Western Transvaal Research Articles

Is Klerksdorp die oudste dorp in Transvaal?

This article refutes the claim that Klerksdorp (and not Potchefstroom) is the Transvaal's oldest town, mainly because the assumption that Klerksdorp was founded in 1837 rests upon memory and tradition. It argues moreover that the history of the Great Trek rules out the probability of White settlement in the Western Transvaal before mid-1838. It concludes by indicating that no archival sources or evidence could be traced to prove that a settlement existed at Schoonspruit before March 1840. The settlement which took place there afterwards was basically not a town but a farm. The word erf was not used until the end of the 1840s and indeed referred to arable land or cultivated fields. Although by 1850 the Schoonspruit-settlement did resemble a town and was called Klerksdorp it bore no resemblance to any early Voortrekker dorp. The founding in 1888 of Nuwe Dorp was therefore not merely an extension of Ou Dorp but in fact the establishment of a separate town to provide for the needs of the new gold-diggings at Klerksdorp.

Zircon geochronology and geochemistry of pre-Bushveld sills in the eastern Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa

Abstract An extensive suite of sills occurring in the eastern and western Transvaal Supergroup has been termed the Marico Diabase Suite. As a result of their overall geographic proximity to the Bushveld Complex and occurrence in the Transvaal Supergroup they have been assumed to be related to the Bushveld Complex. Previous studies have identified two different types of rocks within this suite, namely the Maruleng and Lydenburg types, based on geochemical and metamorphic characteristics. The Maruleng type has mineralogical (orthopyroxene-bearing) and geochemical affinities with the mafic rocks of the Bushveld Complex, and rocks belonging to this type are much more closely spatially related to the Bushveld Complex. The Lydenburg type, on the other hand, is much more extensive spatially and was emplaced at variable depths within the Transvaal Supergroup. The latter type of rock is variably metamorphosed, far beyond the likely thermal effects arising from emplacement of the Bushveld Complex. Using LA-SF-ICPMS and LA-MC-ICMS for U-Pb-Hf isotope ratio and REE+Ti concentration analysis, we demonstrate that zircon grains from this latter type were subjected to hydrothermal alteration, which caused the introduction of common lead. Despite compositional and isotopic overprinting, an age of 2 083 ± 18 Ma (MSWD = 12, n = 16) is obtained, suggesting a pre-Bushveld in age. We suggest that the original term Marico Diabase Suite encompasses two different events. The Maruleng Suite should be grouped as part of the Bushveld Complex, whereas the Lydenburg Suite should be given a status that is independent from the Bushveld event.

Peace-seeking Afrikaans editors in the apartheid era: Journalistic perspectives in a theological framework

n this study, the ethical-journalistic contributions of five apartheid-era Afrikaans language newspaper editors are taken into review: Schalk Pienaar ( Die Beeld and Beeld ), Willem de Klerk ( Die Transvaler and Rapport ), Frits Gaum ( Die Kerkbode ), Doret Jansen ( Western Transvaal Record ) and Max Du Preez ( Vrye Weekblad ). Their ethical-journalistic contributions are described, keeping in mind the constraints within which they operated in these five diverse newspapers. Based on Christian historical-theological considerations, evaluative remarks are made, en route to promoting ethically sound journalism. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The use of central theological ideas and/or a theological framework to evaluate aspects of societal ethics in the practice of journalism, here more specifically in the history of Afrikaans journalism, is explored.

Rifting of the Kaapvaal Craton during the early Paleoproterozoic: Evidence from magmatism in the western Transvaal subbasin (South Africa)

The Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.65–2.06 Ga) Transvaal Supergroup of the Kaapvaal Craton is dominated by clastic and chemical sedimentary rocks, with few strata-bound igneous units. Two ca. 2.2 Ga igneous units in its upper part (Pretoria Group), the Machadodorp Member of the Silverton Formation and the Mashishing dyke swarm, have so far only been recognized in the eastern part of the Transvaal subbasin. As these units are near-contemporaneous with an early Paleoproterozoic geochemical excursion to higher Th/Nb ratios compared to both older and younger igneous units, they probably mark a change in the geodynamic evolution of the craton. In the present contribution, we provide new data on the igneous units within the Silverton Formation (one lava and 5 sills) from a borehole (BB11) in the south-western part of the Transvaal subbasin. Two of these igneous units are particularly interesting because they show strong geochemical similarities to the Machadodorp Member and Mashishing dyke swarm, which are thus more spatially extensive than previously thought. In combination with existing data, our results further show that the Machadodorp Member corresponds to two separate, possibly not co-magmatic, igneous events, as documented by low- and high-Th basalts. The low-Th lavas show flat mantle-normalized REE and multi-element patterns, along with depleted Nd and Hf isotopic signatures, which are unusual among Precambrian magmatic rocks in the craton. This signature can be explained by partial melting of a depleted spinel peridotite incorporated into the subcratonic lithospheric mantle (SCLM) by a prior subduction event. A failed rifting event can have triggered melting of such a shallow source in a cratonic context. Even though comparable in age, the high-Th ca. 2.2 Ga Mashishing dyke swarm comes from a very different source, likely a part of the SCLM that had experienced subduction-related fluid metasomatism around the Archean – Proterozoic transition. About 150 million years later, the Bushveld Complex possibly exploited the same rifting structures during its intrusion.

Between Worlds: German missionaries and the transition from mission to Bantu Education in South Africa by Linda Chisholm

Reviewed by: Between Worlds: German missionaries and the transition from mission to Bantu Education in South Africa by Linda Chisholm Mark Hunter (bio) Linda Chisholm (2017) Between Worlds: German missionaries and the transition from mission to Bantu Education in South Africa. Johannesburg: Wits University Press When student activists demanded free decolonised higher education the government quite quickly conceded the principle that higher education should be free for the poor. Yet questions remain about what decolonised education means—not least because 80 per cent of the population is now Christian and the middle class remains heavily invested in Anglophone schooling. In Between Worlds, Linda Chisholm untangles some of the intricate threads that tie together religion and education in South Africa. The conventional understanding begins with recognition that mission schools harboured all of the early leaders of the African National Congress from John Dube to Nelson Mandela. It is frequently said that the 1953 Bantu Education Act destroyed the mission school system and reoriented black education along ethnic lines. Yet such a summary statement misses out a lot of important details, as the book convincingly argues. Chisholm’s empirical window is the Lutheran Church and specifically the German Hermannsburg mission. A number of other studies, most notably Jean and John Comaroff’s work on the London Missionary Society, also explore a distinct group of missionaries. However, by focusing on a relatively small mission group, Chisholm reminds us of the multiple and varied interactions that shaped Europe and Africa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Hermannsburg itself may be a ‘small village in a picturesque but rural and agricultural area in northern Germany’ but its missionaries went on to develop a network of missions in Natal, Zululand, and the western Transvaal (1). [End Page 136] The book is divided into ten chapters. The first three chapters consider the period before the onset of Bantu Education. Chapter One emphasises the transnational links in the making of mission networks, Chapter Two discusses the well-known Bethel Training Institute, and Chapter Three describes the interaction between chiefs, missionaries, and the government. Chapters Four and Five highlight the transfer to Bantu Education in Natal, including the vital question of the language of instruction. Chapter Six looks at how Umpumulo Teacher Training Institute developed into a theological seminary and fostered Black Consciousness thinking. Chapters Eight and Nine explore schooling in the homelands of Bophuthatswana and KwaZulu and Chapter Ten concludes the book. Between Worlds therefore covers a lot of ground. It is well illustrated with maps and photographs, and written in a clear style. Every chapter details the negotiations and contestations in play in the missionary world. Language, curriculum issues, and the workings of homelands are three particular issues into which this book offers original insights. The conventional wisdom is that mission schools were English-medium while Bantu Education schools promoted African languages. The shift between them was part of the state’s ethnic project that became consolidated in the bantustans in the 1960s and 1970s. Chisholm, however, shows that Hermannsburg missions already gave considerable attention to African language education in the years before apartheid, in part because missionaries’ main emphasis lay in the schools’ religious purpose (79). ‘In all languages, the first textbook was the bible’ (82). Moreover, Chisholm shows that there was no radical break in language policy between mission education and the early years of Bantu Education. To support her arguments on the curriculum, Chisholm spent a lot of time digging into mission archives. She found that mathematics and science books were not available in African languages while English readers contained racist stereotypes such as the story of ‘Lazy Jim’, a young black gardener who works for a white family. The illustrations tended to locate Africans in rural areas, in nature, among animals (89). Chisholm also encourages us to see homeland education in new light. Since the homelands were illegitimate apartheid creations, and since today many poorly performing schools are located in these spaces, it is tempting to conclude that the homeland system was an unfortunate chapter in South African schooling. Yet before attaching too much causal power to homelands we need to recognise that almost all black African secondary [End Page 137] schools were...

