West Virginia Coal Research Articles

Petrographic Evaluation of West Virginia Coals for Coal Utilization Schemes: ABSTRACT

End_Page 1578------------------------------Proper evaluation of coals for utilization, whether it is to be combustion, carbonization, gasification, or liquefaction depends on a knowledge of the petrographic (maceral) composition of the coals in question. This petrographic study of West Virginia coals was designed to provide a basic knowledge of the composition of the state's coals, with specific reference to utilization. Compositional trends and their causal influences were evaluated. Thirty major seams were quantitatively analyzed, and the data were displayed in histograms for interpretation of the resulting frequency distributions. The frequency distributions of the macerals were generally non-normal with minor macerals showing highly negatively skewed histograms, and major maceral distributions displaying bimodal characteristics. Both areal and vertical stratigraphic trends were evident in the abundance of some macerals. Q-mode factor analysis related these trends in composition to metamorphism (rank), plant evolution, and sedimentary environments of peat deposition. The knowledge acquired on coal composition, its expected variation, and factors influencing composition can be applied to the evaluation of West Virginia coals for many utilization technologies. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1579------------

Catalytic hydrodesulfurization and liquefaction of coal: Batch autoclave studies

The hydrodesulfurization and liquefaction of a high sulfur West Virginia coal has been studied in batch autoclave experiments with tetralin and several Co-Mo-Al 2O 3 catalysts. Monolith catalysts made from Corning monolith aluminas have been studied in three configurations. The most favorable liquefaction and desulfurization were obtained with a nominal configuration of 200 square cells/in. 2. Four particulate catalysts made from controlled pore size aluminas were studied in two sets of experiments. Significant differences in the effects of pore size and stirring rate for sulfided and not-sulfided catalyst were observed. The most favorable distributions were obtained with a large pore, unsulfided catalyst at a low stirring rate and a small pore, sulfided catalyst at a high stirring rate.

Coal Transportation Research and Information Needs

Transportation planning and engineering research and data needs in the area of coal transportation are outlined using specific examples from a West Virginia coal conversion study. Coal quality parameters and coal mine characteristics that influence the transportation modes utilized are presented. Roles played by coal preparation and loading facilities are noted. Data deficiencies relative to assessing impacts of coal hauling vehicles on highway systems are considered. Although information deals primarily with the Appalachian coalfields, an effort is made to describe regional differences in coal transportation research needs. Specific data needs pertaining to the retail coal system are presented. An extensive reference list is provided for those just becoming involved in coal transportation activities.

Betrayal in the West Virginia Coal Fields: Eugene V. Debs and the Socialist Party of America, 1912-1914

DURING the presidential campaign of 1908, Samuel Gompers warned his fellow workers that the Socialist candidate, Eugene V. Debs, was an apostle of failure, whose past history is all the direction of harming rather than helping the labor movement. Gompers declared that Debs had wrecked every labor organization he had been involved in, and then, in desperation, threw himself, body, boots, and breeches into the Industrial Workers of the World, where he advocated the destruction of every trade and labor union the United States. In what manner, Gompers asked, [Debs] benefited by word or act the working people of this country? 9 Although Gompers' speech reveals the biases of a pragmatic trade unionist suspicious of, if not hostile to, Socialists, it raises fundamental questions that historians have neglected favor of the more romantic, altruistic picture of the Socialist Party of America (SPA) and its leaders. Historians generally maintain that Debs and the party may have been guilty of too much idealism, but no one has seriously challenged the sincerity of their intentions and programs. Indeed, historians of all persuasions have interpreted Debs as the personification of all things good American society and radicalism. H. Wayne Morgan nostalgically calls Debs Labor's Cicero. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., claims that The radical passions of the Jacksonians, the Free Soilers, the Populists spoke through Debs-only now the unaccustomed vocabulary of socialism. James Weinstein, a New Left historian, describes Debs as a consistent champion of the oppressed . . . [who] personally embodied the unity of

Mössbauer spectroscopy of iron compounds found in West Virginia coals

Mössbauer measurements were carried out in several coal samples from various seams in West Virginia. The presence of iron pyrite and iron (II) sulphate was observed in all the samples studied. The two different mineral compounds were clearly identified from their isomer shift and quadrupole splitting, and the Mössbauer spectral area was used to determine their amounts. This method is recommended as a complementary technique for the measurement of the amount of sulphur bonded to iron in coals. No evidence of organically bound iron in coal was found for more than forty different samples analysed. Using the Mössbauer effect, unequivocal evidence of the formation of a new mineral species during the low-temperature ashing process was found.

