West Slavic Languages Research Articles

Методика и критерии идентификации полонизмов литовского языка

The methodology and criteria of identification of Polish loanwords in Lithuanian
 The article examines the methodology and criteria of identification of Polish loan words in Lithuanian. Also etymology, peculiar developments, and trends in the infiltration of these borrowings are discussed. The following conclusions are proposed based on our analysis: 1) Polonisms in Lithuanian can be divided into three groups, based on the principles of (α) establishing the primary source of the variants of the Lithuanian word (through areal distribution), and (β) the words’ phonetic, morphological and semantic identity (correlated with the modulation of α). Also taken into account are peculiarities in the usage of the primary forms (not necessarily in the inherited layer) on the West Slavic ground, and their secondary variants in the East Slavic languages (based on the influence of factors α and β). The resulting three groups are: I. mo n o g e n i c (i.e. homogenous, not represented in the vocabulary of the East Slavic languages (based on factor α)), II. i n d e t e r m i n a t e (due to the presence of variants of loanwords from Polish in East Slavic vocabulary (factor α) in different time periods), III. a l t e r n a t i v e (III.1. forms belonging to the inherited layer, characteristic of Polish and one of the East Slavic languages (with regard to factor α); III.2. doublet variants of foreign origin, derived from a different primary source; III.3. Semipolonisms). 2) The kg digraph is one of the crucial characteristics that allows Polish loanwords in Lithuanian to be divided into the monogenic, indeterminate, and alternative. It is attested in the structure of Old Belorussian lexemes, and it reflects the phonetic feature of the Belorussian explosive velar consonant г /g/ in loanwords and in words of the inherited layer, in combinations with other consonants: зг, дзг, and джг. 3) Spirantization of the West Slavic sonant *ȓ (> ř /ź/ or /ś/), when the temporal factor is taken into account (the process operated till the 17th c.), is a feature of paramount importance as it allows Lithuanian words to be identified and attributed to either Polish or Belorussian. 4) The phenomenon of vocalization of the Polish lateral sonant ł (the shift to /ṷ/), also known as vavation, is reflected in those loanwords in Lithuanian which belong to a later period, in dialectal forms, and also in Belorussian lexemes, and it regulates the division of borrowings into Polonisms and Belorussianisms. 5) When attributing loanwords based on differences in vowels, it is their place in the system that should be considered, not their pronunciation. 6) The etymological status of the borrowing is determined by a match between the semantic value of the word in Lithuanian, and the original form in the West and/or East Slavic languages. 7) The fact that the Polish etymon is itself of East Slavic origin, has no influence on the establishing of the status of Polonism for a borrowing into Lithuanian (so-called secondary Polonisms).

Leksičke osobitosti odrješenja grijeha u Klimantovićevu zborniku iz 1512. godine

This paper presents the lexical and linguistic characteristics of absolution of sins in the Croatian Church Slavonic Klimantović’s Miscellany I, in which the patterns of release and absolution from sin are powerful oral mechanism adjusted to population of that time. In the analysis, the author used her own transliteration of the miscellany. Considered are the sacraments of reconciliation in chapters 32. Otrišenie op’ĉeno, 36. Ovo ẽod’rišenie od’rišiti od’ velikoga prok’lats’tvaand 37. Ovo estьod’rišenie od’rišiti nemoĉnika muž’ku i žen’sku gl vu. The study shows how much the language is considered archaic in those chapters as well as how much there are younger lexical influences, conditioned primarily by neighborly contacts that influenced vernacular. Archaic features of the vocabulary are recorded in domestic words from Protoslavic period as well as from dialectal Protoslavic layers, with a significant number of Moravisms (West Slavic lexemes) such as zakonь, suffix -kratь, adjective nebes’ki, verb otpustiti. Contribution to that are loanwords from Protoslavic period. Among other linguistic features, confirmations of archaic features are the older verb present tense forms -ši. The rejuvenation of lexis is obvious in the influence of vernacular on texts of absolution – in many Italianisms that entered into our system directly through Čakavian dialect such as eneralь, pun’ta, purgatorii, and in numerous Croatisms as a result of direct influence of vernacular which is not part of a joint Church Slavonic and Croatian lexis such as personal pronoun ĵa, the dative singular mani, interrogative pronoun čakoli, connective ako. Also, among other linguistic features are present for example younger suffixes -ega, -oga of the genitive singular of adjectives and pronouns.