Factions, contestations and mining's missing millions: the African National Congress in North West province since 1994

This article traces the fortunes of the ANC in the North West province (NWP) since 1994. While political developments mirror many of those at the national level, there are some particularities about this region that set it apart from the rest of South Africa. The new province was an uneasy amalgam of the Bophuthatswana bantustan and the western Transvaal. The former had experienced considerable unrest due to Lucas Mangope's resistance to incorporation into post-1994 South Africa and his flirtation with regional, conservative politics. The latter was the home of the white right, exemplified by Eugene Terreblanche's Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB). Popo Molefe the first premier, made significant strides in building racial reconciliation, and introduced some successful economic initiatives. However, very soon into his term, he was faced with opposition, and government drifted to elite, personal politics and in-fighting. This trend was continued and deepened into Molefe's second term and into the new decade. The article describes and analyses the cleavages in the ANC and suggests reasons for the emergence of these byzantine affiliations and cabals. These events are set against another aspect of the NWP - its mining industry. It examines the ANCs attempts to provide support for the industry, where it had the duty or means to intervene in the troubled platinum belt. The article concludes with the mismanagement of the 'D' account, in which the royalties and other benefits accruing to traditional authorities have supposedly been vested.

The African National Congress in the Western Transvaal/Northern Cape Platteland, c. 1910–1964: Patterns of Diffusion and Support for Congress in a Rural Setting

This article examines the nature and trajectory of ANC engagement with the predominantly rural inhabitants of the former western Transvaal/northern Cape, the region of the present-day North-West province. Even before the formal launching of the ANC, a number of influential figures in the region, in particular members of the Molema family in Mafikeng, provided an intellectual framework for the founding of an African nationalist movement. From its inception then the organisation gained significant support in the rural districts, both because the Molema's were an important chiefly family, and because the Batswana rural elites saw in the ANC an instrument for countering the impact of the 1913 Native Land Act. In the 1920s the ANC was able to sustain its initial success by the formation of ANC branches in most of the small dorps (towns) in the western Transvaal platteland. By the end of the decade however, the ANC's influence waned, and the South African Communist Party and the Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union of Africa (ICU), were able to mobilise African political opinion and activity more effectively. The situation began to change in the 1950s as the state began increasingly to direct its attention to controlling the lives of rural Africans and taking control of traditional authorities. The 1957 ‘Hurutshe Revolt’ was the catalyst for a wider regional resistance to the carrying of passes for women specifically, and state intervention in general. The article traces the genesis of this resistance, and through the recent availability of source materials, the role of the ANC in the affair. Support for the ANC quickened after this, and the Zeerust became to key to ANC strategy as the period of exile began.

Bophuthatswana and the North-West Province: From Pan-Tswanaism to Mineral-Based Ethnic Assertiveness

ABSTRACT This paper explores the legacy and impact of Bophuthatswana on South Africa's North-West province. Formed after the introduction of a unitary and democratic South Africa in 1994, the new province comprised most of the former ‘homeland’ and the western Transvaal, and a section of the far northern Cape. Following earlier contributions made by scholars dealing with the transition of the ‘homeland’, we pursue the views and analyses expressed there, principally by updating events since c. 1996. The paper investigates institutional and other legacies (in particular the notion of Pan-Tswanaism) that might have continued into the new dispensation, concluding that they have not impacted significantly or consistently on the province's inhabitants-save in one significant aspect. This, the kernel of our argument, is that Bophuthatswana was an artificial creation in many aspects, no more so than in its ethnic formulation as a ‘Pan-Tswana nation’. It was essentially a constellation of particularistic sub-ethnic social formations, held together by President Lucas Mangope, who exercised almost complete control over all aspects of these Tribal Authorities. Once his centralising power was removed, it opened the door for a reassertion of regionally-based ethnic affiliations. This was given impetus by the unparalleled expansion in mining in the province. Due to a number of curious historical anomalies, this mining takes place on land held by these groups with the ‘tribe’ as beneficiaries, under the overall leadership of a chief and a Traditional Council. The paper provides examples to illustrate how Mangope completely dominated the sub-ethnic groups within Bophuthatswana and conversely how their fortunes revived after his fall. There are some similarities with the Bophuthatswana regime in the systems of control exercised by these traditional authorities, but the comparison is also misleading. How the tensions created within these groups eventually play out remains to be seen.

