Western Balkan Countries Research Articles

The Effects of Foreign Direct Investment in the Insurance Industry in the Western Balkan Countries – A Panel Data Analysis

The Effects of Foreign Direct Investment in the Insurance Industry in the Western Balkan Countries – A Panel Data Analysis

Open Science Practice in Western Balkan Countries

This comprehensive review explores the landscape of open science in the Western Balkan Countries (WBCs), offering insights into existing policies, infrastructure, and practices. The analysis spans a spectrum of stakeholders, encompassing decision-makers, research funds, institutions, and individual researchers. The review is structured into four sections, each shedding light on crucial aspects of open science. The initial section investigates Open Science /Open Access (OS/OA) policies in WBCs, providing a foundation for understanding the regulatory landscape. The second section delves into OS/OA repositories within the region, emphasizing the significance of digital platforms for research dissemination. The third section focuses on OA practices, elucidating the prevalence of national OA scientific journal in Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). Additionally, a bibliometric analysis of OA publishing in the WBCs, based on Scopus-indexed articles since 2012, offers valuable insights into disciplinary representation in OA practices. The final section examines the intersection of OS/OA and public engagement, particularly within the realm of psychology. Highlighting examples from the STAR Center, this section showcases initiatives that contribute to the development of OS/OA policies, infrastructure, and practices in Serbia, underscoring the Center's dedication to citizen science.

Determinants of Capital Structure in the Banking Sector: Lessons from the Western Balkans

The study examines the capital structure of the Western Balkan banking industry across the period 2015 - 2020. Forty-seven of the total Western Balkan-based commercial banks were included in the study. By constructing a balanced panel, this study uses pooled ordinary least squares, fixed and random effects regressions, to assess the relationship between bank book leverage as the dependent variable and the set of bank-specific explanatory variables that include profitability, leverage ratio, bank size, earnings volatility, collateral, growth opportunities, and liquidity. The study shows a significant positive relationship between profitability and book leverage for the period studied. In contrast, leverage ratio, earnings volatility, collateral, growth, and liquidity significantly negatively impact the book leverage of Western Balkan banks. An extensive and comparative study of banks operating in Western and Eastern Balkan countries is recommended. The findings have practical implications for bank executives. They will assist them in identifying the bank-specific factors that influence the capital structure and selecting values that promote optimal capital structure. The findings of this study can help regulators develop an effective prudential framework. This study opens up new avenues for further research in this area for academics, researchers, and analysts.

Youth Engagement in Decision-Making: European Approaches to Inclusive Participation and Albanian Perspective

Integration in the European Union remains one of the key objectives of the Western Balkans countries. The institutions of the European Union are giving greater importance to the opportunities for greater involvement of young people in democratic life, influencing the strengthening of the sense of citizenship for the countries that are part of the European Union and, on the other hand, to develop a European perspective for countries that aspire to become part of the union. In this paper we explore the perceptions of young people in Albania, aged 18-31, regarding their engagement in democratic life and more specifically their involvement in political decision-making processes. To explore this issues we use a mixed research methods, combining both qualitative and quantitative approaches. For this purpose, is conducted an evaluation of documents and political iniciatives, in the level of European Union and also Albanian state. It was also conducted a survey in a national context, with the participation of 186 youth people, mainly young activists, to explore their perception regarding these issues. According to the main findings, the level of engagement of young people in these processes is low, regardless of their desire and willingness to engage.

Exploring the Role of Institutional Governance in Climate Action in the Western Balkans Economies

The new United Nations (UN) sustainable development (SD) agenda in 2015 heralded the beginning of a new global effort for the planet's sustainability through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). They provide a framework for all countries, regardless of income levels, to guide national planning for achieving SD. Climate change may impact almost all SDGs and vice versa, though, of the 17 SDGs, the 13th is designated to climate action. The growing concern for environmental degradation has raised the question of how countries will manage to achieve SDGs and whether the answer can be found in their institutions. Reducing emissions necessitates environmental policies influenced by political institutions that shape policy adoption and implementation. This paper aims to analyze the effects of institutions adopting the dimensions of good governance on particular SDG indicators of the 13th SDG by using a Nonparametric Kernel Regression framework and a panel data set of 5 Western Balkans (WB) countries from 2000 to 2020. The target countries share the ambition of EU accession and hold the EU candidate status. WB countries spark our interest because of the severe institutional governance problems, which limit their ability to progress towards SDGs. The paper's empirical analysis uses a specific SDG indicator for the 13 SDG of the Europe Sustainable Development Report, similar to that used by the OECD for the report on Measuring Distance to the SDG Targets. The analysis includes as independent variables the World Governance Indicators (WGI). Contributing to the existing literature on institutions and SD, the novelty of our approach is the use of the WGI with SDG indicators in measuring the impact of quality of governance on the progress towards the 13th SDG referring to climate action.