Cross-linguistic Analysis of Metaphorical Conceptions of душа/dusza/duša (ʻsoulʼ) in Slavic Languages (Russian, Polish, and Croatian)

<p>The concept of soul serves as a cue to revealing and understanding existential representation of human immaterial nature in different cultures, thus being one of the basic elements which forms the linguistic picture of the world fixed in national mentality. A great body of research is based on the idea that the concept of soul concerns several key issues in human life: the source of life, cognition and emotion, personality traits, social relationships, and human destiny. The concept of soul has been actively studied from mythological, religious, philosophic, cognitive, sociological and psychological perspectives. A number of authors have analyzed the concept of soul from the point of view of its linguistic representation in different languages: Wierzbicka (1989; 1992); Shmelev (1997); Mikheev (1999); Vardanyan (2007); Kolesnikova (2011); Tszin (2010); Uryson (1999); etc. Our research differs from the previous ones in the sense that it is cross-linguistic, corpus-based and cognitive in nature. This paper is an attempt to carry out a cross-linguistic, corpus-based and cognitive analysis of the concept in question in three Slavic languages: Russian (East Slavic), Polish (West Slavic), and Croatian (South Slavic).</p>

Общие элементы языковой картины мира в «русской культурной зоне»

The linguistic image of the world has been in the focus of linguistic studies in the late 20th century. This problem has close contact with the character of national mentality, which is reflected in the structures of national language. This paper examines the character of Russian folk language, which has specific structures that are not typical for West-Slavic languages. My aim is to make a structural comparison of Russian and West Slavic languages with languages of the East-Euroasiatic area. This comparative research reveals a number of similarities in the vocabulary, phraseology, derivation, and syntax of the languages in the examined territory. The specific element of Russian folk language is the coordinative compound, which is a typical structure of the East-Euroasiatic languages. This type of derivation is not used in West Slavic languages, which is proved by results of our comparative research. The semantic, morphologic, and phonetic parallels between Russian, Finno-Ugric, Turkish, and other Asiatic languages explore the common feature of the linguistic image of the world. This similarity has been formed by cultural and linguistic contacts in the area referred to as the “Russian cultural zone” by N. S. Trubetzkoy.

Genetic variation in the Sorbs of eastern Germany in the context of broader European genetic diversity

Population isolates have long been of interest to genetic epidemiologists because of their potential to increase power to detect disease-causing genetic variants. The Sorbs of Germany are considered as cultural and linguistic isolates and have recently been the focus of disease association mapping efforts. They are thought to have settled in their present location in eastern Germany after a westward migration from a largely Slavic-speaking territory during the Middle Ages. To examine Sorbian genetic diversity within the context of other European populations, we analyzed genotype data for over 30 000 autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms from over 200 Sorbs individuals. We compare the Sorbs with other European individuals, including samples from population isolates. Despite their geographical proximity to German speakers, the Sorbs showed greatest genetic similarity to Polish and Czech individuals, consistent with the linguistic proximity of Sorbian to other West Slavic languages. The Sorbs also showed evidence of subtle levels of genetic isolation in comparison with samples from non-isolated European populations. The level of genetic isolation was less than that observed for the Sardinians and French Basque, who were clear outliers on multiple measures of isolation. The finding of the Sorbs as only a minor genetic isolate demonstrates the need to genetically characterize putative population isolates, as they possess a wide range of levels of isolation because of their different demographic histories.

The Left Periphery: The Interaction of Syntax, Pragmatics, and Prosody in Czech (review)