Fred Morton. When Rustling Became an Art: Pilane's Kgatla and the Transvaal Frontier 1820–1902. Claremont, S.A.: David Philip Publishers, 2009. xxx + 314 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Bibliography. Index. R230.00 Paper.

Fred Morton. When Rustling Became an Art: Pilane's Kgatla and the Transvaal Frontier 1820-1902. Claremont, S.A.: David Philip Publishers, 2009. xxx + 314 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Bibliography. Index. R230.00 Paper. Centered on the largest chiefdom of the western Transvaal, this well-written and densely researched book covers far more ground than its modest tide suggests. This history of the BaKgada chiefdom encapsulates the experience of the people of the wider region from the turmoil of the 1820s through the South African War of 1899-1902. Morton's claim that catde rusding was the central BaKgada strategy of survival asserts a continuity not only of literal behavior, but also of the mindset and mentality of the chiefs and their followers. Following disruption in the 1820s, Chief Pilane regathered his BaKgada followers, developed trade relations to Delagoa Bay and to the south, and voluntarily entered into a subordinate tributary relationship with AmaNdebele Chief Mzilikazi. After Boer setders laid claim to the land, chiefs like Pilane received access to land in exchange for military support. When Kgamanyane, who succeeded his father in 1848, sought better land in 1861 , he relocated his capital to a farm, Saulspoort, then held by die future president of die South African Republic (ZAR), Paul Kruger. Kgamanyane gained catde spoils through service on Boer commandoes in which Boers, including Kruger, also took women and children as captive laborers. Kgamanyane 's praises record that although he led his forces on commando under Kruger's command, including against Moshoeshoe and the BaSotho in 1865, they only feigned loyalty and withheld effective support in batde, secredy celebrating Boer casualties that they may have even helped to inflict. Although Morton eschews theoretical forays, it is clear that neither hegemony as overwhelming European power nor as unconscious consent to a new Western mindset and perception of the taken for granted was ever achieved. The missionaries who arrived among the BaKgada from the early 1860s were deeply dependent on the chiefs, and only managed to convert an insignificant handful of people during the remaining decades of the century; die pragmatically motivated conversion of Chief Linchwe in 1892 required that he divorce two of his three wives, but most local rituals persisted in a Christianized form, and at least into the early twentieth century the colonization of consciousness never occurred among the BaKgada. The BaKgada reestablished their capital at Mochudi within the borders of modern Botswana at die invitation of the BaKwena chief Sechele, after Kruger sent the veldkornet (local official) to inflict a public beating on Kgamanyane in 1870 for refusing to supply unpaid laborers, and called a meeting at which the chief believed their guns were to be confiscated. …

Family Memory and Historical Fiction: Botlhale Tema's The People of Welgeval

ABSTRACT This article presents an historical appraisal of Botlhale Tema's historical novel about her extended family set in the nineteenth- and twentieth-century Western Transvaal. Tema's forbearers were seized as children following commando attacks and raised as inboekelinge (registerees, a euphemism for slaves) in the households of Boer farmers in the Rustenburg district. Tema's novel, which is based on family interviews and some archival research, is a rich genealogical and cultural resource for understanding the experience of a particular group of rural oorlamse (Dutch-speaking blacks) and the complex identity they created. By using Tema's novel with missionary correspondence and published sources, it is possible to suggest some of the processes that account for oorlamse merger into African communities in the twentieth century.

