West Region Of Cameroon Research Articles

Access to and Repayment of Agricultural Credit in the Face of COVID 19

Purpose: Gender differences in access to and repayment of loans seem to be the reason behind the persistent subsistence and small-scale nature of most agribusinesses in Cameroon. This study examines access to and repayment of agricultural credit in the face of COVID 19 in the West Region of Cameroon building on evidence from selected microfinance institutions in the West Region of Cameroon. Specifically, the study mirrors gender differences in microfinance loan disbursements and repayments, determinants of loan repayment, and constraints to loan access and loan repayment during the period of COVID 19. Method: The purposive sampling technique was employed to select 100 farmers who had access to agricultural credit in three villages in the West Region of Cameroon. A pre-tested questionnaire was used for primary data collection and secondary data was collected from microfinance institutions and the internet. Collected data were analyzed employing tables, frequencies, t-test, and regression analysis. Results: Findings indicated that there was a positive insignificant difference in the amount of credit received and repaid by male farmers than that of the female farmers. The male and female have equal access to credit and the same repayment capacities (R2 = 0.55 or 55%). Loan repayment was statistically and significantly determined by loan amount, interest rate, and time lag for repayment at the 5% significance level. Serious constraints to loan access were lack of sensitization, lack of collateral security, and illiteracy while major constraints to loan repayment were family commitment, price fluctuation, crop failure, high cost of production, and interest payment. Implications: Increasing the ceiling for loan amount approved for farmers and curbing excessive bureaucratic procedures would ensure minimal diversion of the loans, higher income for the farmers, and hence better repayment rates. Originality: The distinctiveness of this study is viewed from the context of the COVID 19 pandemic within which data was collected, thus capturing how the pandemic situation played a role in access to and repayment of agricultural loans from the perspective of gender.

Assessment of Causes and Effects of Wetlands Degradation in the Babessi Municipality, Ngoketunja Division of the North West Region in Cameroon

Despite the international and national policies on environmental protection ratified and signed by Cameroon, the degradation of wetlands is on the rise in the Babessi Municipality. This study aimed at assessing the causes and effects of wetlands degradation in the Babessi Municipality. Specifically, it investigated from the point of view of the local population: the importance of wetlands, the causes of wetlands degradation, the effects of wetlands degradation on the traditional institutions, and the strategies to reduce wetlands degradation in Babessi Municipality. To do this, stratified random sampling was employed and data was collected from 278 respondents with 75 from Baba 1, 62 from Babessi, 70 from Babungo and 71 from Bangolan using questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed wetlands are of significant importance to the people of Babessi municipality. Anthropogenic factors like increase in population which enhance urbanization, grazing and hunting are mostly the causes of wetlands degradation. This phenomenon has an effect on culture. Sensitization of the local population can be used as a strategy to reduce wetlands degradation. Environmentally-friendly farming methods are recommended. Keywords: Wetland degradation, traditional institutions, and culture

Decentralization and its Effects on the Develpoment of Decentralized Structures: The Case of Buea Council, South West Region-Cameroon.

Decentralization and its Effects on the Develpoment of Decentralized Structures: The Case of Buea Council, South West Region-Cameroon.

Comparison of the Automated Pattern-Noise (PANO) Glaucoma Test with the HFA, an FDT Stimulus, and the Fundus Area Cup-to-disk Ratio.