Reviewed by: The Left Periphery: The Interaction of Syntax, Pragmatics, and Prosody in Czech Ivona Kučerová Anne Sturgeon. The Left Periphery: The interaction of syntax, pragmatics, and prosody in Czech. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. 143 pp. [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 129.] This monograph, based on the author's doctoral dissertation, provides a novel investigation of various types of left dislocation strategies in Czech, in particular Contrastive Left Dislocation (CLD) and two varieties of Hanging Topic Left Dislocation (HTLD). The aim is to fill a gap in the description of this phenomenon in the West Slavic languages. While left dislocation has been widely discussed in the Chomskyan generative tradition for the Romance and Germanic languages, relatively little has been written about Czech. The author provides an exhaustive description of the data and shows how the data may be analyzed within the current state-of-the-art approaches to Germanic left dislocation. Even though Czech left dislocation strategies have not been the subject of much Chomskyan generative investigation, they have not gone unnoticed in the Czech functionalist tradition of the Prague linguistic circle. One of the main virtues of the monograph, apart from its empirical contribution, is the fact that it brings the results of functionalist approaches to the attention of the Chomskyan reader. Chapter 1 opens the monograph by sketching the phenomenon and the analysis to be proposed. The structure of the left periphery in Czech, a necessary background for the proposal, is investigated in chapter 2. Sturgeon closely follows the analysis of Czech sentential structure that is proposed in Veselovská 1995. Veselovská's analysis was developed within the GB framework, and her treatment of Czech is rather conservative in the sense that Czech sentential structure does not crucially differ from the sentential structure of English. Sturgeon recasts Veselovská's result within the Minimalist Program and examines the validity of Veselovská's assumptions. Interestingly, Sturgeon disagrees with Veselovská's analysis with respect to the relative height of elements in the left periphery. While for Veselovská a significant number of dislocations related to information structure target the CP area, Sturgeon argues that there is no empirical need to posit an expanded [End Page 143] CP domain. An analysis that puts the landing site of Focus, Contrastive Topic, and Topic elements within an expanded IP will do as well. 1. The proposed structure of the left periphery (p. 20, sturgeon's (25)): Two assumptions are crucial here: (i) movement to Spec IP may be triggered by the EPP, and (ii) A-bar movement may be discourse motivated, and therefore does not need to target a feature-specific A-bar position, such as Topic Phrase or Focus Phrase, Consequently, the specifier of IP may be either an A- or an A-bar position. In showing that (1) is an appropriate analysis of Czech, Sturgeon relies on Lenertová (2001), who noticed that in Czech multiple wh-movement does not target the CP area, since clitics and adverbials may appear between the wh-elements, as witnessed by (2) (p, 26, Sturgeon's (39)). The data lend further support to the analysis of multiple wh-movement in West Slavic as proposed in Meyer 2003, 2004. [End Page 144] 2. Kde jsi (včera večer) koho (včera večer) komu where AUX2sg last night whoacc last night whodat představila? introduced 'Where did you introduce who to whom last night?' Lit: 'Where (last night) who (last night) to who introduced?' Chapter 3 investigates the syntax of left dislocation. In her analysis, Sturgeon closely follows the proposal of Grohmann (2003) for German. Sturgeon argues that Czech, like German, has three distinct left dislocation strategies: Contrastive Left Dislocation (CLD), as in (3), and two varieties of Hanging Topic Left Dislocation (HTLD), as exemplified in (4) and (5). 3. Ostatně toho draka, toho by si mohl jedině besides that dragoruacc thatacc cond3sg REFL could so only namalovat. drawinf 'Besides, that dragon, he would only be able to draw it…' (Czech National Corpus) 4. Anička? Té se nic nestalo. Aničkanom thatdat REFL nothing NEG-happened 'Anička? Nothing happened to her.' (Czech National Corpus) 5...

Out of the Communist frying pan and into the EU fire? Exploring the case of Kashubian

A language currently at the nexus of change is Kashubian (in Polish: kaszubski), a West Slavic language spoken in northern Poland in the province of Pomerania. Termed a ‘regional language’ by the Polish government in preparation for the ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (signed in 2003 and ratified in 2008), it presents interesting parallels with other minority languages at different phases, in terms of its weak economic status and a history of repression. The impact of Poland's accession to the EU in 2004 and the Polish government's recent revitalisation initiatives will be explored. The views of three prominent Kashubian activists are considered as they reflect on the past, present and future of Kashubian. Issues considered include the changing status of Kashubian and the impact of such change on identity, the role of Catholicism in supporting Kashubian and the need for development in the spheres of literature and education. Of particular interest is a consideration of the effect on the language's visibility and status as a result of having a Kashub, Donald Tusk, become Prime Minister in October 2007, following decades of neglect and denial of Kashubian's status as a language under Communism, and he is one of those interviewed here.

