Western Style Research Articles

ACBP/DBI neutralization for the experimental treatment of fatty liver disease.

Acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP), also known as diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI), is an extracellular checkpoint of autophagy. Here, we report that patients with histologically confirmed metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) or liver fibrosis exhibit elevated levels of circulating ACBP/DBI protein as compared to non-affected controls. Plasma ACBP/DBI strongly correlated with the NAFLD and FIB4 scores in patients, and these correlations were independent of age and body mass index. We studied the capacity of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) neutralizing mouse ACBP/DBI to combat active liver disease in several mouse models, in which steatohepatitis had been induced by four different protocols, namely, (i) methionine/choline-deficient diet, (ii) Western style diet (WD) alone, (iii) WD combined with the hepatotoxic agent CCl4, and (iv) a combination of CCl4 injections and oral ethanol challenge. Injections of anti-ACBP/DBI mAb attenuated histological, enzymological, metabolomic and transcriptomic signs of liver damage in these four models, hence halting or reducing the progression of non-alcoholic and alcoholic liver disease. Steatosis, inflammation, ballooning and fibrosis responded to ACBP/DBI inhibition at the preclinical level. Altogether, these findings support a causal role of ACBP/DBI in MASH and liver fibrosis, as well as the possibility to therapeutically target ACBP/DBI.

Sequence Generation and Evaluation: A Novel Assessment of Musical Creativity

ABSTRACT Music is often considered an important domain for creativity. Traditional studies of musical creativity have examined musical improvisation using jazz as a model. While this approach has yielded many valuable insights about creativity’s cognitive and neural mechanisms, it has limited the study sample to those with the means to engage in improvisation within one specific Western style. Here, we introduce a novel tool for assessing musical creativity in the broader sample of individuals with no specialized training. In two experiments (n = 165) we show that this sequencer can be used in people with minimal training to generate a database of sequences composed at the Bohlen-Pierce scale and to evaluate them for creativity. Results show that creativity ratings are predicted by length of melodies, number of distinct pitches used, and information content of pitch intervals. Results also show some external validity with existing creativity tasks. We advocate the use of this sequencer in creativity research, as it provides a theoretically motivated, rigorous tool to examine the iterative process of producing and evaluating musical creativity.

Western Style Eastward: The Derivation of Architectural Art and Design in Harbin (1898-1945)

Harbin s architectural design is known for its fusion, with Western design providing its outer skeleton and Chinese culture giving it its inner blood. Harbin has attracted the world s attention with its unique architectural design style since the 19th century. From the early Russian and Japanese colonial period, European and Japanese styles were introduced. Harbin s architectural design history has not only witnessed the changes of an era, but also demonstrated the fusion and symbiosis of multiple cultures. In the context of globalisation, how can Chinese art participate in the process of globalisation with a unique Chinese consciousness and visual image, how to face up to the existence of exotic transplanted cultures, and how to incorporate foreign design language symbols into Chinese design methodology? These are the questions that need to be solved urgently. Harbin s architectural design is not only a display of architectural art, but also a microscopic mirror of the progress of human civilisation and cultural exchange. Through in-depth study of the philosophical thinking, cultural interactions and aesthetic concepts behind its design, we can not only have a better glimpse of the cultural concepts of urban landscape, but also have a deeper understanding of the development of human civilisation and the future direction of Chinese architectural design.

The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier regulates adipose glucose partitioning in female mice

