West Street Research Articles

The Squire Law Library at Cambridge: Historical Development and Current Status of International Law Collections

The Squire Law Library has existed since 1904, and it has occupied three sites: Downing Street (till 1935); The Cockerell Building, Old Schools (1935-95); and West Road (1995-present), but until the mid-1950s, there was no designated collection space for International Law materials. Prior to this, the Whewell professors had their own collections, while the arrival of Harold Gutteridge as Professor of Comparative Law in 1930 saw a nucleus of international books develop in his room in the mezzanine of the Downing Street library. Similarly, when Hersch Lauterpacht became Whewell Professor in 1937, international material tended to be concentrated in his room 6 of the Cockerell Building. Finally a space was designated within the Squire Law Library for Foreign & International Law in 1957, and in 1962 the Sir Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Room was created for this purpose. In the mid-70s, Professor Parry arranged for the whole of the 1st floor in the Cockerell Building to be set aside for these collections. Currently, the 3rd floor of the Sir David Williams Building on West Road houses both Foreign and International materials. Collection development policy has been driven by Faculty interests, especially those of the incumbent of the Whewell Chair of International Law, which was established in 1868. Since WWII, the main growth areas have been in Human Rights, Law of the Sea, Trade Law, and Investment Law, largely prompted by UN/EU/global trade-centric studies. Since 1982, journal acquisition policy has been increasingly dictated by the University Library, especially since 2003, when the UL Journals Co-ordination Scheme was piloted. After the 1980s, material has been increasingly of an electronic nature. Establishment of a specialist post (1997) singled out International Law as the premier component of the Squire Law Library collections. Currently ~30% of both Faculty staff and research students engage in International Law.

IAU South West and Central Asian Regional Office of Astronomy for Development

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) announced its Strategic Plan on Astronomy for Development in 2009, during the International Year of Astronomy (IYA). One of its main components was the creation of the Office of Astronomy for Development (OAD) and corresponding Regional Offices (ROADs) for implementation and coordination of its aims. The OAD was created in Cape Town, South Africa and later on ROADs were created in 8 regions. Since 2015, Armenia hosts one of them, IAU South West Asian (SWA), later renamed to South West and Central Asian (SWCA) ROAD. At present, already 6 countries have officially joined (Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Turkey), but the Office serves for a rather broad region, from Eastern Europe to Central Asia. Armenia’s geographical location and its historical role in astronomy (both for well-known archaeoastronomical heritage and the presence of the famous Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory (BAO) founded by Viktor Ambartsumian in 1946) serve as a link between Europe and Eastern Partnership countries, Middle East and Asia in general. We run activities in 3 directions, Task Forces (TF): TF1 Universities and Research, TF2 Children and Schools and TF3 Public Outreach. We present our projects and all other accomplishments and discuss the role of our ROAD in maintaining contacts and development of astronomy in the region, as well as contacts between Europe and the Eastern Partnership countries. Most up-to-date information about the IAU SWCA ROAD is available on its webpage at http://iau-swaroad.aras.am/eng/index.php.

An Effigy of Empire: A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Canadian Imperial Nationalism During the Second Boer War

On October 31, 1899, as a part of undergraduate University of Toronto Halloween celebrations, a performance of A Midsummer Night’s Dream at The Princess of Wales Theatre on King Street West was interrupted by shouts from the gallery calling for the death of “Oom” Paul Kruger, the leader of the South African Republic, who had recently declared war on the British Empire. The student demonstration was not, in itself, seen as objectionable or surprising—a similar interruption by Trinity students at convocation on October 25 was lauded in The Globe as “Patriotic.” What was unusual to the Toronto newspapers that spent the next week decrying the demonstration was the students’ lack of decorum at a Shakespeare performance. In this contribution, Andrew Bretz looks at the tension between how paratextual signifiers such as costuming choices, lighting, and the theatre space itself constructed the Halloween 1899 performance of A Midsummer Night’s Dream as an imperial text, and how Shakespeare as “high culture” moderated the ways in which individuals could express imperial allegiances. This alignment of A Midsummer Night’s Dream with Canadian and British imperial projects may serve to explain why the students chose a performance of that particular play to enact their patriotic violence, yet the condemnation of the event by the daily newspapers troubles the relationship between imperial identity, partially predicated on a sanitized vision of Shakespeare, and the enacting of violence against the colonized other. For the newspapers, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, as a representation of paternalistic British culture and identity, ultimately could not be reconciled with the bald violence of a jingoistic imperialism.