The Development of Proto-Slavic Quantity (from Proto-Slavic to Modem Slavic Languages)

Inhalt:A. ANGUSHEVA: Ancient Medical Knowledge of the Woman's Body in the Medieval Slavic Context: the Case of the Prague Manuscript IXF10; M. GAWEŁKO: La perspective indo-européenne de l'impersonnel polonais; G. HOLZER: Zur relativen Datierung prosodischer Prozesse im Gemeinslavischen und frühen Kroatischen; M. KAPOVIĆ: The Development of Proto-Slavic Quantity (from Proto-Slavic to Modern Slavic Languages); F. KORTLANDT: From Serbo-Croatian to Indo-European; J. KRZYSZTOFORSKA-DOSCHEK: Źródła mitów i legend polskich. O Kraku – władcy Lechitów, o Smoku i Wawelu; U. PATZKE: Konzessive Konnektive im Russischen; S. SIMONEK: Europäisierung als Verheißung oder Bedrohung? Ein vergleichender Blick auf Programmtexte der Moderne in den ostslawischen Literaturen; T. VYKYPĚLOVÁ: Osudy duálových forem ve starší české gramatografii; Materialien; Rezensionen; Buchanzeigen

Upper Sorbian (review)

Reviewed by: Upper Sorbian by Gunter Schaar-schmidt Gary H. Toops Upper Sorbian. By Gunter Schaar-schmidt. (Languages of the world/Materials 160.) Munich: LINCOM Europa, 2002. Pp. 80. ISBN 3895862606. $34.50. Upper Sorbian is the fourth largest of the West Slavic literary languages (after Polish, Czech, and Slovak) and is spoken within the eastern German region of Upper Lusatia, in the state of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen). In this more or less comprehensive sketch of the grammar of Upper Sorbian, Schaar-schmidt maintains that ‘the number of Upper Sorbian speakers does not exceed 53,600’, but his use of the term ‘Upper Sorbian speakers’ apparently encompasses [End Page 186] actual speakers of the various Upper Sorbian dialects as well as users of the Upper Sorbian literary language. Upper Sorbian adheres to the same template as all the other booklet-length grammatical sketches in LINCOM’s ‘Languages of the world/Materials’ series: ‘Socio- and geolinguistic data’ (Part 0), ‘Phonology’ (Part 1), ‘Morphology’ (Part 2), ‘Syntax’ (Part 3), and ‘Texts’ (Part 4). The texts are provided with both word-for-word and comprehensive English translations, and all language samples are followed by English glosses. Part 4 also includes an ‘explanatory glossary’ followed by a list of symbols and abbreviations, a list of literary sources, a bibliography, and a map of ‘the Sorbian language area’. Considering the space limitations imposed by the publisher, S manages to provide a fairly accurate description of the language. However, by failing to distinguish between statal and actional passives—only the latter capable of cooccurring with an agentive ‘by’ (Upper Sorbian wot or přez) phrase—S misconstrues the Upper Sorbian passive voice (43–44, 61–62). His statement that ‘auxiliary deletion is . . . possible in embedded sentences not involving the subjunctive’ (65) is incorrect; the auxiliary deletion to which S refers is actually limited to concessive clauses introduced by the subordinating conjunction byrnjež or runjež ‘although, even if’ (and does ‘involve’ the subjunctive). And S’s rules of clitic placement (58–60) are frequently contradicted by the language samples he cites elsewhere in the booklet (e.g. 54). Worrisome, too, is S’s facile assertion that ‘[t]here was at one time quite a debate as to whether Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian should be considered dialectal variants or separate languages. That debate seems to have settled, with the term “Sorbian” used somewhat like the term “English” ’ (6). This will come as a surprise to those familiar with relatively recent Sorabistic publications like Hinc Šewc’s article ‘Łužiska serbšćina—jedna abo dwě rěči? (Problematika a staw diskusije)’ [‘Lusatian Sorbian—one or two languages? (Scope of the problem and status of the discussion)’] (Lětopis 44.149–59, 1997. Reprinted in Das Sorbische im slawischen Kontext: Ausgewählte Studien, by Heinz Schuster-Šewc, 66–78, Bautzen: Domowina, 2000). In fact, the debate has not ‘settled’ at all nor is it accurate to maintain that the term ‘Sorbian’ is used (by most Sorbs and Sorabists) ‘like the term “English” ’. Echoing an isolated statement published by a member of the Sorbian Institute (Eduard Werner, Studien zum sorbischen Verbum, Bautzen: Domowina, 1996, p. 13), S further claims that ‘[e]specially in the case of younger-generation speakers . . . aspect plays only a subordinate role’ (35). Not only does S thereby fail to specify to what he considers aspect to be ‘subordinate’ (tense? aspectuality? derivation?), but he also ignores the published assessment of another, prominent Sorabist that ‘by and large, the aspectual system of both Upper and Lower Sorbian (even of colloquial and dialectal varieties, where German influence is strongest) is intact’ (Gerald Stone, ‘Sorbian [Upper and Lower]’, The Slavonic languages, ed. by Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett, London: Routledge, 1993 [2001], p. 636). An 80-page compendium of Upper Sorbian grammar is a worthwhile undertaking and has its scholarly merits. The shortcomings delineated above could easily be remedied within the editorial parameters of the LINCOM series; therefore, a revised, corrected edition of S’s Upper Sorbian would be as feasible as it would be welcome. Gary H. Toops Wichita State University Copyright © 2004 Linguistic Society of America