ObjectiveThe mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) occupies a critical node in intermediary metabolism, prompting interest in its utility as a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Dysregulated nutrient metabolism in adipose tissue is a prominent feature of obesity pathophysiology, yet the functional role of adipose MPC has not been explored. We investigated whether the MPC shapes the adaptation of adipose tissue to dietary stress in female and male mice. MethodsThe impact of pharmacological and genetic disruption of the MPC on mitochondrial pathways of triglyceride assembly (lipogenesis and glyceroneogenesis) was assessed in 3T3L1 adipocytes and murine adipose explants, combined with analyses of adipose MPC expression in metabolically compromised humans. Whole-body and adipose-specific glucose metabolism were subsequently investigated in male and female mice lacking adipocyte MPC1 (Mpc1AD−/−) and fed either standard chow, high-fat western style, or high-sucrose lipid restricted diets for 24 weeks, using a combination of radiolabeled tracers and GC/MS metabolomics. ResultsTreatment with UK5099 or siMPC1 impaired the synthesis of lipids and glycerol-3-phosphate from pyruvate and blunted triglyceride accumulation in 3T3L1 adipocytes, whilst MPC expression in human adipose tissue was negatively correlated with indices of whole-body and adipose tissue metabolic dysfunction. Mature adipose explants from Mpc1AD−/− mice were intrinsically incapable of incorporating pyruvate into triglycerides. In vivo, MPC deletion restricted the incorporation of circulating glucose into adipose triglycerides, but only in female mice fed a zero fat diet, and this associated with sex-specific reductions in tricarboxylic acid cycle pool sizes and compensatory transcriptional changes in lipogenic and glycerol metabolism pathways. However, whole-body adiposity and metabolic health were preserved in Mpc1AD−/− mice regardless of sex, even under conditions of zero dietary fat. ConclusionsThese findings highlight the greater capacity for mitochondrially driven triglyceride assembly in adipose from female versus male mice and expose a reliance upon MPC-gated metabolism for glucose partitioning in female adipose under conditions of dietary lipid restriction.

Marriage Practice: A Comparative Analysis between Chinese and Ethiopian People

Marriage has been crucial to maintaining human reproduction, social progress, and cultural continuity. Countries have distinctive wedding traditions that reflect social life, morals, religion, values, sexual consciousness, and national psychology's development trends. The article evaluates and compares the variations between Chinese and Ethiopian wedding cultures from the perspectives of traditional values, religion, and wedding processes to understand the variances and similarities of marriage cultures in the process of cultural globalization. The approach adopted in this study is an integrative or narrative review which enables us to capture the practice of marriage culture in Ethiopian and Chinese people. The article revealed that Chinese and Ethiopian marriage practice is similar in terms of pride price, Wedding Ring, wedding banquet, wedding gift, and Wedding ceremony, but have different practice in dressing clothes color and Marriage Sense. But, the impact of cultural globalization is melting both countries’ wedding traditions into Western style.

Machine learning uncovers manganese as a key nutrient associated with reduced risk of steatotic liver disease.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) affects approximately 20%-30% of the general population and is linked to high-caloric western style diet. However, there are little data that specific nutrients might help to prevent steatosis. We analysed the UK Biobank (ID 71300) 24 h-nutritional assessments and investigated the association between nutrient intake calculated from food questionnaires and hepatic steatosis indicated by imaging or ICD10-coding. The effect of manganese (Mn) on subgroups with risk single nucleotide polymorphism carriage as well as the effect on metabolomics was investigated. All analyses are corrected for age, sex, body mass index, Townsend index for socioeconomic status, kcal, alcohol, protein intake, fat intake, carbohydrate intake, energy from beverages, diabetes, physical activity and for multiple testing. We used a random forest classifier to analyse the feature importance of 63 nutrients and imaging-proven steatosis in a cohort of over 25 000 UK Biobank participants. Increased dietary Mn intake was associated with a lower likelihood of MRI-diagnosed steatosis. Subsequently, we conducted a cohort study in over 200 000 UK Biobank participants to explore the relationship between Mn intake and hepatic or cardiometabolic outcomes and found that higher Mn intake was associated with a lower risk of ICD-10 coded steatosis (OR = .889 [.838-.943], p < .001), independent of other potential confounders. Our study provides evidence that higher Mn intake may be associated with lower odds of steatosis in a large population-based sample. These findings underline the potential role of Mn in the prevention of steatosis, but further research is needed to confirm these findings and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

الاستشراق: الماضي والحاضر

This paper sheds light on the various stages, reasons, goals and agendas that the discourse of Orientalism has gone through since early centuries onwards. It exposes the critical ideological hostility between the West and the East, as well as Christianity and Islam, which has resulted in the proliferation of countless fabrications, misconceptions and lies within the discourse of Orientalism considering the Orient. The paper attempts to prove that Orientalism is a solely Western style that has never ever been pure or realistic in representing the Islamic East. However, it has always been negative and unfair in dealing with everything related to the Orient. Indeed, it is used as both a preparation and justification for the Western military and ideological clashes and colonization on the Orient. This paper includes an introduction, two sections and a conclusion. The first section provides a detailed background about the various reasons behind the appearance and development of Orientalism throughout history while the following section tracks the origin of Orientalism from the past up to the present day. The paper concludes that Orientalism is not a new phenomenon and it cannot be understood as a homogeneous discourse, yet it has changed, transformed and mutated throughout history. It is the huge Western body of literary, historical or sociological texts that only aims at dominating, restructuring and having authority over the Orient.