Умом Балканы не понять? Белов М.В., ред. Историческая политика в странах бывшей Югославии. СПб.: Нестор-История, 2022

The publication of the collective monograph “Historical Politics in the Countries of the Former Yugoslavia” is undoubtedly an important event both for political studies of historical memory and for Slavic and Balkan studies in Russia. Based on this monograph, D.Efremenko, using the example of the Western Balkan countries, reflects on the importance of the actor approach in memory studies, as well as on the role of historians in the formation of the collective memory of national communities. From his viewpoint, it makes sense to consider the phenomenon of post-Yugoslav “historical revisionism” discussed in the monograph not only as a substantive revision of the historiographic canon of Tito’s era, but also as a politically conditioned paradigm shift — the replacement of this canon with nation-centric historiographies. According to Efremenko, the texts presented in the monograph clearly indicate that historical narratives still play a crucial role in political discussions, being an integral component of the ontological security of macropolitical communities. In particular, the Kosovo (Vidovdan) myth continues to exert a strong influence on the Serbian political leadership’s decision-making related to the resolution of the conflict in Kosovo and the country’s integration into the European Union. This example demonstrates that problems in the field of ontological security can possess serious consequences for confirming or changing the international status of a country, as well as maintaining reliability and sustainability of alliances and partnerships with other states.

Analyzing development finance flows in the Western Balkans’ energy sector: a 2008–2020 perspective

BackgroundDevelopment finance is vital for low- and middle-income countries to enhance their sustainability agendas, as it provides essential funding necessary to close domestic financing gaps, including in the energy sector. Coal is still a vital power source for the energy sectors in the Western Balkans (i.e., Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia). The energy sector is a critical component in the five countries’ pursuit to decarbonize (i.e., follow the net zero pathways) due to its central role as a primary contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and a critical enabler of sustainability transition. This article presents a mapping exercise of development finance for five Western Balkan countries’ energy sectors. The study conducted a scoping literature review and detailed analysis of the five countries’ energy sector-related development finance flows from 2008 to 2020. This aimed to provide insights into the development finance flows for renewable and non-renewable energy sources in five Western Balkan countries.ResultsThe scoping literature review indicated a significant gap in knowledge about the effects and effectiveness of development finance in the Western Balkans. Data analysis identified US$3.2 billion in energy development finance in the examined countries. The disbursement ratios were above the global average of 63%. Serbia received the highest proportion of the total funding, while Montenegro obtained the highest funding per capita. The data analysis did not establish a connection between adopting the Paris Agreement in 2016 and increasing development finance flows for renewable energy projects. Around one-third of the disbursed development finance was invested in projects for energy supply using non-renewable sources. Official Development Aid loans represented 37% (US$1.2 billion) of the total funding, contributing to the increase in indebtedness in the five countries. European-based bilateral and multilateral development finance providers were the most important actors in the five examined countries.ConclusionsThe amount of the disbursed development finance was insufficient to cover a significant percentage of the needs of the surveyed countries. Although carbon-intensive energy infrastructure received considerable funding, the total amount of disbursed energy development finance ranged between 0.15 and 0.62% of the average gross domestic product for the analyzed countries during the study period. Based on the research findings, we recommend that development finance providers and recipient countries pay greater attention to planning for strategic funding disbursement.

The 'peptide for life' initiative in the emergency department study.