Das Slowenische und seine Bedeutung für die vergleichende Betrachtung der slawischen Sprachen

Slovene as a South Slavic language shares some common features not only with other South Slavic languages, but also with West Slavic languages. But it is also important for comparative studies with Balkan languages, because Slovene has beside a well-known tendency for synthetism, e.g. the dual and the supine after verbs of motion, a tendancy for analytism. In spite of these peculiarities Slovene is not a Balkan language, it doesn't belong to the Balkan Sprachbund.

Klitika im Slavischen: Sind sie immer optimal?

The following paper is concerned with the syntax of Slavic clitics, drawing relevant generalizations across the array of West and South Slavic languages. The study concentrates on two contemporarily discussed approaches of generative grammar, the Minimalist Program (MP) and the Theroy of Optimality (OT). Section 1 provides a short introduction, section 2 gives some basic facts on the phonological and prosodic requirements of the grammar of clitics, section 3 is concerned with the morphosyntax of two types of clitics (simple and special clitics), whereas section 4 summarizes the Slavic data of different clitic classes. In section 5 some derivational approaches of a formal analysis of the clitics in generative grammar are demonstrated. Section 6 presents an alternative analysis of clitics based on some recent results of OT.

The study of language 2nd edn. By George Yule (review)

BOOK NOTICES 449 ture (the whole network of relevant socioculturel conventions), and reference (the subject matter of a text). To the extent that texts represent direct interactions , they should be studied as dialogic structures; and this is where conversational or discourse analysis comes in. F illustrates his treatment of conversational features by discussing sequencing, speech acts, and implicature (what is said 'between the lines'). It is useful, and indeed may be necessary for the full understanding of a text, to distinguish between the story and the point of view from which the story is told. In Ch. 9 F discusses four different points of view: ideological, phraseological, spatial-temporal, and psychological. Different points of view may be communicated by different registers of language, register defined as 'a distinctive use of language to fulfill a particular communicative function in a particular kind of situation' (191). Languages vary a great deal with regard to the meanings they encode, even in what would seem to be basic (universal) areas and structures of experience. The ways in which the linguistic organization ofa text relates to world view is the topic of Ch. 1 1 . Summary and conclusions follow in Ch. 12. The author, professor of English and linguistics at the University of East Anglia, has written several books on linguistics and literature. Since the contributions of practitioners in these two fields are rarely interdisciplinary, F's book should be of special interest to students of both language and literature. [Zdenek Salzmann, Northern Arizona University.] Cesky jazykovy atlas. [The Czech linguistic atlas.] By Jan Balhar, Pavel Jancák and others. Vol. 1 . Praha: Academia , 1992. Pp. 427; Vol. 2. Praha: Academia, 1997. Pp. 507. The purpose of this book notice is to call attention to the appearance of the second of five projected volumes of the Czech linguistic atlas. It is the last among the atlases dealing with West Slavic languages , and, judging by the first two volumes, it has been worth waiting for. The material for the atlas was gathered by seventeen members of the Dialectological Department ofthe Institute for the Czech Language of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. The field research for this work was conducted between 1964 and 1972 in 420 rural localities and between 1973 and 1976 in 57 urban areas. The informants as a rule were members ofthe old generation —men and women who were born and grew up before World War I. The recorded usages therefore represent the oldest ascertainable state of local dialects . In cities, the data were elicited especially from elderly craftspersons and manual workers, but in the cities ofthe newly resettled border areas, information was gathered from the members ofthe young generation who had grown up there and whose speech represents the relatively fixed contemporary local standard . The work has several features that dialectologists will appreciate. In addition to data concerning the oldest layer of traditional rural dialects, it also gives information about the urban speech of both the younger and older generations in the country's interior . When complete, the atlas will document the contemporary geographic differentiation of various aspects of nonliterary Czech spoken in Bohemia, Moravia, and the Czech-speaking part of Silesia. The first two volumes are devoted to the lexicon and cover nouns, verbs, and adjectives having to do with the local environment, the household, the farmstead , farmwork, the physical aspects of human beings, and social life (Vol. 1); gardens and orchards, fauna, flora, forests, time, weather, the village in earlier times and today, entertainment, and customs (Vol. 2). Each map is accompanied by a commentary subdivided into seven sections: (1) a listing of the elicited dialectal equivalents of the headword; (2) discussion ofthe meaning of the headword and of the significant differences among the dialectal terms; (3) a brief description of the map to facilitate the reader's overall orientation; (4) a characterization of the mapped expressions as to their relationship with West Slavic languages, and a brief etymology; (5) equivalent terms recorded in selected Czech-speaking villages in Poland, former Yugoslavia, and Romania; (6) references to related entries in West Slavic linguistic atlases and two general linguistic atlases; and, only exceptionally, (7) references to closely related entries...