Composition and volume of gas released by ‘melting’ coal from West Virginia and Alabama

Analyses of the composition and volume of gases released by ‘melting’ samples of coal from West Virginia and Alabama under vacuum have been made by mass spectrometric techniques. This was done by melting the coal in a quartz tube attached to the highvacuum inlet system of a research mass spectrometer. The gases observed were composed of C, S, H, O, N, He and Ar atoms. Hydrogen was the most abundant gas; others were helium, methane, ethylene, ethane, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, propane, argon, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide. Gas compositions were found to be a function of the source of the coal. For example, over 65% of the gas from Alabama coal was hydrogen, but West Virginia coal yielded only about 30% of hydrogen. All coals released about 100 cm 3 g −1 (STP) (about 2300 ft 3 (short ton) −1) of combustible gas. An additional observation was the fact that about 90% of the sulphur was physically separated from the coal in the vacuum melting process.

Mountaineer Mine Wars: An Analysis of the West Virginia Mine Wars of 1912–1913 and 1920–1921

Professor Wheeler describes and analyzes the extreme violence that marked labor-management relations in the West Virginia coal fields.

Composition and volume of gas released by crushing coal from West Virginia, Kentucky and Alabama

Analyses of the composition and volume of gaseous inclusions in samples of coal from West Virginia, Alabama and Kentucky have been made at room temperature by mass spectrometric techniques. This was done by crushing the coal in the high-vacuum inlet system of a research mass spectrometer. The gases observed were composed of C, S, H, O, N, He and Ar atoms. Water was the most abundant gas; others were hydrogen, helium, methane, ammonia, methanol, ethanol, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, ethane, oxygen, hydrogen sulphide, argon and carbon dioxide. Gas compositions were found to be a function of the source of the coal. For example, over 6% of the gas from Alabama coal was methane, but West Virginia coal contained only 0.1% methane. The volume of gas also was a function of the coal source. Coal from Kentucky contained 2.3 cm 3 g −1 (STP), whereas coal from West Virginia contained 0.4 cm 3 g −1.

Economic Implications of Surface Mine Regulation in the Rural Coal Producing Counties of West Virginia

Traditionally coal has held the distinction of being West Virginia's bedrock industry. With the exception of 1971, West Virginia has lead the nation in coal production consistently since 1931. In recent years many changes have occurred in the coal industry, one of these changes being the relative importance of strip mined coal. In 1960, 6.8 percent of West Virginia's coal was produced by surface mining. By 1971 surface mined coal accounted for 21.9 percent of total production, an increase of 15.1 percentage points. During the same time period the percent of total mining industry employment engaged in surface mining increased from 4.5 to 14.1 percent, an increase of only 9.6 percentage points, indicating the higher relative efficiency of labor in surface mining as compared to underground mining.

Mother Jones in the Fairmont Field, 1902

T HE strike which occurred in the bituminous coal fields of West Virginia in 1902 has been almost totally eclipsed by the contemporaneous drama that focused national attention on the anthracite strike in eastern Pennsylvania. In contrast to the outcome in Pennsylvania, the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) suffered an abject defeat in its effort to obtain a voice in the setting of wages, hours, and working conditions in the northern West Virginia coal mines. A detailed examination of the peculiar conditions that prevailed in the Fairmont Field serves to highlight some of the complexities of the conflict between management and union in the coal industry at the turn of the century. Ten years after its organization in 1891, UMWA enjoyed a remarkable position of power. By 1898 the union had enlisted enough members in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and western Pennsylvania to force the association of operators in those states to conclude an annual agreement on basic bargaining points. Yet the organizing effort that had produced the central competitive field agreement had failed in West Virginia, despite the backing of Samuel Gompers, Eugene V. Debs, and a host of other labor leaders.' The unorganized West Virginia fields endangered the union's power base: the northern mines were close enough to Great Lakes transportation to compete in the northern Midwest, and the southern fields had rail and river access to the southern markets of the region. In 1901, therefore, the national officers of the union undertook a strenuous campaign to bring West Virginia miners into the union, sending experienced organizers to the state from Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. For nearly a year, without fanfare, the organizers ranged through the state on the hard and often dangerous task of converting miners into union members. The supervision of this work in the southern West Virginia fields lay in

Pulmonary impairment in southern West Virginia coal miners.

Pulmonary impairment in southern West Virginia coal miners.

Relation of the iron oxidizer, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, to thiosulfate.

Colmer, Arthur R. (Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge). Relation of the iron oxidizer, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, to thiosulfate. J. Bacteriol. 83:761-765. 1962.-A restudy has been made of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans secured from the acid drainage of some northern West Virginia coal mines. Cultures isolated from ferrous iron agar and then subcultured for 85 consecutive transfers in thiosulfate broth during a period of 14 months were able to use ferrous iron as their energy source when returned to ferrous iron broth. Thiosulfate utilization was quantitatively followed by iodine titration and pH change; ferrous iron oxidation was quantitatively determined by use of 1,10-phenanthroline.Characteristic colonial forms were produced by T. ferrooxidans growing on thiosulfate agar irrespective of whether the inoculum was from iron broth or thiosulfate broth.

The syndrome of chronic pulmonary disease and gastroduodenal ulceration; a clinical study and literature review.