And All the Arts of Peace: Phonography, Simplified Speling, and the Spelling Reform Movement, Toronto 1883 to 1886

And All the Arts of Peace:Phonography, Simplified Speling, and the Spelling Reform Movement, Toronto 1883 to 1886 Heather Murray (bio) On entering the large front room, which is on the second flat, we were almost overwhelmed with the witchery of the scene. The brilliant electric light, shining through the glass front, and casting its silvery sheen over the statuary, house-plants, and pottery with which the room was decorated, with the parlor furniture strewed among these decorations, and the gay throng of ladies and gentlemen moving about at ease; it needed no lively imagination to make one feel that he was enjoying a moonlight ramble in some horticultural paradise. Three fine transparencies on the large panes, symbolizing respectively music, literature and shorthand, added to the beauty of the scene. On a pleasant summer evening in 1883, Toronto was treated to a gala conversazione and a celebration of modernity, as Thomas Bengough moved his offices across the street to larger premises at 29 King Street West and launched the Shorthand Atheneum. Electric floodlights blazed in the street (a standard feature of any grand opening today, but a novelty in Toronto then), illuminating the entire city block and shining, symbolically, through the images of the three sister arts on to the gathering within. The crowd was treated first to refreshments—cake and strawberries, since it was June, [End Page 171] as well as temperance drinks—and then to a "feast of reason" opened by John Taylor, a former city alderman who was a leading proponent of the free library movement. Taylor—himself one of the "old-time phonographers" (Bengough's Cosmopolitan Shorthand Writer 3.6 [October 1882]: 61)—praised the "winged art" of shorthand and stressed the increasing importance of its practice but also indulged in a moment of levity, ribbing the proprietor for his inconsistency: "He only wondered that the leader of Phonetics did not spell his name phonetically, so that we might know whether it was Bengo, Bengow, Bengof, Benguf, or Bengup" ("Opening" 6). The phonetically-minded audience greeted the joke with laughter, for the family name could well be one of the examples of spelling irrationality that reformers like Bengough were fond of employing. Richard Lewis, the well-known elocutionist and reading promoter, also was a platform speaker, along with "Professor" Samuel Clare, a teacher of penmanship. They were speaking in their respective roles as the president and the secretary-treasurer of the Canadian Spelling Reform Association, an organization founded only weeks before, which now would meet at Bengough's new premises. Thomas Bengough himself closed the proceedings, mentioning the approaching International Congress of Shorthand Reporters to be held in Toronto in August and expressing hope for the effect that meeting would have "upon our shorthand and phonetic organizations" ("Opening" 7). It appears to have been a most satisfactory evening, at least according to this account, which was drawn from the journal launched almost simultaneously with the Shorthand Atheneum and the Canadian Spelling Reform Association: The Atheneum: An Advocate and Exponent of Educational, Literary, and Social Progress; or, as it was called in its expanded and even more utopian title, The Atheneum: A Nineteenth-Century Journal of Progress; Devoted to Literature, Journalism, Science, Shorthand, TypeWriting, Simplified Speling, Penmanship, Music, and all the Arts of Peace. "Speling," it should be noted, is not an error in the title; rather, it flags a new direction that many spelling reformers were about to take. While the opening of the Shorthand Atheneum may seem to twenty-first century eyes like the launch of a business school, the account makes it apparent that the goals were further-reaching. The elevated title of "atheneum" signals this as well, as does the grouping together of music, literature, and shorthand in an illuminated tableau. In 1883, "shorthand" and "atheneum" did not create an oxymoron; neither did penmanship and peace, spelling and music, sit uneasily together for the progressive viewer, who would have discerned the relationship of these seemingly disparate elements. Indeed, then, to see their relationship was a particularly modern [End Page 172] thing to do; modernity was signaled, too, by the technological élan of the electrically-lit opening and by the "nineteenth-century" of...