A Slavic-Baltic-Finnic-Hebridean Sprachbund?

One topic in typological linguistics that has generated a small but fairly steady stream of discussion is the concept of a Northern European linguistic area (see, e.g., Wagner 1962; Broderick and Ureland, eds 1991:19, and the accompanying literature cited). Such studies have mainly concentrated on phonetic and phonological parallels. The purpose of this article is to note some apparent syntactic parallels from the same area, and to discuss briefly some of the possible implications. In previous articles (Orr 1989, 1991, 1992), I have drawn attention to several syntactic parallels between Slavic and Celtic, especially Russian (R) on the one hand and Goidelic (Irish and Scottish Gaelic (SG)) on the other, based partly on Isaeenko's division of European languages into have-languages (H-languages mostly Romance, Germanic, West Slavic, and parts of East Slavic, South Slavic and Baltic) and be-languages (B-languages mostly Russian, Latvian, and Uralic) (see below, and Isaeenko 1974, Orr 1989 and 1992 for discussion). In this article I wish to continue this analysis from a slightly different angle, using in this article mainly examples from SG, although many of the parallels cited could apply equally to Irish.

The Spread of Athematic 1sg -m in the Major West Slavic Languages

L'A. examine un evenement linguistique inhabituel dans lequel un morpheme qui se limite generalement a une tres petite classe d'items lexicaux devient hautement productif

Phonological Space and System Simplification: Coronal Spirants and Affricates in Sorbian and Other West Slavic Languages

O. One of the few Sorbian innovations in the area of phonology is the treatment of *r and *r' in the environment after voiceless stops, i. e., ρ t k. In that environment, r and r' changed into a spirant or affricate at some point in the historical development of the two Sorbian languages. The assibilation of r and r' is reminiscent of a similar change in Czech and Polish; however, chronology, conditions, and results of assibilation in these two languages are sufficiently different from that in Sorbian to warrant the assumption of at least partially distinct developments. The present article will (1) review briefly the literature dealing with assibilation in Sorbian (section 1 .); (2) examine in more detail the chronology of assibilation in Sorbian and the relationship of this process with assibilation in Czech and Polish (section 2.); and (3) describe the structural consequences of assibilation in the Sorbian dialects (section 3.). The goal of our investigation is to show that while the assimilatory change of r after/? / k is an internal Sorbian development not shared with other Northwest Slavic languages, the assibilation of the resulting voiceless r in Sorbian is part of a general tendency towards the assibilation of alveodental stops in a large area of West Slavic. The contemporary assibilized reflexes of r, referred to henceforth as f, in various environments in LS, US, P, and Cz are given in Table I below. For the sake of comparison, the CS and R forms are also included

Aspects of the Slavic Language Question. Vol. I: Church Slavonic, South Slavic, West Slavic

Aspects of the Slavic Language Question. Vol. I: Church Slavonic, South Slavic, West Slavic

Aspects of the Slavic Language Question. Volume I: Church Slavonic— South Slavic—West Slavic. Edited by Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, assisted by Susanne Fusso. Yale Russian and East European Publications, no. 4a. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Concilium on International and Area Studies, 1984. ix, 416 pp. Maps. $35.00.

Aspects of the Slavic Language Question. Volume I: Church Slavonic— South Slavic—West Slavic. Edited by Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, assisted by Susanne Fusso. Yale Russian and East European Publications, no. 4a. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Concilium on International and Area Studies, 1984. ix, 416 pp. Maps. $35.00.