulted in much export to Britain, where the marble was used in churches, notably St Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Cathedral in London, in commercial and university buildings, in private houses and, as a gift of the Greek government, for the plinth of Byron's statue in Park Lane, London.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The newsletters which I have reproduced in this volume are retained in the archives of the archdiocese of Westminster. I am very grateful to Westminster Cathedral's new archivist, the Reverend Nicholas Schofield, and also to the former archivist, the Reverend Ian Dickie. They have both been extremely helpful in allowing me access to the collections in their charge. I am quite certain that, had it not been for the cathedral archivists’ readiness to provide regular assistance and advice, this project would have been quite impossible to contemplate.

Horace Walpole and the Objects of Literary History

Horace Walpole and the Objects of Literary History Ruth Mack The "voluminous Historian" is like a "Stage-Coach, which performs constantly the same Course, empty as well as full," Henry Fielding writes in Tom Jones, where he proposes instead to "hasten on to Matters of Consequence."1 Fielding suggests that there are two kinds of historical travel: the slow-moving chronological sort (dedicated to regular description even "if whole Years should pass without producing any thing worthy his [our Reader's] Notice") and the fast-moving, novelistic sort, leaping from event to event.2 But a few years earlier John Dart offers a third possibility in his 1742 history of Westminster cathedral, Westmonasterium. In his preface Dart explains that [t]he Historian and Antiquary differ in this, the first travels on a direct Road, while the other is employ'd in marking out and measuring some Lands bordering upon it; or, to use another Comparison, the first builds a new Fabrick, (which, if he's skilful, he may do regularly, having the Materials provided him,) while the latter is gathering the broken and irregular Fragments of an old one; whilst he's intent about which, it is impossible to know exactly the Method and Manner of his Search.3 If Fielding's event-driven history rushes the coach toward the next inn, then Dart's antiquarian study leaves the road of narrative entirely, trading it for measured spaces and monuments, for the "broken and irregular Fragments" of the old countryside. Accounts of the philosophy of history in eighteenth-century Britain have almost exclusively set their sights on what Dart calls the "direct Road," maintaining that the century's contributions to historiography lie either in the great narrative histories of Edward Gibbon and David Hume or in the conjectural histories of the Scottish Enlightenment. Fielding's famous comment has itself served to point critics toward a relationship between fiction and history in the period that focuses on the temporality of historical narrative offered in the two genres, encouraging the pairing of the long novels of Fielding, Samuel Richardson, and Lawrence Sterne with the grand narrative histories of Gibbon and Hume.4 This has emerged as a standard way for literary historians to [End Page 367] think about the relation between the genres of history and fiction of eighteenth-century Britain not only because The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire and The History of England are literary—they are, famously, stylistic masterpieces—but also because of the part narrative is thought to play in historical consciousness. As Leo Braudy argues, both historians and novelists were concerned with the "continuity of history" and they both "sought to form time, to discover its plot, and to give a compelling and convincing narrative shape to the facts of human life, whether observed directly or through the records and 'memorials' of the past." In Braudy's account, historiography and the novel are important for taking the "'memorials' of the past," Dart's "irregular Fragments," and lending them "a compelling and convincing narrative shape."5 The antiquary—content with his fragments as they are—has no place in this formation of historical thought. Because of his interest in gathering, rather than reshaping, he has, notoriously, no flair for or inclination toward narrative. As Horace Walpole remarked, "I love antiquities, but I scarce ever knew an antiquary who knew how to write upon them."6 If we understand history as most importantly narrative history, then the antiquarian's pile of historical pieces looks incomplete. It is, however, precisely this unrecuperated state that redeems antiquarianism in the view of many later historians and archaeologists; indeed, recent defenses of antiquarianism have sought to justify it on precisely the grounds that its materials emerge unprocessed, distant from the workings of the historian's creating mind. And yet there is an important reason that, almost forty years after Arnaldo Momigliano's well-known defense of antiquarianism as serious historiography, the antiquary still needs defending.7 For despite his ability to make available the "raw material" of history, the antiquary has never lost his unfortunate association with the trivial.8 Thus, even the most loyal defenders of antiquarianism...

