Western Kentucky University Research Articles

Hog Meat and Hoecake: Food Supply in the Old South 1840-1860 (review)

52CIVIL WAR HISTORY usable index. Also, the University & College Press of Mississippi deserves much credit for producing a handsome and quality product at a reasonable cost. In sum, the volumes present the history of a state with an exciting and turbulent past standing on the threshold of a rich future. The new Mississippi history should stand for years as a yardstick by which the quality of similar efforts by scholars in other states will be measured. Arthur H. DeRosier, Jr. East Tennessee State University Hog Meat and Hoecake: Food Supply in the Old South 1840-1860. By Sam Bowers Hilliard. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1972. Pp. 296. $10.00.) Historians of Southern agriculture have usually placed emphasis on the high degree of crop specialization that existed in the antebellum South. The traditional view is that the preoccupation of Southern farmers , especially the planters, with commercial crops—cotton, rice, sugarresulted in food shortages that had to be made up by the importation of considerable amounts of foodstuffs from the West. Not so, claims the author of this book. The South was largely feeding itself either with locally grown produce or foodstuffs supplied by an intraregional trade network. Although he freely uses manuscript materials and travel accounts, the author's major conclusions on Southern self-sufficiency are arrived at by comparing the data found in the published census records with the estimated food consumption of certain key commodities. Using this technique, he makes the following observations.· the South produced an enormous quantity of pork and could have easily supplied the demands of the area; there was less demand for beef, but again, the potential Southern production was far in excess of demand; the Southern corn crop was huge, more than adequate to meet local needs; and wheat, though produced in a small scale, was widespread. So little is known about wheat consumption, however, that any attempt to assess self-sufficiency is highly speculative. While the author maintains that the region as a whole was largely self-sufficient in food, there were parts of the South that depended on imports to meet their needs. The sugar and rice areas, for example, imported a larger percentage of food than other regions, but they also had excellent trade facilities through which food could be brought in. The author gives considerable attention to the trade in foodstuffs carried on along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts and down the Mississippi River. Although this study addresses itself primarily to the theme of Southern self-sufficiency in food, the author also investigates the food habits of the people. He admits that more is known about the diet of slaves BOOK REVIEWS53 than of the white population. Nevertheless, among his conclusions are these: during the nineteenth century, preference for pork became a distinctive feature of Southern culture, and as a food item, it completely overshadowed all others; chitterlings and oppossums were relished by whites as well as blacks; corn bread was more widely used than hominy and grits. There is a great deal of fascinating information in this book, yet one has mixed feelings about it. The author has certainly done a great deal more research than previous writers who have been concerned with Southern self-sufficiency in food. His findings seem to lend support to the conjectures of the Owsley or Vanderbilt school of a generation ago. But this assumes that the author's statistical method is sound and that the intraregional trade network was effective in moving sufficient quantities of food from one Southern region to another. On this latter point, the author is highly speculative. Unfortunately, the book is not carefully written. There are numerous misspellings, sources are lacking for the charts dealing with the New Orleans and Mobile trade in foodstuffs, some of the tables and maps are difficult to interpret, and at least one footnote bears no relation to the information contained in the text. The title of the work is somewhat misleading. The author is concerned only with the new cotton kingdom, excluding Kentucky, Virginia, Florida, and Texas. Richard L. Troutman Western Kentucky University Banks Or No Banks: The Money Issue in Western Politics, 1832-1865. By William Gerald Shade. (Detroit: Wayne State...

ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDIES

Journal Article ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDIES Get access Habu: The Innovation of Meaning in Daribt Religion. By ROY WAGNER. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1972. xii+186 pages. Maps, tables, figures, and plates. $12.00 L.C. No. 75-188236. DONALD R. TUCK DONALD R. TUCK Western Kentucky University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume XLI, Issue 4, December 1973, Pages 626–627, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/XLI.4.626 Published: 01 December 1973

FAR EASTERN RELIGIONS

Journal Article FAR EASTERN RELIGIONS Get access The Buddha's Way. By H. SADDHATISSA. New York: George Braziller, 1971. 139 pages Illustrations. $5.95. DONALD R. TUCK DONALD R. TUCK Western Kentucky University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume XLI, Issue 3, September 1973, Pages 434–436, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/XLI.3.434 Published: 01 September 1973

Influence of sex of first two children on family size.