Hell in Small Places: Agrarian Elites and Collective Violence in the Western Transvaal, 1900-1907

Hell in Small Places: Agrarian Elites and Collective Violence in the Western Transvaal, 1900-1907

Eurocentrism in hybridity : a critique of Charles Van Onselen's "The Seed is Mine: the life of Kas Maine, a South African Sharecropper 1894-1985"

For decades, contributors to the literary discourses of South Africa, writers, critics and commentators alike, worked to end apartheid. Now that apartheid is over, new discourses must evolve. For this reason, at this critical time of transition, all literary works coming out of South Africa are crucial to the continuity of South African literatures. Charles van Onselen's work would be a remarkable social history at any time but, coming as it does in the immediate post-apartheid period, it takes on a special relevance. This fictionalised social history which records the survival of a MaSotho peasant farmer in the western Transvaal during the pre-apartheid and apartheid periods gives a unique insight into an area of human existence that remains virtually unrecorded and only touched on in Sol T. Plaatje's Native Life in South Africa, written in 1910. This minutely-documented account of Kas Maine's story reflects the human condition of the Black population in rural South Africa as the screws of proxy European colonisation are tightened by South Africa's neo-colonialists. More significantly, van Onselen reconstructs the rural Black South African man whom apartheid not only degraded but also concealed from view. To what extent, however, is this reconstruction that of a White South African and what are his reasons for producing a model at this moment in South Africa's history?

Eurocentrism in hybridity : a critique of Charles Van Onselen's "The Seed is Mine: the life of Kas Maine, a South African Sharecropper 1894-1985"

For decades, contributors to the literary discourses of South Africa, writers, critics and commentators alike, worked to end apartheid. Now that apartheid is over, new discourses must evolve. For this reason, at this critical time of transition, all literary works coming out of South Africa are crucial to the continuity of South African literatures. Charles van Onselen's work would be a remarkable social history at any time but, coming as it does in the immediate post-apartheid period, it takes on a special relevance. This fictionalised social history which records the survival of a MaSotho peasant farmer in the western Transvaal during the pre-apartheid and apartheid periods gives a unique insight into an area of human existence that remains virtually unrecorded and only touched on in Sol T. Plaatje's Native Life in South Africa, written in 1910. This minutely-documented account of Kas Maine's story reflects the human condition of the Black population in rural South Africa as the screws of proxy European colonisation are tightened by South Africa's neo-colonialists. More significantly, van Onselen reconstructs the rural Black South African man whom apartheid not only degraded but also concealed from view. To what extent, however, is this reconstruction that of a White South African and what are his reasons for producing a model at this moment in South Africa's history?

Marashea on the Mines: Economic, Social and Criminal Networks on the South African Gold Fields, 1947-1999

Since their emergence in the late 1940s, the predominantly Basotho gangs known as Marashea or Russians have maintained close links with mineworkers, especially those working on gold mines. These links intensified and the gangs became more dependent on the mines after the 1963 legislation which denied Basotho the right to work in South Africa other than in the agricultural and mining sectors. This legislation, combined with the opening of the Free State mines in the 1950s, resulted in the locus of Russian strength shifting from the Johannesburg area to the Western Transvaal and the Free State. The gangs divided into two distinct sections, those who worked and lived on the mines and the unemployed who lived in nearby locations and informal settlements. The mineworkers and 'loafers' developed a symbiotic relationship - the unemployed relied on mineworkers for financial support, while mineworkers depended on 'full-time' Russians for access to and control over women. During incidents of large-scale violence on the mines and in the surrounding areas, the two sections of each group united against outside antagonists. The Russians have managed to survive and flourish over the past fifty years because of the mutually supportive relationships the gangs have established between loafers and mineworkers. Their presence in mining communities has contributed to ethnic chauvinism, the regulation of migrant women and the establishment of social, economic and criminal networks that have bound segments of outside and compound communities more closely together.