East West Street: On the Origins of “Genocide” and “Crimes Against Humanity” by Philippe Sands

Reviewed by: East West Street: On the Origins of “Genocide” and “Crimes Against Humanity” by Philippe Sands David Hawk (bio) Philippe Sands, East West Street: On the Origins of “Genocide” and “Crimes Against Humanity” (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016) ISBN 978-0385350716, 425 pages. Philippe Sands may not be the first person to look at the lives and teachings of Hersch Lauterpacht and Raphael Lemkin, examine their seminal contributions to international human rights law, or note that they both attended the same (to North Americans, unfamiliar) law school in East Galicia.1 But a confluence of several coincidences led Sands, a law professor and practicing human rights attorney, to see the promise of an extraordinary story. Or rather, the promise of East West Street’s several intersecting extraordinary stories. The chain of coincidences began with an invitation for Sands to lecture at Jan Kazimierz University Law School in the city now known as Lviv, in the Ukraine where Lauterpacht and Lemkin first studied law. Sands claims, not without reason, that the university marks the origin of the modern system of international justice. Lviv, with its neoclassical architecture and art neuveau trim, was once dubbed the “Paris of the East.” The city has quite a history. At the beginning of Sands’ story, Lviv was called Lemberg. The historic city is also identified on maps as Lvov, Lwow, or Lviv when the city was under alternating German, Polish, Russian, or Ukrainian control. Located at what Sands calls the very fault lines between North and South and East and West Europe, this medium sized city changes sovereign ownership [End Page 246] and control eight times in the course of Sands’ narrative. Lemberg/Lvov/Lwow/Lviv, is located at the Eastern most reaches of what was once the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. It lies at the Western lip of what was then called the Pale of Settlement, the heartland of Eastern European Jewry. This area of South-Central Europe, more aptly termed the The Bloodlands, is where Stalin and Hitler murdered masses of individuals and where armed bands of Poles and Ukrainians fought, when they could, for their bit of turf. This region is where, as Sands puts it, “Jews were targeted or caught in the middle.”2 The second, quite remarkable, coincidence that led to East West Street emerged from Sands’ deep, fascinating, and sometimes investigator-assisted research into his own complicated family history. The recognition that his mother’s parents lived in this same town where Lemkin and Lauterpacht first studied law contributed to his interest in pursuing the narrative. In addition, the author’s great-grandmother was even born on the same street as Lauterpacht: East West Street in Lviv’s next-door village of Zolkiew. (In case readers wonder, the village of Zolkiew also featured a perpendicularly intersecting main-street named North South.) In East West Street, Sands produces a 1911 map of Lwow showing the location of the law faculty, the home of his mother’s family, the home of Lauterpacht, and Lemkin’s three successive residencies while attending university. He adds a wonderful 1854 map of Zolkiew showing the family homes of Lauterpacht and his great-grandmother’s family, and scores of period photographs of the persons and places that figure in the narrative of East West Street, creating even more sense of place and time. As Sands discovered in the course of his research, the coincidences tragically continue. His grandmother perished at the same extermination camp as Lauterpacht’s parents: Treblinka. In Sands’ great-grandmother’s case, she was transported there, he relates, on the same cattle-car train as three of Freud’s sisters. Much of East West Street’s narrative is driven by Sands’ personal search for family history. His mother was one of the “hidden children” of the Holocaust, saved by an evangelical British missionary devoted to protecting Jewish children. Sands’ infant mother knew next to nothing about her rescue. Sands tracks down information about her rescue, uncovering this once hidden story. His mother’s father, Leon Buchholz, was born and raised in Lemberg/Lviv; although he is one of the central characters of East West Street, he would not speak about his life...