This paper combines a study conducted during the 1968-1969 school year using families of students enrolled at Western Kentucky University with a similar study of students enrolled during the fall of 1971. Care was taken not to include any students in both samples. A total of 1105 families were included; 456 students were in the second study evenly divided between male and female but of these only 415 families had 2 or more children and could thus be used. In the data of the combined studies 6% more family had additional children when the sexes of the first 2 were the same than when they were different. In the 448 families with the first 2 children of the same sex 32.4% had no additional children; in the 547 families with the first 2 of different sexes 38.4% had no more children. The significant chi-square (X2= 4.03; p.05) indicates that the influence of the combination of sexes in the first 2 children was significant.

HINDUISM

Journal Article HINDUISM Get access Radhakrishnan: Selected Writings on Philosophy, Religion and Culture. Ed. by ROBERT A. MCDERMOTT. New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., Inc., 1970, 344 pages. $3.75. DONALD R. TUCK DONALD R. TUCK Western Kentucky University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume XXXIX, Issue 4, December 1971, Pages 575–576, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/XXXIX.4.575 Published: 01 December 1971

Food Habits of the Silverjaw Minnow, Ericymba buccata Cope, in an Intermittent Stream in Kentucky

The feeding activity of the silverjaw minnow, Ericymba buccata Cope, is closely associated with that of the bluntnose minnow, Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque), and the stoneroller minnow, Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque). Digestive tracts of 249 silverjaw minnows, taken from two stations on Plum Creek, Spencer and Bullitt counties, Kentucky, were examined and the contents identified. These data were analyzed according to the size of the fish, time of the year, and the availability of food. The food category occurring most often in digestive tracts of fish of all sizes was the order Diptera, chiefly chironomids, followed by detritus, Ephemeroptera, and Cladocera. Minnows 33 to 45 mm total length consumed more cladocerans and fewer mayflies while the reverse was observed in specimens 46 to 76 mm. A greater variety of organisms was eaten by all fish in the winter and spring. INTRODUCTION A complete understanding of community dynamics in the aquatic ecosystem depends upon a thorough knowledge of each species present. The family Cyprinidae contains more members than any freshwater group, most of which are considered to be forage species. An understanding of the biology of certain members of this family is of great value in fisheries management. The silverjaw minnow is a highly successful forage species occurring commonly in the eastern and southeastern United States (Forbes and Richardson, 1920; Moore, 1957; and Trautman, 1957). It occurs in large schools in gravelly or sandy-bottom streams of moderate gradients, feeds on benthos and detritus, and is preyed upon by various predators (Hoyt, 1969). The objectives of this study were to determine the kinds and numbers of food organisms consumed by minnows of different lengths and during different seasons. Observations were made on the availability of food organisms in the stream and were related to their utilization by the minnows. STUDY AREA Plum Creek is a small tributary of the Salt River in north-central Kentucky (Shelby, Bullitt, and Spencer counties). It flows over a belt of Ordovician limestone in the western section of the Outer Bluegrass Region, and as a result of this stratigraphy the area exhibits a relatively flat, mildly karstic topography with few forests and soils of fair 1 Contribution 128 (New Series) from the Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, from a doctoral dissertation submitted to the University of Louisville, June 1969. 2 Present address: Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green 42101.