Introduction This hospital located in the heart of West Virginia's coal industry has an unusually large number of patients with chronic pulmonary disease. The recent literature contains several articles suggesting an increased incidence of gastroduodenal ulceration in these patients.1-3 We have had the clinical impression that patients with chronic pulmonary disease tend to have gastroduodenal ulceration more frequently than would be anticipated in the general population. To justify this impression, this study is presented. Material and Method The charts of all patients admitted to the medical teaching service from January, 1955, through April, 1958, were reviewed. There were 845 patients. This was considered a random sampling of general medical patients. The following information was abstracted from the records: (1) age, race, and sex; (2) symptoms, signs, x-ray, electrocardiographic, and laboratory evidence ofchronic pulmonary disease,* and (3) symptoms, complications, and x-ray evidence ofgastroduodenal ulceration.† Many of these

Negro Employment in Southern Industry

Previous articleNext article No AccessNegro Employment in Southern IndustryDonald DeweyDonald Dewey Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 60, Number 4Aug., 1952 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/257237 Views: 12Total views on this site Citations: 26Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1952 The University of Chicago PressPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Nina Banks, Warren C. 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An empirical examination, Strategic Management Journal 36, no.88 (May 2014): 1115–1134.https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2274Cléo Chassonnery-Zaïgouche L’économie des discriminations : conquête impérialiste ou contribution à la théorie des prix ?, OEconomia , no.3-13-1 (Mar 2013): 87–118.https://doi.org/10.4000/oeconomia.617Jean-Baptiste Fleury Wandering Through the Borderlands of the Social Sciences: Gary Becker’s Economics of Discrimination, History of Political Economy 44, no.11 (Mar 2012): 1–40.https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-1504041William A. Sundstrom African Americans in the U.S. Economy Since Emancipation, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1895596Marc T. Law and Mindy S. Marks Effects of Occupational Licensing Laws on Minorities: Evidence from the Progressive Era Law/Marks, The Journal of Law and Economics 52, no.22 (Jul 2015): 351–366.https://doi.org/10.1086/596714Marc T. Law, Mindy Marks The Effects of Occupational Licensing Laws on Minorities: Evidence from the Progressive Era, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2008).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.943765William A. Sundstrom The Geography of Wage Discrimination in the Pre–Civil Rights South, The Journal of Economic History 67, no.0202 (May 2007).https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050707000150ML Baldwin, RJ Butler, WG Johnson A hierarchical theory of occupational segregation and wage discrimination, Economic Inquiry 39, no.11 (Mar 2007): 94–110.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2001.tb00053.xWilliam A. Sundstrom The Great Migration and the Economic Status of African-Americans Since the Great Depression: Puzzles and Paradoxes, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 1998).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1104055William A. Sundstrom Explaining the Racial Unemployment Gap: Race, Region, and the Employment Status of Men, 1940, ILR Review 50, no.33 (Apr 1997): 460–477.https://doi.org/10.1177/001979399705000305Thomas N. Maloney Degrees of Inequality: The Advance of Black Male Workers in the Northern Meat Packing and Steel Industries before World War II, Social Science History 19, no.11 (Jan 2016): 31–62.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0145553200017211William A. Sundstrom The Color Line: Racial Norms and Discrimination in Urban Labor Markets, 1910–1950, The Journal of Economic History 54, no.22 (Mar 2009): 382–396.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700014534William A. Sundstrom Last Hired, First Fired? Unemployment and Urban Black Workers During the Great Depression, The Journal of Economic History 52, no.22 (Mar 2009): 415–429.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700010834WILLIAM A. SUNDSTROM Half a Career: Discrimination & Railroad Internal Labor Markets, Industrial Relations 29, no.33 (Sep 1990): 423–440.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1990.tb00762.xWarren C. 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Natural Coal Gas in West Virginia: ABSTRACT

A quantity of methane approximately equal to the state's production of natural gas escapes to the air from West Virginia coal mines. It is very important that a technology of production of this gas be developed. Natural coal gas occurs sorbed in the coal except where there are feeders, squeezes and drainage belts due to mining operations. The gas consists of 90 per cent methane, most of the remainder being nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Methane was produced by biochemical processes during coal formation. In some instances, a considerable quantity of methane is now being formed by bacterial action in mine waters. End_of_Article - Last_Page 911------------

Correlation of Coal Floras in Henry County, Missouri, and the Narragansett Basin

Of all the plant-bearing fossiliferous areas in North America, the region of Henry County, in Missouri, presents the most points of interest to students of the coal flora of Rhode Island. The Missouri series was doubtless a product, geographically, of the same type of marsh conditions which prevailed along the borders of the Great Interior Basin during the Carboniferous, when the Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Illinois coal was formed; but the comparison of its stratigraphic sequence with that of Rhode Island shows that the two areas were evolved under entirely different conditions, in spite of which many similar plant species developed (table I).

United States District Court, Western District of Virginia. Virginia & West Virginia Coal Co. v. Green Charles. July 14, 1917

United States District Court, Western District of Virginia. Virginia & West Virginia Coal Co. v. Green Charles. July 14, 1917