Calls of/to the Ordinary

Ordinary Affects tells stories of everyday happenings and practices, a collage of the mundane brought to life in brief tales told in the third person. Yet the text is other—more—than this. In one scene the book's protagonist is alone at a table in a cafe in a West Texas town and she—“I call myself ‘she’… as a point of contact”1—notices a biker couple entering. They limp. They sit, talking intently. As the solitary diner–writer leaves, she walks past their table and they ask her which way she is headed. If she's going the route they have just travelled—the west road—would she look out for bike parts? …

Inclusion: Building a Culture of Desire and Resilience

On February 15, 2015, a day rumoured to be colder than the North Pole, a crowd of people filled Toronto’s Theatre Centre on Queen Street West to participate in an afternoon conversation event called The Republic of Inclusion. The audience—a range of academics, theatre makers, community activists, and educators—arrived on foot, wheels, with guide dogs and sticks.

Multi-Scale Visualization Analysis of Bus Flow Average Travel Speed in Qingdao

Public transportation is a kind of complex spatiotemporal behaviour. The traffic congestion and environmental pollution caused by the increase in private cars is becoming more and more serious in our city. Spatiotemporal data visualization is an effective tool for studying traffic, transforming non-visual data into recognizable images, which can reveal where/when congestion is formed, developed and disappeared in space and time simultaneously. This paper develops a multi-scale visualization of average travel speed derived from floating bus data, to enable congestion on urban bus networks to be shown and analyzed. The techniques of R language, Echarts, WebGL are used to draw statistical pictures and 3D wall map, which show the congestion in Qingdao from the view of space and time. The results are as follows:(1) There is a more severely delay in Shibei and Shinan areas than Licun and Laoshan areas; (2) The high congestion usually occurs on Hong Kong Middle Road, Shandong Road, Nanjing Road, Liaoyang West Road and Taiping Road;(3) There is a similar law from Monday to Sunday that the congestion is severer in the morning and evening rush hours than other hours; (4) On Monday morning the severity of congestion is higher than on Friday morning, and on Friday evening the severity is higher than on Monday evening. The research results will help to improve the public transportation of Qingdao.