‘A boer and his gun and his wife are three things always together’: republican masculinity and the 1914 rebellion

In 1914, there was a rebellion against the young Union government by some 11,000 Afrikaans‐speaking men. This social movement has primarily been understood as an Afrikaner Nationalist phenomenon. This article focuses on the gendered identity of the rebels in order to illuminate the Rebellion in a different light. In 1912, the introduction of the Defence Act threatened the identity of Boer men who had come to have their masculinity encoded and reinforced in the Republican commando system. The Defence Act was not a rarefied piece of legislation, but a law that touched people at the level of their religion, their language and their identity. Hardest hit was the Boer Republican self‐conception of masculinity. The main focus of this article is on the period after 1912, when the Defence Act imposed modern training methods, uniforms, ranking system, disciplinary codes and promotional norms. In the build‐up to World War I, Afrikaans‐speaking males living on the periphery of the new locus of central state power began to turn to alternative authorities to express their grievances. In the western Transvaal and the northern Free State, farmers and bywoners who were alienated by the state's failure to alleviate the economic recession and increasingly anxious over issues of class and race, went into rebellion, with the hope of re‐establishing a republic. Cultural images of commando may have corresponded little with the reality of warfare, but seductive imagery propagated by rebel leaders helped fuel the Republican nostalgia that centred on a particular understanding of Boer masculinity. The Defence Act was introduced into a context of anxiety over urbanisation, loss of control over black labour and social upheaval. Fear about the loss of manhood and its manipulation, was not the sole reason for rebellion: for some it was a prime cause, for others a final straw, a justification, or an articulation of otherwise inexpressible feelings. But the Act further distanced some Boer men from the new state and severed their already tenuous allegiance to the legislature. The 1914 Rebellion was the last battle for a threatened manhood in the complex of ideas and institutions that characterised industrialising society.

Compressive deformation in the floor rocks to the Bushveld Complex (South Africa): evidence from the Rustenburg Fault Zone

The north-northwest-south-southeast striking Rustenburg Fault Zone in the western Transvaal Basin, South Africa, has been extensively mapped in order to unravel its tectonic history. In post-Pretoria Group times, but before the intrusion of the Bushveld Complex at ∼2050 Ma, the area surrounding the fault zone was subjected to two compressive deformational events. The shortening direction of the first event was directed northeast-southwest, producing southeast-northwest trending folds, and the shortening direction of the second was directed north-northwest - south-southeast, producing east-northeast - west-southwest trending folds. The second set of folds refolded the first set to form typical transitional Type 1-Type 2 interference folding. This compression ultimately caused reactivation of the Rustenburg Fault, with dextral strike-slip movement displacing the Pretoria Group sediments by up to 10.6 km. The subsequent intrusion of the Bushveld Complex intensely recrystallised, and often ponded against the strata along the fault zone. The fault rocks within the fault zone were also recrystallised, destroying any pre-existing tectonic fabric. Locally, the fault zone may have been assimilated by the Bushveld Complex. After the intrusion of the Bushveld Complex, little movement has occurred along the fault, especially where the fault passes under areas occupied by the Bushveld Complex. It is thought that the crystallisation of the Bushveld Complex has rheologically strengthened the neighbouring strata, preventing them from being refaulted. This model is at variance with previous assumptions, which suggest that continuous regional extension during Pretoria Group sedimentation culminated in the intrusion of the Bushveld Complex.

The Mfecane Aftermath: Reconstructive Debates in Southern African History

Preface Acknowledgements Notes on Orthography and Names Contributors Introduction Part One: Historiography and Methodology Putting the Mfecane Controversy into Historiographical Context Chapter 1. Pre-Cobbing Mfecane Historiography Chapter 2. Old Wine in New Bottles The Persistence of Narrative Structures in the Historiography of the Mfecane and the Great Trek Chapter 3. Hunter-Gatherers, Traders and Slaves The 'Mfecane' Impact on Bushmen, Their Ritual and Their Art Chapter 4. Language and Assassination Cutural Negationas in White Writers' Portrayal of Shaka and the Zulu Part Two: The South-Eastern Coastal Region Beyond the concept of the 'Zulu Explosion' Comments on the Current Debate Chapter 5. Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa c. 1800-1830 The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered Chapter 6. Political Transformations in the Thukela-Mzimkhulu Region in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries Chapter 7. 'The Character and Objects of Chaka' A Reconsideration of the Making of Shaka as Mfecane Motor Chapter 8. Matiwane's Road to Mbholompo A Reprieve for the Mfecane? Chapter 9. Unmasking the Fingo The War of 1835 Revisted Chapter 10. The Mfecane Survives its Critics Part Three: The Interior 'The time of troubles' Difaqane in the Interior Chapter 11. Archaeological Indicators of Stress in the Western Transvaal Region between the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Centuries Chapter 12. Prelude to Difaqane in the Interior of the Southern Africa c.1600-c. 1822 Chapter 13. Conflict in the Western Highveld/Southern Kalahari c.1750-1820 Chapter 14. 'Hungry Wolves' The Impact of Violence on Rolong Life, 1823-1836 Chapter 15. The Battle of Dithakong and 'Mfecane' Theory Chapter 16. Untapped Sources Slave Exports from Southern and Central Namibia up to c.1850 Glossary Abbreviations Bibliographer's Note Bibliography Complete List of Papers Presented at the Colloquium Index