Natriuretic peptide (NP) uptake varies in Emergency Departments (EDs) across Europe. The 'Peptide for Life' (P4L) initiative, led by Heart Failure Association, aims to enhance NP utilization for early diagnosis of heart failure (HF). We tested the hypothesis that implementing an educational campaign in Western Balkan countries would significantly increase NP adoption rates in the ED. This registry examined NP adoption before and after implementing the P4L-ED study across 10 centres in five countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia. A train-the-trainer programme was implemented to enhance awareness of NP testing in the ED, and centres without access received point-of-care instruments. Differences in NP testing between the pre-P4L-ED and post-P4L-ED phases were evaluated. A total of 2519 patients were enrolled in the study: 1224 (48.6%) in the pre-P4L-ED phase and 1295 (51.4%) in the post-P4L-ED phase. NP testing was performed in the ED on 684 patients (55.9%) during the pre-P4L-ED phase and on 1039 patients (80.3%) during the post-P4L-ED phase, indicating a significant absolute difference of 24.4% (95% CI: 20.8% to 27.9%, P<0.001). The use of both NPs and echocardiography significantly increased from 37.7% in the pre-P4L-ED phase to 61.3% in the post-P4L-ED phase. There was an increased prescription of diuretics and SGLT2 inhibitors during the post-P4L-ED phase. By increasing awareness and providing resources, the utilization of NPs increased in the ED, leading to improved diagnostic accuracy and enhanced patient care.

СТРАТЕГІЧНІ ПРІОРИТЕТИ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ПОВОЄННИХ КРАЇН БАЛКАНСЬКОГО РЕГІОНУ

The article highlights the peculiarities of the post-war reconstruction of the countries of the Balkan region, on the territory of which military operations took place. The analysis of losses and destructive consequences for the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia, as well as trends of structural transformations in terms of sectoral division, was carried out. Based on the assessment of the differences in the structure of the economy of the developed countries of the European Union (EU) and the countries of the Western Balkans, conclusions are made regarding the possibilities of bringing the structure of the economy closer to European standards in the post-war and modern periods. The system of measures implemented by post-war countries in the field of attracting financial resources of international aid is characterized, and the analysis of the features of the use of sources of international financial support, the distribution of donor funds and grant support funds in the reconstruction of the economy of the Balkan countries is carried out. Based on the analysis of the economic development trends of the Western Balkan countries in 2016-2021, the priority areas of reforms that the countries under study need are determined. Attention is focused on the need to solve the problem of reducing the differences in the rates of economic growth of the Balkan countries, expanding economic integration within the macro-region and ensuring convergence with the EU member states. After analyzing the experience of the post-war reconstruction of the countries of the Balkan region, a number of institutional changes should be noted, which were aimed at the implementation of measures to bring them closer to the EU and increase the possibilities of attracting financial resources of international aid through program and grant support tools. A detailed analysis of diversified sources of international financial support was carried out, both in terms of the countries that participated in military operations, and in the Balkan region in general. Summing up, the analysis of the experience of the post-war recovery of the economy of a number of Balkan countries shows that its success is the result of a purposeful policy of structural reforms and consistent regulatory measures of the state to achieve the defined goals and priorities of economic recovery. It is noted that in the conditions of the war and after its end, Ukraine should take into account the experience of restoring post-war economies in order to speed up this process and avoid mistakes.

Transitional justice research in the digital age: Western Balkans results

In the rapidly evolving technological landscape, the digitization of the justice system in Albania holds tremendous potential for increasing efficiency and effectiveness. This study aims to comprehensively analyse and evaluate the implementation of digital technologies in Albania’s judicial system. Using analysis and synthesis, historicism, and hermeneutic methods, the study explores the concept of an information society and delves into the historical development of information technology in the Western Balkan region. It reveals that while the telecommunications infrastructure in these countries still requires improvement, the integration of information technology can optimize court processes, reduce resolution times, and enhance overall efficiency. By enabling audio-visual recording and online broadcasting of court sessions, the judicial process becomes more accessible and transparent for citizens. Moreover, the study uncovers the prevalence of challenges that hinder democratic performance in the Western Balkan countries, particularly within the judiciary. However, the introduction of digital technologies fosters an objective and transparent environment, mitigating the challenges and potential risks of corruption. The study also examines the implementation of digital documents and electronic digital signatures, a crucial step in the digitization of transitional justice. The use of digitally signed electronic documents offers numerous advantages, including time savings, accurate information retrieval, convenience, cost-effectiveness, control, and ease of use. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of digital archives for transparency and accountability, as well as the need to respect privacy and uphold citizens’ constitutional rights related to information and access. The practical significance of this study lies in its potential to inform the development of a program aimed at optimizing and improving the digital technology system within the judicial systems of the Western Balkan countries, with a special focus on Albania