Editorial Announcement

first_page settings Order Article Reprints Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Font Size: Aa Aa Aa Line Spacing:    Column Width:    Background: Open AccessEditorial Editorial Announcement by Kerry Patterson Founding Editor-in-Chief of Econometrics, Department of Economics, the University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 217, READING, Berkshire, RG6 6AH, UK (Retired) Econometrics 2016, 4(4), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/econometrics4040040 Received: 8 October 2016 / Revised: 8 October 2016 / Accepted: 9 October 2016 / Published: 10 October 2016 Download Download PDF Download PDF with Cover Download XML Download Epub Versions Notes I am pleased to announce that, following my retirement on the 30th September 2016, Marc Paolella will become Editor-in-Chief (EiC) of Econometrics. Marc will be supported by three Deputy EiCs: In Choi, Steve Cook and Jeffrey S. Racine. I am very fortunate and grateful that such distinguished econometricians have agreed to lead the direction of development for Econometrics. May I offer them my deep-felt thanks and best wishes for the continued success of the journal.My own time as EiC has been immensely pleasurable and rewarding. It has seen Econometrics develop into a leading open-access journal attracting articles of the highest quality.I would like to thank the staff at Econometrics and the publishers MDPI for their practical support; in particular, I am grateful to Alistair Freeland, the Managing Editor for my appointment, and especially to Lu Liao, the Assistant Editor of Econometrics, whose boundless and unstinting support have made my role so enjoyable.I would also like to thank my colleagues worldwide for their unfailing support in enabling Econometrics to become a leading journal. The quality of the articles that have been published was recognised this year by the inauguration of an award for the best article and, from next year, an award for the best article by a young researcher. The members of the Editorial Board also deserve special recognition for supporting Econometrics in its initial and subsequent stages of development. I am pleased to report that the Editorial Board continues to grow, with recognized experts in the field, and reflects the increasing range and reach of econometrics (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/econometrics/editors).Econometrics has published a number of very successful Special Issues that focus on recent developments in a particular field, and I would like to thank the Guest Editors of these Special Issues for their support. In the area of Special Issues, a recent development of note is the commission of a series of Special Issues under the general heading of “Celebrated Econometricians”, the first three of which will be dedicated to the work and influence of David Hendry, Soren Johansen and Katarina Juselius, and Peter Phillips. This series will be overseen by the EiC and two specially appointed Series Editors, Professor Christopher Gilbert (SAIS Bologna Center, Johns Hopkins University, https://sites.google.com/site/christopherlesliegilbert/home) and Professor Duo Qin (Department of Economics, SOAS, University of London, https://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/staff60855.php). For more details on this exciting project see (https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1146/4/3/35).Editorial StructureEiC:Professor Marc PaolellaDepartment of Banking and Finance, University of Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandWebsite: http://www.bf.uzh.ch/cms/en/paolella.marc.htmlDeputy EiC:Professor In ChoiDepartment of Economics, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu Seoul, 121-742 KoreaWebsite: http://inchoi.sogang.ac.kr/Professor Steve CookDepartment of Economics, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, Wales, UKWebsite: http://www.swansea.ac.uk/staff/som/academic-staff/s.cook/Professor Jeffrey S. RacineDepartment of Economics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M4, CanadaWebsite: http://www.economics.mcmaster.ca/people/racinej © 2016 by the author; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Patterson, K. Editorial Announcement. Econometrics 2016, 4, 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/econometrics4040040 AMA Style Patterson K. Editorial Announcement. Econometrics. 2016; 4(4):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/econometrics4040040 Chicago/Turabian Style Patterson, Kerry. 2016. "Editorial Announcement" Econometrics 4, no. 4: 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/econometrics4040040 Find Other Styles Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here. Article Metrics No No Article Access Statistics For more information on the journal statistics, click here. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.

Wildfire effects on road surface erosion, deposition, and road–stream connectivity

AbstractHigh and moderate severity wildfires should increase sediment production from unpaved roads due to the increased surface runoff from upslope, and increase road–stream connectivity due to the decrease in downslope surface roughness as well as the increase in surface runoff and erosion. Because no study has documented these effects, we surveyed road surface erosion features and quantified road–stream connectivity as a function of fire severity and road segment characteristics. The data were collected one year after the High Park wildfire from 141 hydrologically distinct road segments along 6.8 km of an unpaved road west of Fort Collins, Colorado. Road segments below areas burned at high and moderate severity had significantly more rills than road segments below areas that burned at low severity. Road segment slope was an important control on the proportion of segment length with rills, and the strength of the relationship between road segment slope and the amount of rilling increased with burn severity. Flatter road segments tended to capture the sediment eroded from upslope burned areas. In areas burned at high and moderate severity all of the road segments had drainage features extending to a stream, and 78% of the segments in areas burned at low severity also were connected. These exceptionally high rates of road–stream connectivity are attributed to the increased runoff from upslope, the segment‐scale collection and funneling of hillslope and road surface runoff to a single drainage point, and the reduced infiltration and trapping capacity of the burned area below the road. The results show the need to either outslope the roads or increase the frequency of constructed drainage features after wildfires, particularly for steeper road segments in areas burned at high or moderate severity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sydney Street West: a first place for science in Wellington

ABSTRACTThe Colonial Museum accommodated geological work and a small Colonial Laboratory adjacent was used for analytical chemistry in Sydney Street West from 1865. A larger Colonial Laboratory was built in 1905, from which activities soon expanded into the neighbouring ‘Vaccine Station’ and ‘Museum House’. The establishment of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) in 1926 and the extension of Bowen Street in the 1930s prompted the acquisition of residential properties built by Walter Godfrey Mantell (the son of scientist and politician Walter Baldock Durrant Mantell) and other neighbouring houses for scientific purposes. DSIR divisions decamped in the 1950s and 1960s, and the buildings were demolished, replaced by high-rise offices and a motorway overbridge.