Endocrine disruption and male reproductive disorders: unanswered questions.

Maternal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in human pregnancy is widely considered as an important cause of adverse changes in male reproductive health due to impaired foetal androgen production/action. However, the epidemiological evidence supporting this view is equivocal, except for certain phthalates, notably diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP). Maternal phthalate exposure levels associated with adverse reproductive changes in epidemiological studies are several thousand-fold lower than those needed to suppress foetal androgen production in rats, and direct studies using human foetal testis tissue show no effect of high phthalate exposure on androgen production. This conundrum is unexplained and raises fundamental questions. Human DEHP exposure is predominantly via food with highest exposure associated with consumption of a Western style (unhealthy) diet. This diet is also associated with increased exposure to the most common EDCs, whether persistent (chlorinated or fluorinated chemicals) or non-persistent (phthalates, bisphenols) compounds, which are found at highest levels in fatty and processed foods. Consequently, epidemiological studies associating EDC exposure and male reproductive health disorders are confounded by potential dietary effects, and vice versa. A Western diet/lifestyle in young adulthood is also associated with low sperm counts. Disentangling EDC and dietary effects in epidemiological studies is challenging. In pregnancy, a Western diet, EDC exposure, and maternal living in proximity to industrial sites are all associated with impaired foetal growth/development due to placental dysfunction, which predisposes to congenital male reproductive disorders (cryptorchidism, hypospadias). While the latter are considered to reflect impaired foetal androgen production, effects resulting from foetal growth impairment (FGI) are likely indirect. As FGI has numerous life-long health consequences, and is affected by maternal lifestyle, research into the origins of male reproductive disorders should take more account of this. Additionally, potential effects on foetal growth/foetal testis from the increasing use of medications in pregnancy deserves more research attention.

The characteristics of accommodations in the early period of tourism development: The case of Okinawa

This paper aims at demonstrating the characteristics of the accommodations in the early period of the tourism development and determining the relationships between these characteristics and the price before it became a well-developed tourism destination focusing on Okinawa, Japan. Before Okinawa was returned to Japan, tourism markets were limited due to political reasons, though, tourism industries were developed and became a popular tourism site after the return of Okinawa. First, this paper conducted a principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the characteristics of the tourism accommodations. Two characteristics were obtained: one is for the characteristics of Western style hotels, the other is for Japanese-style accommodations which feature in traditional Japanese style rooms. Then a regression model was carried out to estimate the relationships between the price of accommodations and the characteristics obtained from the PCA. The estimation model showed that the characteristics of the Western style hotels more strongly influenced to the price, compared with those of the Japanese-style accommodations. Further, regional dummy variables were added to the model, which showed the price differences of accommodations between the cities and peripheral areas. Based on these results, Western style facilities were found to be more expensive before tourism development took off, and they were limited only in the part of areas in Okinawa.

Translation and Linguistic Validation of the Patient's Knee Implant Performance (PKIP) into Japanese.

The patient's knee implant performance (PKIP) is a patient-reported outcome measure, developed in the USA in English that evaluates knee functional performance before and after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The PKIP assesses the level of satisfaction, confidence, and stability, while performing various activities, as well as the need for changing ways of doing activities. It comprises 24 items. The objective of this study was to present the methodology of the linguistic validation of the PKIP. The Japanese version of the PKIP was developed using a standard linguistic validation (LV) process. The LV involved the following steps: (1) conceptual analysis of the original version; (2) translation into Japanese using a dual forward/backward translation process; (3) review by an orthopaedics surgeon; (4) test on five respondents; and (5) proofreading. The translation itself did not reveal major translatability issues, either cultural, semantic, or syntactic. Most of the activities listed (e.g., going up stairs, getting in/out of a car, and walking up a hill/ramp/incline) were easily translated. Only one activity was culturally sensitive and raised some discussion, i.e., "sitting down on a toilet," since the style of Japanese toilets is different from the western style. Overall, the respondents well understood the questionnaire. However, the expression "how your knee is working with your body" used in the opening sentence was an issue for both the clinician and the respondents. A compromise was found by using a Japanese equivalent of "how your knee functions with your legs." The rigorous translation process, which involved the collaboration of a minimum of thirteen people (sponsor, four translators, two coordinators (one in Japan and one in Europe), one clinician, and five respondents) enabled the production of a Japanese version of the PKIP conceptually equivalent to the USA English original.