Export of Travel Services in Western Balkans: A Gravity Model Approach

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the importance of travel service exports in Western Balkans countries. It identifies the key drivers and barriers in exporting travel services for five Western Balkan economies, in their intraregional trade and in trade in travel services with the EU. We use a gravity model, estimated over 2013–2019, applying the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimator. The results of the trade gravity model reveal that GDP, geographical distance, and cultural characteristics such as language and historical similarities and cultural heritage influence travel services.

Inflation and Unemployment Interdependance: Evidence From the Western Balkan Countries

Abstract The discussion over the relationship between the inflation, unemployment and economic growth has been relevant over the centuries to a wide range of economic interests. It is agreed among the researchers and economists that reaching the price stability, ceteris paribus, will have a beneficial effect on employment and economic prosperity measured with GDP growth, particularly under the assumption of identifying and maintaining an optimum sill. However, as achieving the ideal deal is quite challenging to the monetary authorities and the unemployment keeps to be one of the main obstacles across the globe, particularly for emerging economies, assessing the relationship among these variables remains in the focus of economic audience. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the interdependence between the inflation, unemployment and economic growth through an empirical assessment of the inverse relationship between the first two and testing the validity of the Okun’s law for the sample of the Western Balkan (WB) countries and the European Union as a whole. For this purpose, the panel data available on the World Bank platforms for the time period from 2006 to 2021 were used. In addition, aiming to assess the contribution of unemployment and inflation to GDP growth, the regression analysis was performed based on the standard model. The findings of this research confirm the trade-off between inflation and unemployment for all examined countries (Serbia, B&amp;H, Montenegro, Albania) and the EU, except for North Macedonia. Differently, mixed results were obtained considering the Okun’s law. While some results confirm the validity of this law, other disprove it. The results of the regression analysis for all countries show that a rise in inflation and drop in unemployment positively contribute to the countries’ GDP growth.

The Impact of Monetary Policy on Bank Risk in the Western Balkan Countries

Abstract The objective of this research paper is to examine the impact of monetary policy conditions on bank risk-taking in the Western Balkan countries. The paper tries to identify if monetary policy conditions, especially money interest rates, may induce a greater appetite for bank risk-taking in the Western Balkan countries. The impact of macroeconomic and banking indicators on bank risk-taking will be examined, too. For this purpose, we apply pooled OLS techniques, Fixed and Random effects panel, and Hausman-Taylor Instrumental IV model. The econometric results show a negative correlation between the monetary policy rate and bank risk-taking, rejecting the hypothesis that monetary policy rates indicate bank risk increase. However, expansive credit policies or loan portfolio growth have a positive impact on bank risk-taking in the Western Balkans. The study is original, and its findings will be of value to Central Banks and other policymakers in the Western Balkan countries.

PP109 The Use Of Health Technology Assessment In Decision Making: Evidence From The Balkan Countries

IntroductionAccording to the most recent definition health technology assessment (HTA) “is a multidisciplinary process that uses explicit methods to determine the value of a health technology at different points in its lifecycle. The purpose is to inform decision-making in order to promote an equitable, efficient, and high-quality health system”. This article aimed to evaluate implementation of HTA in decision making in the Balkan countries.MethodsA scoping review of the existing literature took place to locate relevant scientific articles, policy papers and documents released by the respective Ministries. We searched data for 6 Western Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia) and didn’t focus on those countries that are part of the European Union (EU). For the literature search key words were used, while documents only in English were included in the analyses. Additionally, the search was conducted for the period January 2010 until October 2022.ResultsThe Western Balkan countries are in process of integration to the EU and based on this they are trying to make improvement in different sectors including health services. However, the use of HTA in most of the studied countries is in its preliminary phase. Most of the countries have established HTA bodies or specific authorities but with limited resources (both human and financial). Additionally, their reports are non-binding for policy makers and healthcare decisions are taken based on experts’ opinions and not an extensive HTA analyses.ConclusionsDespite their efforts, the Western Balkan countries need to improve and considerably increase the use of HTA in decision-making. Its use can help in provision of better healthcare services as well as to decrease costs. Specific attention should be put on human and financial resources that are lacking in all settings.Western Balkan countries need to put much more efforts for harmonization of their legal framework with that of the EU countries.