Byzantium Rediscovered (review)

Reviewed by: Byzantium Rediscovered Robert S. Haller (bio) J. B. Bullen . Byzantium Rediscovered. Phaidon Press, 2006. Phaidon Press sent the Prairie Schooner a paperback copy of Byzantium Rediscovered for review, suggesting that it could "be used as a catalyst for a local spotlight" because its final focus is on the Nebraska State Capitol, where architect Bertram Goodhue and mosaicist Hildreth Meiere employed the style and materials of the Byzantine revival that had spread throughout Europe in the hundred years preceding. But this local reader and any other seeker after the deep connections between styles and culture not only will see the capitol anew by reading this book but will find new insights into architecture, poetry, forms of representation, and ideology that put the capitol in the context of a major architectural revival. Author J. B. Bullen, a polymath professor of English at the University of Reading in England, shows readers how architecture interacts with literature and with the wider artistic culture. His admiration for the great Byzantine monuments of antiquity and of the nineteenth- and twentieth-century revival manifests itself in the profuse and sumptuous illustrations of this book. Sancta Sophia was refurbished in the nineteenth century, and San Marco in Venice as well as the beautiful churches of Ravenna and Palermo that attracted visits of wonder by artists, writers and critics. The buildings constructed in their image make an impressive list: Castle Neuschwanstein in Bavaria, Sacre Coeur in Paris, Westminster Cathedral in London, the Basilica at Lourdes, the set for Parsifal at Bayreuth, the interior decorations of St. Paul's Cathedral in London, the Stadshuset in Stockholm (site of the Nobel Prize presentations and banquets), New York's capitol in Albany, and the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City. Each was designed to make a cultural or artistic assertion. Sacre Coeur was constructed to reinspire Parisians and the French with loyalty and pride in their Catholicism after the turmoil of the Commune and the Franco-Prussian wars. The Byzantine features of Westminster Cathedral in London created a deliberate challenge to Westminster Abbey and to Westminster Hall (Parliament) designed by Pugin in the Gothic style he thought of as true to the English spirit style, and thus Protestant in its allusions. Lourdes was the scene of a revelation reasserting the miraculous power of the Virgin; the basilica raised that reassertion to the heavens above the grotto and the healing waters. Those readers with literary interests will be immediately impressed with Bullen's opening explanation of Yeats's Byzantium poems. Yeats received the 1923 Nobel Prize and thus had the opportunity to be among the first to see Minar Forseth's Golden Hall with its 18 million gold and glass mosaic pieces depicting heroes and scenes from Swedish history and, on the far wall, a figure of the Queen of the Mälaren receiving tribute from the East and the West. Yeats was inspired by this vision to visit Sicily for the Cappella Palatina in Palermo, and the cathedrals of Monreale and Cefalù, and then to the churches of Ravenna. Through his friendship with [End Page 189] William Morris, he could restudy W. B. Lethaby's 1894 monograph The Church of Sancta Sophia, Constantinople. The result: his two great Byzantium poems. I didn't realize until reading this book that those "sages standing in god's holy fire / As in a gold mosaic on a wall" were actually in Stockholm! Later Bullen shows how the same recognition of Byzantine illustrative styles is manifest in the work of Gustav Klimt, including his most famous works, such as the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer or The Kiss, paintings striving to achieve the effect of mosaic. In France, Puvis de Chavannes, especially the paintings done for the great Byzantine churches in Marseilles, is nearly pure Byzantine, as is Hippolyte Flandrin, most particularly in his work for Saint-Germain des Prés in Paris. Even more notable is Bullen's account of Ruskin's bringing "the stones of Venice" to England with one of its first effects being the famous Crystal Palace in Brighton. Later, this same book by Lethaby inspired the pre-Raphaelites, Burne-Jones in particular. William Morris's...

Homily for the Centenary of the Catholic Record Society, Westminster Cathedral, 5 June 2004

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"The Dream of Gerontius" at Westminster Cathedral

"The Dream of Gerontius" at Westminster Cathedral

Public Opinion and the 1908 Eucharistic Congress

The summer of 1908 was a summer of congresses in London. The decennial Pan-Anglican Congress assembled in July, the History of Religions Congress met in September, the Trades Union Congress held its annual meeting shortly thereafter, and the International Congress on Moral Education took place in October. None of these received as much newspaper attention as the Roman Catholic International Eucharistic Congress, which convened in England for the first time, from Wednesday 9 to Sunday 13, September. Many column inches were devoted to the preparations and proceedings; photographs were printed; and hundreds of readers’ letters were published afterwards. In reportage the newspapers differed slightly; in opinion, more so. Most of the proceedings were not controversial at all, consisting of liturgies, lectures on various aspects of Catholic belief concerning the Eucharist, and evening meetings in the Albert Hall. What excited the press and sections of the public was the proposed closing spectacular: a procession of the Blessed Sacrament through the streets around Westminster Cathedral.