High Ni Layered Oxide Cathode Materials - Choice of Future High Energy Density Cells

Fu Zhou1, Lixin Wang1, Santo Iaconetti1, Yuehui Yin2, Bo Peng2, Yuan Yuan2 and Derek Johnson1 A123 Systems, 200 West Street, Waltham, MA 02451Wanxiang A123 System Asia Co., Ltd, No. 118 Jianshe No. 2 Road , Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou 311215, China PRC Lithium ion batteries have already dominated the portable electronics market and are now penetrating into the electrified vehicle market with at a rapid pace. In order to accelerate the adoption of electrified vehicles, increasing cruise range before recharging is a necessity, requiring ever-increasing energy density from the lithium ion battery systems. For the delivery of high energy density, new generation of cathode materials are under development. Among all the candidates, high Ni layered oxide provides the best chance of fulfilling all the challenging demands. A123 Systems, LLC is now working hard to integrate the high Ni layered oxide into next generation products capable of delivering ≥ 250 Wh/kg specific energy and ≥ 600 Wh/L energy density with favorable cycle/calendar life and safety performances. A123 Systems, LLC is well known as a supplier of high power lithium ion batteries using lithium iron phosphate. This paper reviews A123 strategy to expand its focus to also provide safe, high energy batteries, positioned for the EV market.

Erratum to: 2-D Clinostat for Simulated Microgravity Experiments with Arabidopsis Seedlings

6 School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, 336, West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, China Wang et al.: 2-D Clinostat for Simulated Microgravity Experiments with Arabidopsis Seedlings Microgravity Sci. Technol. 28, 59–66 (2016). doi:10.1007/s12217-015-94781 was published in an earlier issue instead of being included in this “Topical issue on Ground-Based Facilities”.

Seasonal abundance of Pyrodinium bahamense (order Peridiniales, family Gonyaulacaceae) in Mosquito Bay, Vieques, Puerto Rico

*Corresponding author: Marc Albrecht, Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 905 West 25th Street, Kearney, NE 68849, USA. Tel: (308) 865-8713 E-mail: albrechtm@unk.edu Foundation Project: Supported by a grant from the University of Nebraska Research Services Council (2003-18). The journal implements double-blind peer review practiced by specially invited international editorial board members.