Human Trafficking in Western Balkan: Case Study of Kosovo

Background: The object of this paper is the criminal offence of human trafficking in Kosovo, addressing the negative and illegal phenomenon of this activity. It aims to pay special attention to the detection and prosecution of the perpetrators and the imposition of sentences and other criminal sanctions against them, with the sole purpose of combating and preventing it in society. Also, in this paper, some basic legal-criminal and criminological features of the criminal offence of human trafficking are analysed and treated. Given that this criminal offence represents a serious type of criminality, this study explores how it manifests itself in its consequences on the individual and society. This research conducted on human trafficking in Kosovo is of crucial importance because by studying this negative phenomenon, we can slowly conclude whether the victims were innocent or contributors to the issues leading to their trafficking. Methods: In preparing this research-scientific paper, very significant content for our country is presented using the following methods: comparative, statistical, graphic, historical, analytical, survey and case studies from 1999 to now. Through these research methods and techniques, we have recognised and addressed multiple aspects of the crime of human trafficking. Contrary to the common belief that there are enough studies on the victims of human trafficking and other criminal acts, this is not true. In many cases, the states have quantified the victims of various crimes and other criminal acts solely through numerical measures. The extracted statistics form the basis of data identification and conclusion, as well as determining the recommendations contained in this paper. Results and Conclusions: Trafficking in human beings is one of the most significant crimes of our time and a violation of human rights in itself, and in our work, we have encountered difficulties in coming up with the most adequate and concrete data to prevent and combat this. Phenomenon. Human beings are trafficked for the purpose of forced labour, illegal employment, the entertainment industry, forced and fake marriage, forced prostitution, etc. and this, in our case in the Western Balkans countries, is generally encountered because of socio-economic problems and freedom of movement. Human trafficking is a form of profitable organised crime and is believed to be important because the risk is low and the payoff is high; after drug and weapons trafficking and the prostitution trade comes as a great benefit, in our case, Kosovo, we have come across data from 1999 on how war refugees are abused and how narcotic substances are trafficked and used. The most common form of human trafficking is the trade of human beings for sexual exploitation or the purposes of forced prostitution. This is a challenge in our country because we do not have an adequate law to legalise prostitution. In this case, we have a lot of good organised in the region and Kosovo that abuse, especially minors, for prostitution and the purpose of the work is to issue an adequate law regarding the decriminalisation of prostitution to manage, control, prevent and combat human trafficking. The most frequent victims of this form of trafficking are children and women, who belong to the most vulnerable social groups, according to the data presented in the paper.

The Impact of Inflation on Financial Sector Performance: Evidence. From. Western Balkan Countries

Abstract This research paper aims to investigate. the impact of inflation. on financial sector performance in Western. Balkan. countries. The topic was chosen considering the financial sector’s fundamental role and its. impact on sustainable economic growth. This impact is measured through the effect that macroeconomic determinants of financial. performance such. as inflation, GDP. growth, general government final consumption expenditure, trade, and the lending interest rate have on credit to private sector as a share of GDP and broad definition of money as a ratio of GDP, which were used to proxy financial sector development. The data are provided by the World Bank as well as the Central. Banks. of the respective countries, for the period 2002–2021. The research methodology consists of different panel regression models such as OLS, OLS robust, Fixed effects, Random effects, and Generalized method of moments (GMM). Findings indicate that domestic credit to the private sector and inflation are positively correlated, whereas broad money and inflation are negatively correlated.