Book Reviews

Ulrich, Eugene et al. (eds) Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, Volume XII, Qumran Cave 4: vii, Genesis to NumbersAttridge, Harold et al. Volume XIII, Qumran Cave 4: viii, Parabiblical Texts, Part ICharlesworth, James H. et al. Graphic Concordance to the Dead Sea ScrollsSchnelle, Udo Antidocetic Christology in the Gospel of JohnMoody Smith, D. The Theology of the Gospel of JohnCullmann, Oscar Prayer in the New Testament, With Answers from the New Testament to Today’s QuestionsCampbell, Stanislas From Breviary to Liturgy of the Hours: The Structural Reform of the Roman Office 1964–1971Bailey, Simon A Tactful God: Gregory Dix, Priest, Monk and ScholarSullivan, Francis Creative Fidelity: Weighing and Interpreting Documents of the MagisteriumCarabine, Deirdre The Unknown God: Negative Theology in the Platonic Tradition: Plato to EriugenaHoinacki, Lee El Camino: Walking to Santiago de CompostelaRobinson, Ira Moses Cordovero’s Introduction to Kabbalah: An Annotated Translation of his ‘Or Ne’erav’Gelpi, Donald L. The Turn to Experience in Contemporary TheologyMorgan, Robert (ed) The Religion of the Incarnation: Anglican Essays in Commemoration of ‘Lux Mundi’Fenn, Richard K. The Persistence of PurgatoryWard, Keith God, Chance and NecessitySowle Cahill, Lisa Sex, Gender and Christian EthicsScicluna, Charles J. The Essential Definition of Marriage According to the 1917 and 1983 Codes of Canon Law: An Exegetical and Comparative StudySheehan, Michael M. Marriage, Family and Law in Medieval Europe: Collected StudiesBiller, Peter and Hudson, Anne (eds) Heresy and Literacy 1000–1530Edwards, Mark U. Jr Printing, Propaganda and Martin LutherGeotz, Hans‐Werner (edited by Steven Rowan) Life in the Middle Ages from the Seventh to the Thirteenth CenturyRedondo, Augustin (ed) Images de la femme en Espagne aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Des traditions aux renouvellements et à l’émergence d’images nouvellesBurr, David Olivi’s Peaceable Kingdom: A Reading of the Apocalypse CommentaryPetersen, Rodney L. Preaching in the Last Days: The Theme of the ‘Two Witnesses’ in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth CenturiesHarrington, Joel F. Reordering Marriage and Society in Reformation GermanyHempton, David The Religion of the People: Methodism and Popular Religion c. 1750–1900Nockels, Peter B. The Oxford Movement in Context: Anglican High Churchmanship 1760–1857Doyle, Peter Westminster Cathedral 1895–1995Halls, W.D. Politics, Society and Christianity in Vichy FranceZeretsky, Robert Nîmes at War: Religion, Politics and Public Opinion in the Gard 1938–1944Lane, David H. The Phenomenon of Teilhard: Prophet for a New AgeCarey, Noel D. The Path to Christian Democracy: German Catholics and the Party System from Windthorst to AdenauerO’Neill, Robert Cardinal Herbert Vaughan: Archbishop of Westminster, Bishop of Salford, Founder of the Mill Hill MissionariesUllathorne, William Bernard (edited by Leo Madigan) The Devil is a JackassRyan, Desmond The Catholic Parish: Institutional Discipline, Tribal Identity and Religous Development in the English ChurchSisson, C.H. Is There a Church of England? Reflections on Permanence and ProgressionBhugra, Dinesh (ed) Psychiatry and Religion: Context, Consensus and ControversiesYandell, Keith E. The Epistemology of Religious ExperienceAudi, Robert (ed) The Cambridge Dictionary of PhilosophyTaylor, C.C.W. (ed) Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, Volume XIVPrior, William (ed) Socrates: Critical AssessmentsRoochnik, David Of Art and Wisdom: Plato’s Understanding of TechneSeung, T.K. Plato Rediscovered: Human Value and Social OrderBroadie, Alexander The Shadow of Scotus: Philosophy and Faith in Pre‐Reformation Scotland