Life's Engines: How Microbes Made Earth Habitable

Paul G. Falkowski. 2015. Life's Engines: How Microbes Made Earth Habitable. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, U.S.A., ISBN 978–0–691–15537, 205 pp., $24.95. Microbes rule the land and sea, always have and always will. They were the first life forms on Earth, dating back nearly 4 billion years, and their presence changed the chemistry of the planet and allowed for the evolution of higher life forms, including humans. As Louis Pasteur stated more than a century ago, “The very great is achieved by the very small.” Ironically, microorganisms were among the last life forms to be discovered and many of their vital secrets have not yet been revealed to the scientific world. What is known about the hidden world of the microbes and their fundamental roles in sustaining planetary habitability is insightfully revealed by Paul Falkowski in this authoritative, comprehensive, and delightful book. The author is uniquely qualified, perhaps singularly so, to cover topics ranging over broad time and space scales with a scholarly, transdisciplinary perspective that ranges from fundamental physics and chemistry, to Earth and ocean sciences, to ecology and evolution. I cannot think of any other scientist who would accept such a challenge. Falkowski's new book is very engaging and leaves the reader not only with an important scientific framework of Earth's history but also with important questions that reach even beyond our current understanding into an unknown world that is ripe for further exploration and discovery. The writing style is unique and, for those fortunate enough to know the author, “classic Falko.” He is a gifted scientist and writer, and legendary storyteller. Falkowski's epic scientific journey through time begins in a New York City housing project at the edge of Harlem. While still in his first decade of life, and with the curiosity of a child, Paul started to grow guppies and algae in his newly acquired aquarium. A few years later, his father bought him a microscope and, for the first time, he was able to explore the invisible world of microorganisms living within his aquarium. He supplemented his observations by reading books that he borrowed from the local public library. In his early teens, Paul discovered and explored a second invisible world—electromagnetic radiation. So began his lifelong quest to understand the “global electronic circuit of life” and the waypoints of Earth's history that led to the establishment of a habitable planet. Life's Engines: How Microbes Made Earth Habitable is a very personal story of Professor Falkowski's own journey through science, interwoven by historical accounts of relevant people and their discoveries in science, humanities, and the arts. The journey includes 11 chapters that step the reader through the origin of our solar system (Chapter 3, The World Before Time), the origin of microbes (Chapter 4, Life's Little Engines), and the eventual emergence of multicellular life forms (Chapter 8, Supersizing in Wonderland). Without a doubt, my personal favorites were Chapter 1 (The Missing Microbes), and Chapter 10 (The Tinkerers). It must have been difficult to cover more than 10 billion years in just 205 pages, but I must admit that Falkowski did a remarkable job highlighting the most significant waypoints in the origin and evolution of planetary metabolism, with appropriate homage to the microbial inhabitants of our planet. Unlike Aquatic Photosynthesis (Falkowski and Raven, second edition, 2013), Life's Engines: How Microbes Made Earth Habitable is not a textbook, an encyclopedic treatise, or a novel, although it has elements of all three. Rather, it is an informative, authoritative, and personal account of “what matters” for planetary sustainability and, therefore, is recommended to all global citizens, taxpayers, and policy makers, regardless of their specific role in society. It is a “must read” for practitioners in the geosciences, especially undergraduate and graduate students with an interest in life on Earth. Finally, I should add that this book is part of Princeton University Press' Science Essential Series that collectively provide a foundation for a better understanding of the scientific and technical advances changing our world. After reading Falkowski's Life Engines: How Microbes Made Earth Habitable, you might wish to check out a few others in the series. I surely will. Reviewed by David M. Karl, Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C–MORE), University of Hawaii, C–MORE Hale, 1950 East West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; dkarl@hawaii.edu

A Long View of a West Coast Road: Paradise Drive by Rebecca Foust

A Long View of a West Coast Road: Paradise Drive by Rebecca Foust

Comparing Geospatial Ontologies with Indigenous Conceptualizations of Time

GIScience 2016 Short Paper Proceedings Comparing Geospatial Ontologies with Indigenous Conceptualizations of Time Genevieve Reid 1 , Renee Sieber 1 McGill University, Department of Geography, Burnside Hall Building, Room 705, 805 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B9 Email: genevieve.reid@mail.mcgill.ca renee.sieber@mcgill.ca Abstract The geographic domain has widely been studied in ontology research. However, integrating the conceptualization of time and temporal referencing of geographic concepts in data models is a complex task that has by no means been “solved”. Existing geospatial ontologies have adopted a space-time model that, for example, distinguishes endurant entities (lasting through time, e.g., fixed natural features) from perdurant entities (e.g., processes or events). Such a model might exclude indigenous conceptualizations of time that are far more sophisticated. We find that conventional ontologies make assumptions about time that fail to take into consideration indigenous notions including: 1. Time is not linear; 2. Nothing is completely fixed in time; 3. Time has agency; and 4. Time is not temporal but social. 1. Time and Geospatial Ontologies In GIScience, indigenous conceptualizations of space and time have been depicted as being in direct opposition to those used to design geospatial technologies (Rundstrom 1995; Veland et al. 2014). Indeed, geospatial technologies emphasize a more static view of the world that is often inconsistent with indigenous perspectives on space and time. Compared with geographic features, notions of time have received less attention both in geospatial ontologies and in indigenous ontologies research. Time and temporal referencing of geographic concepts are nonetheless challenging to geospatial ontologies applied in indigenous contexts. Including indigenous conceptualizations in geospatial ontologies and in the Geospatial Semantic Web is crucial. Wellen and Sieber (2013) argue that developing an inclusive semantic interoperability is not only possible, but also critical to ensure future accessibility of geospatial technologies for indigenous communities, and minimize loss and misinterpretation of information when geospatial ontologies are used to record indigenous knowledge. 1.1 Endurant/Perdurant Model An important contribution to the conceptualization of time in geospatial ontology development, was the distinction between endurant objects that endure through time and perdurant objects that happen in a certain time (e.g., processes or events) (Agarwal 2005). Grenon and Smith (2004) propose a spatio-temporal ontology of change and processes called SNAP/SPAN based on the duality endurant/perdurant. The SNAP/SPAN model distinguishes endurant entities, which have spatial properties, from perdurant entities, which have temporal properties. Temporal intervals and instants describe perdurant entities through linear time. Even though the SNAP/SPAN distinction is widely adopted in geospatial ontologies (Agarwal 2005), philosophical assumptions about time behind this model can fundamentally differ from indigenous conceptualizations.