Calcium Hydroxide as a Binder in Portland Cement Paste

Journal of the American Ceramic SocietyVolume 53, Issue 1 p. 57-58 Calcium Hydroxide as a Binder in Portland Cement Paste R. L. BERGER, R. L. BERGER R. L. Berger and D. S. Cahn are with the American Cement Corporation, Riverside, Calif. 92502.Search for more papers by this authorD. S. CAHN, D. S. CAHN R. L. Berger and D. S. Cahn are with the American Cement Corporation, Riverside, Calif. 92502.Search for more papers by this authorJ. D. McGREGOR, J. D. McGREGOR J. D. McGregor is with the Department of Geography and Geology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Ky. 42101.Search for more papers by this author R. L. BERGER, R. L. BERGER R. L. Berger and D. S. Cahn are with the American Cement Corporation, Riverside, Calif. 92502.Search for more papers by this authorD. S. CAHN, D. S. CAHN R. L. Berger and D. S. Cahn are with the American Cement Corporation, Riverside, Calif. 92502.Search for more papers by this authorJ. D. McGREGOR, J. D. McGREGOR J. D. McGregor is with the Department of Geography and Geology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Ky. 42101.Search for more papers by this author First published: January 1970 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1970.tb12004.xCitations: 22 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume53, Issue1January 1970Pages 57-58 RelatedInformation

The Defeat of a Youngstown School Levy: A Study in Urban-Political Geography

THE DEFEAT OF A YOUNGSTOWN SCHOOL LEVY: A STUDY IN URBAN-POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Stanley D. Brunn, Wayne L. Hoffman, and Gerald H. Romsa* INTRODUCTION. One of the major issues facing large urban centers at present is the financing of needed services such as schools, transportation schemes, garbage collection, and welfare. The rising cost of these services coupled with an inflationary economy in recent years has usually meant an increase in the per capita taxes, particularly for property holders. It is the purpose of this study to measure the public demand for one service, the financing of school programs, in a major northern city, Youngstown, Ohio. This demand is measured in terms of the citizens’response toward voting for or against the proposed levy. (1) This city attracted national attention in 1968 when the voters had failed then and on several occasions in 1966 and 1967 to approve the recommended school levies. Finally, after six previous failures, it was approved in May 1968. The financing of education projects such as classroom construction, current programs, and increased salaries is one of the most pressing and often most emotional issues citizens face. Within the past two years there have been various cities such as New York City, Detroit, and Chicago that have brought the issue of public education to the public fore. Numerous local “battles” have been fought where proposed hikes in school levies have been placed on the ballot. Often the failure to approve the necessary levies can and does result in several short term effects such as the halt in building expansion, discontinuation of kindergarten classes, cutback in monies for operating, loss of capable teachers and administrators because of no pay increases, and possibly even the termination of extracurricular activities and transportation of students. The long term effects may lead to a severe cutback in all programs, failure to attract qualified personnel, and even loss of accreditation. The opinions of residents toward the financing of schools and associated programs as expressed in their vote are expected to vary over geographic space as they have for other much-needed city services such as urban renewal, flouridation, library funds, and fire stations. When considering school bond referendums, it is often expected that the support simply comes from parents of school-age children rather than older citizens. However, this notion is far too general. There are many segments of a city that must be considered in an analysis that measures the areal response, such as the *Dr. Brunn is assistant professor of geography at Michigan State University, Mr. Hoffman is instructor of geography at Wisconsin State University, Oshkosh, and Dr. Romsa is assistant professor of geography at Western Kentucky University. The paper was accepted for publication in July 1969. 68 So u th ea st er n G e o g r a ph er role of property tax voters versus renters, occupation classes, income groups, labor unions, political parties, and supporters of parochial education. An investigation into the Youngstown vote attests that an adequate explanation into the areal variations ofpositive and negative responses do not substantiate many a priori notions. The first school bond referendum submitted to the Youngstown voters was on December 13, 1966. This failed miserably, as did the next four referendums. The November 5, 1968 levy was somewhat more successful, as it was only narrowly defeated (Table 1). It is the November 1968 vote that is analyzed in this study. (2) The defeats of all six referendums were attributed to a variety of tangible and intangible factors, such as the tax­ payers’ “revolt,” voter apathy even for parents of school-age children, alienation of community toward school policies such as increased teachers’ salaries, poorly timed and planned elections, lack of strong support from labor unions, certain second-generation foreign-born who favored parochial to public schools, and lack of strong endorsement by leading city officials. A number of school and community leaders were very concerned and embarrassed about these defeats because of the then-existing plus possible additional cutback in programs, the immediate and long term consequences to the students, quality of education, and even the image these continued defeats were giving the city. (3) TABLE 1 YOUNGSTOWN SCHOOL LEVY...