Victorian Catholicism and the Oxford Movement, 1990-1996

REVIEW ARTICLE VICTORIAN CATHOLICISM AND THE OXFORD MOVEMENT, 1990-1996 V. Alan McClelland (ed.). By Whose Authority: Newman, Manning and the Magisterium. Badi: Downside Abbey, 1996. Paul Vaiss (ed.). From Oxford to the People: Reconsidering Newman and the Oxford Movement. Leominster: Gracewing, 19%. The 1990s dius far have seen a surprising number of anniversaries of interest to students of Victorian Catholicism and die Oxford Movement in relation to it. The decade opened witii die Newman centenary, his beatification, and a spate of books on his life and work, beginning two years earlier with Ian Ker's, John Henry Newman: A Biography (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1988)1 and continued widi the more readable and insightful Newman and His Age (London: Dation, Longman and Todd, 1990) by Sheridan Gilley. This initial activity was provided widi new energy in 1995 by die one hundred fiftiedi anniversary of Newman's conversion and his Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine.2 In 1992 it came the turn of Newman's so-called arch-rival, Henry Edward Manning,3 and that year too, although not so popularly noted, stimulated a good deal of writing: The journals Recusant History 21 (1993), The Allen Review 6 (Hilary, 1992), and The Chesterton Review 18/4 (November, 1992) all devoted special issues to the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster, David Newsome's classic study, The Parting of Friends: The Wilberforces and Henry Manning (Grand Rapids Mich.: Eerdmans, 1993; first published, London: John Murray, 1966), was reissued, and his less successful but nevertheless important parallel biography, The Convert Cardinals: Newman and Manning (London: John Murray, 1993) appeared. The Manning centenary, linked as it is with the appointment of his successor, the one-hundredth celebration of Westminster Cathedral in 1996, and perhaps the more contentious and less publicized anniversary, that of the promulgation in Review Article115 1896 of Leo XDTs Apostolicae curae (by which Anglican orders were declared null and void) all played their part in stimulating Robert O'Neil helpful new biography, Cardinal Herbert Vaughan: Archbishop of Westminster, Bishop ofSalford, Founder of the Mill Hill Missionaries (Tunbridge Wells: Bums & Oates, 1995). The essays collected in the two volumes reviewed here can be understood as part of all these centennial celebrations, McClelland's collection highlighting the convert cardinals and focussing readers on the themes of authority and the magisterium, so great a concern for both Manning and Newman4 and so central in the Catholic world that followed them. First, and among the finest of the many superb essays in the McClelland volume is Peter B. Nockles, 'Early Tractarian Politics' (79Ul ), a slighdy expanded version of which is published in the Vaiss collection as '"Church and King:" Tractarian PoUtics Reappraised' (93123 ). Readers of Nockles' The Oxford Movement in Context: Anglican High Churchmanship 1760-1857 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994)5 will find in diis essay the same careful attention to primary sources and full understanding of contemporary scholarship so evident in his book. In The Oxford Movement Nockles carefully traced the shifting and nuanced changes in Orthodox political theology, reviewing the theory of sacral kingship among the Old Highchurchmen, theories of church state relations and of the royal Supremacy as understood in the Protestant Constitution, early Tractarian views on all these issues, Tractarian divisions with the Old Highchurchmen, and the respective positions of the two groups as they faced crises over the Maynooth Grant in 1845-46 and the Gorham decision in 1850. In his article Nockles revisits some of this ground but he does so in such a way as to make clear the subde redirections of Newman's political thought as he shifted his views from an older defense of the Hookerian church-state links under the influence of Froude and changing political circumstances. A second article by Nockles' in By Whose Authority?, his 'Sources of English Conversions to Roman Catholicism in the Era of the Oxford Movement' (1-40) follows similar patterns. This treatment of conversions in the period is neither 'over-contextualized' nor 'overparticularized ', provides a number of explanations of the 'varied factors' both interior and exterior which must be considered in a discussion of the topic, reviews in detail earlier emphases on the role of Tractarian Oxford in the phenomenon...

RECORDINGS

RECORDINGS Spanish and Mexican Renaissance Vocal Music The Hilliard Ensemble EMI Reflexe CDS7 54341-2 (rec 1991) Masterpieces of Portuguese Polyphony, Volume 2 The Choir of Westminster Cathedral, Iain Simcock (organ), Celia Harper (harp), Sally Jackson (dulcian), conducted by James O'Donnell Hyperion CDA66512 (rec 1991) Lope de Vega INTERMEDIOS DEI. BARROCO HISPANICO, 158O-168O Montserrat Figueras (soprano), Hespèrion XX, directed by Jordi Savall Astré/Auvidis E8729 (rec 1987, issued 1991) Bernadette Nelson Bernadette Nelson Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Early Music, Volume XX, Issue 3, August 1992, Pages 497–499, https://doi.org/10.1093/earlyj/XX.3.497 Published: 01 August 1992

Westminster Cathedral

Westminster Cathedral

Towards 2000: Church and State Relations

Mr Chairman, Vicar General, Worshipful Chancellors, ladies and gentlemen. This is the second time that I have been privileged to address this Society. Three years ago I spoke after a good dinner at Corpus Christi, Cambridge, when members' critical faculties had undoubtedly been dimmed by the College claret! It is quite a different thing to speak to you today on a dull Saturday in the solemn environs of Westminster Cathedral, especially as in 1987 I spoke as a diocesan bishop and today I speak as one of those living in what is euphemistically called “retirement”. It is a demanding way of life in which one lacks the resources and the defences long taken for granted, and of course, it is subject to the changes and chances of British Rail for which I profoundly apologise. I had an unscheduled bus journey of an hour and three quarters round the villages of my former diocese this morning.

Is there a place for Feminists in a Christian Church?

Based on a dialogue held on 16 May 1986 in London at Westminster Cathedral Hall, and organised by Catholic Women's Network and Women in Theology. Dr Daphne Hampson presents her own position at length, Dr Rosemary Ruether responds to it at length, and a discussion between the two of them follows.

The Organs of Westminster Cathedral

The Organs of Westminster Cathedral