Identifying and developing rugby talent among 10-year-old boys: A practical model

The re-entry of South Africa into the international sporting arena and the resultant need for the identification and development of talent, especially among formerly deprived groups of people, provided the incentive for this study. Its aim was to identify the physical, motor and anthropometric variables that will enable coaches to identify 10-year-old boys, based on their abilities, who could become successful rugby players. Altogether, 173 ten-year-old boys with no rugby experience from a cross-section of the population were selected at random and subjected to 14 physical and motor tests and 14 anthropometric measurements. From 22 schools which participated in the Western Transvaal primary schools under-11 rugby league, the three top teams (n = 45 individuals) were selected and also tested. The results from these three teams were used as the criteria for rugby talent among 10-year-old boys. To establish the best predictors of talent, a stepwise discriminant analysis was conducted: this indicated eight variables (four motor and four anthropometric) that discriminated maximally between the talented and the rest of the players of this age. With classification functions based on these eight variables, 93.8% of all the subjects were classified correctly, indicating good validity. A canonical analysis, based on the selected variables, was then conducted on all the under-11 teams that played in the league in the region (n = 330), and they were ranked according to the scores of the first canonical variable from the most to the least talented. By comparing these results with the players who were chosen for the region's primary schools team, a success rate of 88% in prediction of talent was established. We conclude that this is a successful and practical method to aid the teacher and the coach in selecting and developing talent among 10-year-old rugby players in South Africa.

DOCUMENTING THE EXODUS: THE DIMENSIONS AND LOCAL CAUSES OF BECHUANALAND WOMEN'S MIGRATION TO SOUTH AFRICA, 1920–1966

ABSTRACT While research on southern African women's migration has been building since the early 1980s, virtually nothing has yet been written on female migration from Bechuanaland. Contrary to much of the past (and popular) thinking of Botswana's history, Tswana women did migrate to South Africa. This paper fills a gap in the literature by examining the post-1920 migration of Tswana women to South Africa. This period witnessed an abrupt change in the character of Tswana women's migration. Whereas most early migrants were married women working on western Transvaal farms, the post-1920 movement witnessed soaring numbers, new urban destinations, and new types of migrant. The paper addresses the dimensions and local causes of migration, pointing out, at the same time, the difficulties of getting an accurate reading of the dimensions and directions of women's migrancy.

Forced labour in the Pilanesberg: the flogging of Chief Kgamanyane by Commandant Paul Kruger, Saulspoort, April 1870

During the 1860s, most of the Kgafela‐Kgatla lived on Commandant Paul Kruger's property, Saulspoort, in the western Transvaal. They were forced to render unpaid labour to the local Boers. At first, during the 1840s, Bakgatla‐Boer relations were ‘amicable’, but relations deteriorated as the Boers embarked on irrigated farming in the 1860s and demanded labour in order to build dams. In the late‐1860s, when Kruger forced Bakgatla men to pull cartloads of stone to the construction site, they refused to render labour and Kruger publically flogged their chief, Kgamanyane. Consequently, he and more than half his people migrated to present‐day Botswana. The article situates the incident in the wider contemporary social and political context in which Boer labour practices and racial attitudes prevailed, as well as Kruger's personal problems at the time. It argues that the flogging reveals aspects of the racial ideology of the time and adds to the current literature on corporal punishment in settler societies.