The Movement Design of Dolls in the Western Region in the Exhibition Art Life and Stage

Stage art is a combination of stage music, stage art, literature and other art forms, and it is a form of artistic expression that resonates with the audience by conveying certain ideas. With the widespread use of digital economy in many fields of life and the transformation of society, the border between stage art and life is gradually blurred, and the art form has become multi-dimensional and diversified, and everyone is in the art, enjoying the charm of art itself. Where, the design of the movement of dolls on stage has a more important role, this paper on the exhibition of art life and stage art, and combined with the actual case study to illustrate the effectiveness of this paper on the design of the movement of dolls. The experimental results show that the western region ancient style puppet action design method in this paper has a significant effect on improving the performance ability of the art stage, and brings a variety of inspiration to the puppet action design.

Mediterranean Diet adherence and wellbeing: a preliminary analysis of the MedWalk trial

Diet and diet quality have been linked to improvements to psychosocial health and wellbeing(1). However, data from national health surveys indicate that most Australian’s have poor diet quality and consume a Western style diet high in saturated fat, discretionary foods and added sugars and salt(2). The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet), a predominantly plant-based diet rich in bioactive foods and nutrients, has been shown to improve mood and wellbeing. However, long-term effects beyond 6-months have not been thoroughly explored in older adults. MedWalk compares a 12-month MedDiet and Walking intervention with habitual lifestyle (HabDiet) in 160 older adults residing in retirement villages across South Australia and Victoria. Data from the South Australian cohort at baseline (n = 83) and 6-months (n = 74) are presented in this preliminary analysis.To determine dietary compliance, participants completed the 14-point MedDiet Adherence (MEDAS) questionnaire which assesses the intake of key MedDiet foods such as legumes, fish, and extra virgin olive oil; higher scores reflect higher adherence. Wellbeing was assessed using the Flourishing Index, which assesses life satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, happiness, mental and physical health. The total flourishing score includes 10 questions with a maximum of 100 points reflecting highest flourishing, while the secure flourishing score includes two additional questions related to safety, housing, and access to food with a maximum of 120 points to indicate highest flourishing. Group and time interactions for MEDAS and flourishing scores were analysed using linear mixed effects modelling. There were no significant differences between groups for MEDAS score at baseline (MedDiet 5.78 ± 0.34 vs HabDiet 5.74 ± 0.32). At 6 months, the MedDiet group had significantly increased their MEDAS by 4.16 points (P&lt;0.001), (MedDiet 10.0 ± 0.42 vs HabDiet (5.85 ± 0.39). At baseline there were no significant differences between groups for the total 10-point flourishing score (MedDiet 83.5 ± 2.01 vs HabDiet 82.1 ± 2.0) or 12-point secure flourishing score (MedDiet 100.6 ± 2.2 vs HabDiet 100.4 ± 2.2). At 6 months there was a significant between-group difference in total flourishing index scores with a mean difference of 6.97 points in the MedDiet group (MedDiet 85.8 ± 1.9 vs HabDiet 78.8 ± 1.8, P = 0.010). Similarly, the secure flourishing index score was 6.18 points higher in the MedDiet group compared to the HabDiet at 6-months (MedDiet 102.9 ± 2.2 vs HabDiet 96.8 ± 2.07, P = 0.046). Adhering to a MedDiet and walking intervention may lead to positive improvements to wellbeing in an older population. The flourishing index may need to be compared with other wellbeing questionnaires and instruments to better understand the relationship between wellbeing and MedDiet adherence as there was a cross-sectional association but no positive correlation at 6-months.

Parenting at three generations of Oei Family in “Oei Hui Lan” biography

Oei Hui Lan family was the richest family in Southeast Asia until 20th century, and belongs to the Chinese elite group, so they also have good connection with the western people which made Oei family’s parenting style different from other ordinary Chinese Indonesian families at their time. This makes the author interested in researching parenting styles in three generations of Oei family. The author uses library research method, namely the content analysis method to analyze the data. The data is taken from "Oei Hui Lan: Kisah Putri Sang Raja Gula dari Semarang" by Agnes Davonar. The results of the analysis are parenting style in the first generation is mostly the same as the traditional Chinese parenting style. In the second and third generations are starting to be influenced by western family parenting style. Also, the use of western parenting style from the first to the third generation is found increasing.