The Proportional Electoral Systems in the Western Balkans Countries: A Comparative Approach

Representative democracy is closely related to elections and voting. Electoral systems can influence not just the number of minority candidates elected but also how majority parties seek to appeal to or marginalize minority voters, and how inclusive candidate lists will be. Electoral systems can be defined and categorized concerning - How many representatives are elected from each constituency? Is the formula used a plurality, majority, or type of proportionality? What is the threshold for representation for parties and candidates? These elements determine the seats in the parliament and the winning parties. This paper does not aim to be an exhaustive one about the wide topic of electoral systems. It aims at presenting an overview of electoral systems in Western Balkans, focusing on the presentation of the main features of the proportional electoral systems in these countries. Proportional representation systems are applied in the countries under consideration, therefore analytical and comparative research will be the focus of the paper. From the short comparative analysis of this paper on the electoral systems in the countries of the Western Balkans, similarities and differences between them are observed. As a result, we will try to understand which of the criteria and formulas used provides better representation and governance for these countries.&#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 25 September 2023 / Accepted: 26 October 2023 / Published: 23 November 2023

Climate Change and Urban Climate in the Western Balkans

Global climate change is a process that inevitably affects the European continent, and thus the countries of the Western Balkans, i.e. Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is located in Southeast Europe. Increasingly intense and long-lasting heat waves (especially during the summer period), the occurrence of intense cold waves in winter, intense short-term precipitation periods, as well as long-term dry periods are the consequences of climate change characteristic of the Western Balkans, and thus Bosnia and Herzegovina. Such temperature and precipitation extremes have become more frequent in the last twenty‒thirty years, as evidenced by the annual air temperatures in all Western Balkan countries, i.e. it is clear that most of the last few years are the warmest years since the beginning of the 20th century. Due to such extreme weather events, it is clear that urban areas in the Western Balkans are under stronger, primarily thermal pressure, due to the already modified micro and local climate due to the characteristics of surface geometry. As a result, even higher temperatures and a significantly higher number of tropical nights occur during the heat waves, and have a direct threat to the health of the population and the economy in urban areas. This study analyzed 49 publications that directly or indirectly analyze, primarily thermal values and indices, in urban areas in the Western Balkans, in Banja Luka, Novi Sad, Belgrade, Tirana and Skopje. The results clearly show higher thermal pressure in urban areas, when it comes to temperatures and indices of thermal comfort, and maximum differences in relation to the natural environment occur in the most urbanized and industrial parts of the city. Also, analyzes of thermal risk on the quality and mortality of the population in urban areas show that increased mortality is in the category of residents over 65 years of age.

Cybersecurity in the Western Balkans and European Regulation

The technological leap is challenging interoperable government ideas and policies for cybersecurity. Online platforms, telecommunications networks require policies that track their changes to prevent negative computer phenomena. Some countries see the opportunity for cooperation and partnership to increase cybersecurity, while other need to prepare strategic frameworks alone to face cyber warfare. Good European practices serve as a model for the Western Balkan states, guiding them towards proper legal regulation and internal legal alignment with the laws of the European Union. The Western Balkans region faces an intensification of cases showing weak cybersecurity strategies and intractable barriers to preventing cyber warfare. Cybersecurity poses not only a challenge for the Western Balkans but also a global challenge, impacting the capacity and well-thought-out government policies of the Western Balkan countries, which are also transitional countries. Through this study, the cyber landscape in which different actors navigate will be explored.

Do gender stereotypes play a role in the process of identifying gifted students in Western Balkan countries? – Case study Bosnia and Herzegovina

AbstractGender stereotypes, as a cause and consequence of deeply rooted attitudes, values and norms, directly affect the discovery and development of gifted potentials. Given the fact that high abilities are most successfully identified and properly developed in early school age, the aim of the study is to investigate the existence of gender differences in the perception of different abilities in boys and girls by teachers, parents, peers and self‐perception in multiple intelligences. The research was conducted on 115 lower primary school students in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Mann–Whitney U test was used to determine differences in various domains of giftedness between girls and boys throughout groups of evaluators. Statistically significant difference was found in 11 of the 36 variables analysed. Most statistically significant differences were found in parents' assessments (5), while 3 were found in teachers' assessments, 2 in peers' assessments, and only one in self‐assessments. Although the cultural factors, customs and traditions of the Balkan country of Bosnia and Herzegovina have a great influence on gender stereotypes, the results of research on gender discrimination in the process of identifying giftedness are largely similar to the results of developed European countries. The results of the study can be used in the context of general education as a basis for critical re‐examination of negative attitudes towards females in the direction of a particular professional orientation.