Obscene, indecent, or profane broadcast language as construed by the federal courts

In these days of the “new morality,”; language that once would have been banned as a matter of routine is now heard on the air. However, the exact limits of what constitutes obscene, indecent or profane language over a radio or television station are somewhat vague. The following article examines the relevant cases that have been adjudicated in the Federal courts in an attempt to define this hazy but perilous line. Mr. Wesolowski recently has accepted a position as assistant professor of English at Western Kentucky University. Previously he taught at Wisconsin State University‐Stevens Point, the University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee and Villanova University. This research is based on studies originally undertaken while he was a doctoral fellow at the University of Wisconsin.

Modernization in the Arab Middle East

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsGeorge S. MasannatDr. Masannat is Associate Professor of Government at Western Kentucky University in Bowling Green. A native of the Middle East, he has specialized in teaching and writing about that area.

Teaching research methods in history

Any college instructor of history who assigns research papers or who spends much time counseling undergraduates soon learns that many of them are unprepared to cope with the research requirements which begin in the survey classes and become both more numerous and more demanding as the student moves into advanced work. The plaintive cry that I've never had any experience doing research, and I don't know how to begin, is matched only by complaints about difficulties in writing essay answers and exceeded only by unnecessary confessions about reading difficulties. Of course it is possible for the history student to master the essentials of research after reaching college, but his grades are likely to suffer in the process as he progresses from error to error. His instructors, preoccupied with the chronic problem of covering too much subject matter in too little time, can seldom take enough class time for systematic instruction in research techniques, and a few of them have time to provide such instruction on an individual basis. The college freshman who has already received such training in his LOWELL H. HARRISON Western Kentucky University Bowling Green 42101

Consumption Patterns of Professors and Businessmen: A Pilot Study of Conspicuous Consumption and Status*

Sociological InquiryVolume 37, Issue 2 p. 255-266 Consumption Patterns of Professors and Businessmen: A Pilot Study of Conspicuous Consumption and Status* JAMES N. PORTER JR., JAMES N. PORTER JR. Duke UniversitySearch for more papers by this author JAMES N. PORTER JR., JAMES N. PORTER JR. Duke UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1967 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1967.tb00654.xCitations: 3 * The writer wishes to thank Kurt W. Back and Frank D. Bean for reading and criticizing earlier versions of this paper. Indebtedness is also acknowledged to the Western Kentucky University Faculty Research Committee for financial assistance in preparing an earlier version of this paper which was read before the annual meeting of the Southern Sociological Society in Atlanta, Ga., April, 1965. The present paper is a condensation of a portion of the author's unpublished masters thesis of the same title, done at Duke University in 1964. Certain limitations preclude presentation of much of the qualification and evidence contained in the original: consequently what is in fact very tentative is presented in a regretably confident tone. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume37, Issue2April 1967Pages 255-266 RelatedInformation

Words Relating to Plants and Animals in the Mammoth Cave Region

Research Article| November 01 1964 Words Relating to Plants and Animals in the Mammoth Cave Region Gordon Wilson Gordon Wilson Western Kentucky University Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Publication of the American Dialect Society (1964) 42 (1): 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1215/-42-1-11 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Gordon Wilson; Words Relating to Plants and Animals in the Mammoth Cave Region. Publication of the American Dialect Society 1 November 1964; 42 (1): 11–25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/-42-1-11 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsAmerican Dialect SocietyThe Publication of the American Dialect Society Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. American Dialect Society1964 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.