Free play and pedagogical play: a multiple-case study of teachers’ views of play in Chinese early learning centers

ObjectiveGrounded in theories of globalization, this qualitative case study aimed to explore the understanding of play among Chinese teachers in private, for-profit Western style early learning centers.MethodsThe study encompassed 16 Chinese teachers working in four Western-style early learning centers. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews. Following separate thematic analyses of each case, a cross-case analysis was conducted to compare and contrast the emerging themes, elucidating both commonalities and distinctions across the four cases.ResultsThe findings from all four cases revealed a categorization of play into two main types: “play in class’” and “play out of class.” “Play out of class” was characterized as unstructured, enjoyable, and creative, emphasizing child autonomy and spontaneous learning. In contrast, “play in class” pertained to play-based curricula that were thoughtfully designed to align with specific teaching goals and learning objectives. It was seen as a structured method for fostering learning, highlighting the developmental appropriateness of such approaches.Conclusion:These findings underscore the educators’ recognition of the significance of play; however, it also illustrates that their perceptions have been shaped by the prevailing emphasis on children’s achievements in Chinese society.

P147 IBD relevant pathways are upregulated in Paneth cells in a murine model of dietary induced intestinal inflammation

Abstract Background Dietary constituents are believed to play a role in the development of Crohn’s disease (CD) (1). Recently we were able to demonstrate, that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), induce a CD like enteritis phenotype in genetically susceptible mice (2,3). Furthermore, we could show, that PUFA intake correlated negatively with disease course in CD patients (3). In this project we tried to untangle the role of Paneth cells (PC) in the development of PUFA induced enteritis. Methods scRNA sequencing was performed on cells isolated from mice lacking one allele of Gpx4 (GPX4+/-IEC) in their intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) after feeding them a PUFA enriched western style diet (PUFA-WD). Furthermore, mice lacking both alleles of Gpx4 in their PC (GPX4ΔPC) where fed a PUFA-WD for four weeks and enteritis was assessed based on a histological enteritis score and immunhistochemical stainings. Results scRNAseq of murine intestinal cells revealed an upregulation of IBD relevant pathways (such as JAK or TNFα) in Gpx4 deficient IECs and PC. GPX4ΔPC mice developed a CD like enteritis phenotype, characterized by a mucosal and submucosal infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and other leucocytes, after only four weeks of PUFA enriched diet, indicating that GPX4 dependent intestinal inflammation is controlled by PC. Conclusion The upregulation of IBD relevant pathways in our model of dietary induced intestinal inflammation renders this model a valuable tool to investigate mechanistical understanding in the role of dietary components in IBD. Our results further link PC metabolism to the development of intestinal inflammation.

A flavonoid-rich extract of bergamot juice improves high-fat diet-induced intestinal permeability and associated hepatic damage in mice.

Consumption of high-fat diets (HFDs) is a contributing factor to obesity, insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Several studies suggested the protective role of bioactives present in Citrus fruits against the above mentioned chronic metabolic conditions. In this study, we evaluated if a flavonoid-rich extract of Citrus bergamia (bergamot) juice (BJe) could inhibit HFD-induced intestinal permeability and endotoxemia and, through this mechanism, mitigate the associated hepatic damage in C57BL/6J mice. After 12 weeks of the treatment, HFD consumption caused high body weight (BW) gain, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, which were mitigated by BJe (50 mg per kg BW) supplementation. Furthermore, supplementation with BJe prevented HFD-induced liver alterations, including increased plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, increased hepatic lipid deposition, high NAS, and fibrosis. Mice fed a HFD for 12 weeks showed (i) a decrease in small intestine tight junction protein levels (ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1), (ii) increased intestinal permeability, and (iii) endotoxemia. All these adverse events were mitigated by BJe supplementation. Linking the capacity of BJe to prevent HFD-associated endotoxemia, supplementation with this extract decreased the HFD-induced overexpression of hepatic TLR-4, downstream signaling pathways (MyD88, NF-κB and MAPK), and the associated inflammation, evidenced by increased MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and F4/80 levels. Overall, we suggest that BJe could mitigate the harmful consequences of western style diet consumption on liver physiology by protecting the gastrointestinal tract from permeabilization and associated metabolic endotoxemia.