The Philosophical Dialogue: A Poetics and a Hermeneutics by VittorioHösle, trans. StevenRendell (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2012), xii + 217 pp.

Modern TheologyVolume 32, Issue 1 p. 120-123 Review The Philosophical Dialogue: A Poetics and a Hermeneutics by Vittorio Hösle, trans. Steven Rendell ( Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2012), xii + 217 pp. Catherine Pickstock, Catherine Pickstock cjp15@cam.ac.uk Faculty of Divinity, University of Cambridge, West Road, Cambridge, CB3 9BS UKSearch for more papers by this author Catherine Pickstock, Catherine Pickstock cjp15@cam.ac.uk Faculty of Divinity, University of Cambridge, West Road, Cambridge, CB3 9BS UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 December 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/moth.12225Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume32, Issue1January 2016Pages 120-123 RelatedInformation

Contingency and Constraint

Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) 11 West 53rd Street, New York, NY 10019 http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2015/onewayticket/ Admission: USD 25/18/14 “I pick up my life, / And take it with me, / And I put it down in Chicago, Detroit, / Buff alo, Scranton, / Any place that is / North and East, / And not Dixie.” Th ese are the opening lines from “One-Way Ticket,” by African-American poet, Langston Hughes (1902–1967). Th e poem provides the emotional and historical core of the “Migration” paintings by Jacob Lawrence (1917–2000), a series that depicts the extraordinary internal migration of African Americans in the twentieth century. Not coincidentally, the poem also provides the title of the current exhibition of the sixty paintings in Lawrence’s series, on display at MoMA, New York, from 3 April to 7 September 2015.1 Shown together for the first time in over twenty years, the paintings are surrounded by works that provide context for the “great migration”: additional paintings by Lawrence, as well as paintings, drawings, photographs, texts, and musical recordings by other African-American artists, writers, and performers of the early to mid-twentieth century.

Development and Factor Analysis of the Protective Factors Index: A Report Card Section Related to the Work of School Counselors

Gwen Bass is a doctoral researcher at the Ronald H. Fredrickson Center for School Counseling Outcome Research at the University of Massachusetts. Ji Hee Lee is a doctoral student at Korea University in South Korea and Center Fellow of the Ronald H. Frederickson Center for School Counseling Outcome Research at the University of Massachusetts. Craig Wells is an Associate Professor at the University of Massachusetts. John C. Carey is a Professor of School Counseling and the Director of the Ronald H. Frederickson Center for School Counseling Outcome Research at the University of Massachusetts. Sangmin Lee is an Associate Professor at Korea University. Correspondence can be addressed to Gwen Bass, School of Cognitive Science, Adele Simmons Hall, Hampshire College, 893 West Street, Amherst, MA 01002, gjbass@gmail.com. Gwen Bass, Ji Hee Lee, Craig Wells, John C. Carey, Sangmin Lee Development and Factor Analysis of the Protective Factors Index: A Report Card Section Related to the Work of School Counselors