Aim and objectiveTo compare the results of a new automated glaucoma test—Pattern–Noise (PANO)—to the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer-II (HFA), the fundus area cup-to-disk ratio (CDR), and a frequency doubling technology (FDT) stimulus.Materials and methodsThis was a prospective study performed in the West-Region of Cameroon. Two hundred and nineteen eyes of 122 adult patients were included with a clinical suspicion of normal-tension or primary open-angle glaucoma and no other major ocular pathology. Eyes were examined with PANO, HFA (24-2 SITA standard), and FDT-stimulus in a randomized order followed by clinical assessment of the CDR.ResultsParametric correlation of the mean contrast threshold of PANO with the mean contrast threshold of FDT-stimulus, total deviation of HFA, and area CDR was 0.94, −0.85, and 0.62, respectively (p < 0.001 for all values). Spatial distribution of sensitivity thresholds is highly correlated (p < 0.001) at all points in the visual field between PANO and HFA. With cut-off values of 3 ± 1 dB for HFA mean deviation and 4 ± 1 for PANO mean contrast threshold and after eliminating borderline cases, PANO's sensitivity was 95% and specificity 60%. The mean patient age was 45.2 ± 15.8 years. Mean thresholds of PANO and FDT-stimulus decreased with increasing age. Mean examination time was 7.1 ± 1.8 minutes for PANO, 5.9 ± 1.3 minutes for HFA, and 4.7 ± 1.3 minutes for FDT-stimulus. The mean percentage of false-positives per examination was 4.95% for PANO, 4.62% (p = 0.025) for FDT-stimulus, and 2.10% for HFA.ConclusionThe results showed that PANO was successful in suspecting the presence of glaucoma. Pattern–Noise examination led to findings that were significantly correlated to HFA, FDT stimulus, and area CDR. Some patterns of defect were also correlated. Furthermore, PANO showed a reasonable examination time and error rate.Clinical significanceAffordable and robust visual field devices are lacking in large parts of the developing world. Comparing them to established methods is a prerequisite to their clinical use.How to cite this articleHannen T, El-Khoury S, Patel R, et al. Comparison of the Automated Pattern–Noise (PANO) Glaucoma Test with the HFA, an FDT Stimulus, and the Fundus Area Cup-to-disk Ratio. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2021;15(3):132–138.

Analysis of Actors Involved in the Bamboo Value Chain and Strategies for the Development of the Bamboo Sector in the Menoua Division, West Region of Cameroon

Bamboo is an important non-timber forest product owing to its multipurpose nature. In Cameroon, bamboo has always been neglected and seen as worthless by many communities. However, in recent years, bamboo has received renewed attention which has made many communities and different stakeholders to gain interest in the resource. This study which was carried out in the Menoua division, West region of Cameroon between February to July 2021 sought to identify and characterise the actors involved in the bamboo sector, and assess the different strategies that could be employed to develop the bamboo sector. Data were collected using quantitative and qualitative methods in 6 sub-divisions in Menoua division (Dschang, Santchou, Fongo Tongo, Fokoué, Penka Michel and Nkong-Ni). For the selection of study sites, the criterion used was the proximity of households to the area where the bamboo resource is found. Using the simple random sampling method, 53 households were surveyed across the Menoua division. Key informant and expert interviews were also conducted with mayors, traditional chiefs, heads of forestry posts, heads of research institutions/structures and craftsmen involved in the bamboo sector. Using SPHINX software version 5, a survey form was designed. The data collected was coded and analysed using EXCEL 2010 and SPSS. Map data was analysed using ARCGIS version 2.18. Results indicated that there were two main groups of actors: direct actors (collectors, collectors/transporters, producers/collectors, producers/collectors/transporters, collectors/traders) and indirect actors (Municipal Councils, Decentralized Services of the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife—MINFOF, Development partners like INBAR, Research Institutions like the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development—IRAD, and academic institutions like the University of Dschang). The direct actors are directly linked to the bamboo value chain while the indirect actors are those whose decisions influence the sector (e.g. MINFOF) or those who provide financial and technical support (Municipal Councils, INBAR; IRAD, the University of Dschang). The main strategies proposed by the local population for the development of the bamboo sector were regular sensitization campaigns on the benefits of bamboo (92%) and the provision of technical, material and financial support to bamboo producers (41%). Key informants/experts proposed the following in order to ensure the development of the bamboo sector in the Menoua division: raising awareness about bamboo, its different varieties and benefits; creating bamboo plantations (with varieties adapted to the agro-ecological zone i.e. the western highlands) in order to reduce the pressure on other resources; setting up support mechanisms for producers and other actors in the bamboo value chain; allocating land/agricultural areas for bamboo plantations as there is land scarcity in the Menoua division. Based on the strategic framework developed from this study, in order to ensure an adequate and effective development of the bamboo sector in the Menoua division, there should be among others: multiplication of awareness-raising and training programmes for farmers on bamboo production techniques; more support for smallholder farmers by providing them bamboo plants in quality and quantity; production of bamboo stems in quality and quantity; more awareness campaigns for young craftsmen on the advantages of the bamboo craft sector; more training campaigns for craftsmen on modern bamboo processing techniques; and the establishment of a well-developed and sustainable bamboo-based craft sector.

Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and risks factors in pig farmers in rural West region, Cameroon

Background: Animal farming can be a potential reservoir of microbial resistance. Little data and information are documented on the prevalence and spread of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in remote and rural and semi-urban settings in developing countries. Yet, the increasing spread of antibiotics resistance either in the community or at the hospital has become a major public health problem in Cameroon. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of nasal methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers among pig farmers and breeders in the West Region of Cameroon. Methods: A total of 103 nasal scraping samples were collected in four distant division of Bamboutos, Nkoung-Khi, Menoua and Mifi for microbiological, biochemical and sensitivity testing according to the standard protocol of CASFM 2018. Results: A high presence of Staphylococcus aureus of 29.13% was documented. S. aureus resistant showed 93.3%, to the ß-lactamases family, with MRSA prevalence at 27.18%. Resistance to glycopeptides (vancomycin) was 60%, macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramines mainly resistance to erythromycin 90% and clindamycin 30.6%, tetracycline 83.3%, fusidic acid 96.6% and to aminosides (tobramycin and gentamycin 76.6%). All isolated samples were sensitive to fluoroquinolones, notably to ofloxacin (80%) and to ciprofloxacin (86.6%). Conclusion: There is an urgent need to implement a robust and sustainable MRSA and AMR surveillance in curbing the growing threat locally.

Contribution of the Mix Renewable Energy Potentials in Delivering Parts of the Electric Energy Needs in the West Region of Cameroon

Contribution of the Mix Renewable Energy Potentials in Delivering Parts of the Electric Energy Needs in the West Region of Cameroon

Access to Healthcare and Spatialisation of Resources in Sub-saharan Africa: A GIS Solution to Mobility and Treatment of Patients in the West Region of Cameroon

Access to health and availability of sanitary resources is a major deterrent to mobility and treatment in sub-Saharan African towns. If it is not a problem of distance, perhaps it will be that of existing health infrastructure and know-how. This article posits that the incongruence in the availability of health units and unsatisfactory alertness has affected care in the West Region. A physical- access-ratio analysis was done to determine the distance between the health resources and population through a GPS and WGS 84 for the presentation of results. Some 120 questionnaires were administered to patients and health personnel to have first-hand information on the ratio and health need of the area. Results from findings divulge an unequal distribution of health units in the West with 51.3% concentrated in five districts and 48.7% in fifteen. The ratio of population to available health unit is 2,543 inhabitants per unit which is commendable to the WHO 10,000 inhabitants per unit standard. Unfortunately this ratio is unevenly distributed within the region as districts with a high prevalence level of diseases possess less health units. The region is 78.6% accessible in the distance of households to health unit of 5km maximum of WHO standard with 21.4% of some areas at 20km away. With an uneven distribution of inhabitants to health personnel in the region, there is a need to re-adjust the ratio. This paper advocates for a health unit and resources map to facilitate mobility and reduce health discrepancies at best in the area.

Caregiver´s perception of the home-based management of childhood malaria in Baneghang and Fombap health areas in the West Region of Cameroon.

Introductionadequate community perception of malaria is crucial to improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This study aimed to determine the caregiver´s perception of the home-based management of childhood malaria in Baneghang and Fombap health areas, Cameroon.Methodsa cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of home caregivers (HCGs) in Baneghang, a health area under Community Directed Intervention (CDI), and Fombap, a CDI-free health area. Community health workers (CHWs) conducted a census to identify households with under-five children that constituted a sample frame, and then a systematic random sampling was used to select HCGs. Analysis of variance was used to compare the mean score perceptions of HCGs in the management of childhood malaria at the two sites.Resultsout of 420 HCGs interviewed, 161 (38.3%), 226 (53.8%), and 271 (64.5%) displayed correct knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice, respectively, towards childhood malaria prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in both study sites. The mean score knowledge of HCGs in Baneghang was significantly higher than that of those in Fombap (7.33 versus 6.94, p < 0.001). The mean score of attitudes of HCGs towards childhood malaria was also higher in Baneghang than in Fombap (6.59 versus 6.29, p=0.013). However, the mean scores of good practices of HCGs on childhood malaria in both health areas were similar (5.94 versus 5.92, p=0.921).Conclusionhome-based management of childhood malaria seems to have contributed to good knowledge and positive attitudes of HCGs on malaria prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Assessing Growth Parameters from Culm Cuttings of Bambusa vulgaris at the University of Dschang Botanic Garden, West Region of Cameroon: Implications for the Bamboo Resource Base and Rural Livelihoods