JAPON YÖNETİM SİSTEMİ OMIKOSHI YÖNETİMİ İLKELERİNİN GELENEKSEL BATILI YÖNETİM YAKLAŞIMINA EKLENMESİ: UYGUN OLUR MU?

This conceptual research study focuses on to provide a framework on whether Japanese omikoshi management techniques can be applied in traditional Western management style or not and to suggest its potential effects. The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century in Great Britain, and it spread rapidly to other countries in Europe and the U.S and then to other parts of the world. Though some Eastern countries, including Japan, began undergoing industrial revolutions and process of economic transformation later than the West, it’s obvious that Japanese companies have dramatically brought their competitive challenge to the early-industrialized Western states within the concept of organizational management and superior manufacturing management systems since 1960s. In sum, this study gives an insight into the main principles in the Western management and Japanese management techniques by comparing their major notions and argues omikoshi management techniques and its prospective outcomes when it is applied to the today’s Western management style.

The Formalism Issue of Catholic Iconography in China

During the Republican period in China, the Catholic Church gradually developed and grew in China and made attempts to localize itself in different fields, one of which was the promotion of localized Catholic icon painting in the field of art. Due to the problem of divergence between Chinese and Western cultures and styles, formalistic expressions of these paintings emerged. As a representative practice of Catholic painting in China, Beiping Fu Jen Catholic University, with Chinese painting style as its main focus and Western style as its auxiliary, consciously innovated the expression of Catholic icon painting in China, however, in the expression of content and selection of subject matter, excessive emphasis was placed on Chinese visual language to cater to the tastes of Chinese audiences, and as the edifying function of Catholic painting failed to be exercised to a certain extent. There is still a certain degree of formalism. The development of Catholic painting in China needs to find a balance between the spirit of doctrine and Chinese visual culture, integrate Catholic aesthetics into the Chinese painting tradition, and create a new form of painting language, rather than the migration and appropriation of visual symbols.

Factors that Shaped the Art of Turkish Painting in The Republic Period

The roots of current Turkish painting can be traced back to the early 20th century. Until the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, painting did not emerge as one of the most important and influential art forms in Turkish culture. However, as a result of the historical processes spanning from the late period of the Ottoman Empire to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, the paradigm shift brought about by the Republic facilitated the formation and establishment of a unique art form known as Western style painting in the Turkish nation. The transformation from subjects of a monarchy to citizens of a nation, and from subjects to individual identities, which took place during the Republic era, enabled Turkish painting to acquire a national character through the influence of state patronage and the power of reforms. Although the Westernization movement and educational reforms that began during the Ottoman period led to a new formal direction influenced by the forms of the Western worldview, as well as the unique content of the Ottoman state’s worldview, it was during the Republic era that Turkish painting found its characteristic forms and expressions. While the formal patterns of painting were influenced by Western styles of the time, the subject matter and content reflected the intellectual and revolutionary world of modern Turkish society, allowing for the emergence of a distinctive form of painting art under these circumstances.

REPRESENTATIONS OF STILL LIFE IN CHINESE PAINTING OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY: THE SHANGHAI SCHOOL

The purpose of the article is to determine the ways of formation of still life as a genre in the first half of the 20th century and the features of its conceptualization; highlighting the creative output of representatives of the Shanghai school in the field of depicting the objective world. A wide range of visual materials is considered, and a circle of representatives of the Shanghai school who participated in the development of still life as an independent genre of painting is identified. Wu Changshu and Qi Baishi are among the most significant creators of still life. Representative samples and leading approaches to the development of the figurative structure of still life, its understanding as a complete symbolic and artistically expressive composition, as a gift and expression of an individual creative principle are identified. The connection of the Shanghai still life with the previous tradition is shown, and the decisive influence of wenrenhua aesthetics is highlighted; the significance of Shanghai as an artistic center and a cosmopolitan environment for the development of the artistic process is pointed out. It is emphasized that the still life of the Shanghai school became a transitional link to the still life of the Western style. The cultural status of still life as a result of the activity of scientists determined its perception by Japanese artists, the representatives of the Nanga school and ensured its further spread in the art of China, Japan and Korea. The main approaches to the interpretation of pictorial motifs close to still life are determined. Traditional and modern aspects in the depiction of the objective world by representatives of the Shanghai school in the first half of the 20th century are identified. The practical significance of the research results lies in the possibility of their use in the development of the conceptual framework for educational courses, textbooks, as well as in artistic and museum practices.