Dwindling supplies of bamboo resources and the increase in the demand for bamboo have led to the need for better propagation techniques. This is the only way to ensure the sustainability of the bamboo resource base and improve livelihoods. Thus, this study was carried out to examine the different growth parameters of culm cuttings of Bambusa vulgaris in propagation beds with a substrate consisting of dark soil, manure (compost) and sand in a ratio of 1:1:1. Data on different growth parameters was collected on a daily basis over a three week period and analyzed using appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics. It was found that the different growth parameters (diameter, height, leaves and sheaths) of culm cuttings of B. vulgaris evolved in like manner in three propagation beds. Descriptive statistics for growth parameters of culm cuttings of B. vulgaris showed little or no differences across three shelter/propagation beds (shelter bed 1, shelter bed 2 and shelter bed 3) with 1.4675 ± 1.6172 cm, 93 ± 112 cm, 22 ± 30 leaves, and 4 ± 6 sheaths being the mean diameter, height, number of leaves and number of sheaths for all three propagation beds, respectively. ANOVA test showed no statistically significant variation (p > 0.05) between growth parameters of culm cuttings of B. vulgaris across the three propagation beds, implying that the different growth parameters were relatively similar. Pearson correlation showed the existence of direct and inverse relationships between the different growth parameters of culm cuttings of bamboo. The existence of these direct and inverse relationships could be attributed to the rapid growth rate of bamboo, the substrate used, and the species of bamboo used (B. vulgaris). The study recommends more large-scale propagation projects of this bamboo species in order to ensure the sustainability of the bamboo resource base and improve livelihoods of bamboo dependent rural communities.

Quality of Life Following Major Limb Amputations in a Rural Community in Cameroon

Background: Limb amputation is considered the last resort when the limb is no longer salvageable or when the limb is dead or dying, viable but nonfunctional or endangering the patient’s life. It is associated with profound economic, social, and psychological effects on the patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of life of major limb amputees in a rural setting in western Cameroon. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study carried out at the BATSENGLA-DSCHANG community in the West Region of Cameroon. Participants were interviewed and data collected using a pre-defined accredited questionnaire of the WHOQOL-BREF to assess the quality of life. Results: There were 63 participants, and a majority (60.32%) reported trauma as the cause of amputation. Participants with prostheses had a better quality of life. Conclusion: The age range of the study participants was 18 to 85 years with a mean of 46.73 ± 18.31 years. The majority were males (74.6%). Most of them (41.27%) had attained at least a secondary level of education, a majority (80.95%) were unemployed and more than half (55.56%) have less than the guaranteed inter-professional minimum wage. Major limb amputations were mostly due to traumatic causes (72%) and involved the lower limbs. Only a few (12.70%) used prostheses. Almost all of them (90.48%) had symptoms consistent with a phantom limb. The quality of life after major limb amputation in this study was generally fair according to the WHO quality of life tool.

Trace Metals Evaluation of Groundwater in the Granito-Basaltic Fractured Rock Aquiferous Formations in Bafoussam, West Region—Cameroon

Trace Metals Evaluation of Groundwater in the Granito-Basaltic Fractured Rock Aquiferous Formations in Bafoussam, West Region—Cameroon

Impact of Soil Treatment by Addition of Cement on the California Baring Ratio: Case of Bamendou in West Region Cameroon

Impact of Soil Treatment by Addition of Cement on the California Baring Ratio: Case of Bamendou in West Region Cameroon

Assessing the Status and Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of the Bamenda Mountain (Bm), North West Region of Cameroon

Assessing the Status and Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of the Bamenda Mountain (Bm), North West Region of Cameroon

Outcomes of Twin Delivery at the Bamenda Health District, North West Region Cameroon

Introduction: Multiple gestations or multiple pregnancies occur when two or more fetuses are conceived at the same time in the same woman. Therefore, a twin pregnancy is defined as the simultaneous development of two fetuses in the same woman. It can either be a monozygotic or dizygotic pregnancy. Twin pregnancy is considered a high-risk pregnancy with variable incidence and outcomes worldwide. The adverse maternal and fetal outcomes of twin deliveries have not yet been investigated in our setting. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of twin deliveries at the Bamenda Health District. Methods: This was a hospital-based, cross-sectional analytic study done at the Bamenda Health District in three selected hospitals (Bamenda Regional Hospital, CMA Nkwen, and IHC Azire) from the 1st of January to the 10th of May 2018. 55 women with twin pregnancies and 55 women with singleton pregnancies at gestational ages of 28 completed weeks and above who came for delivery and who consented to the study were included. A face-to-face interview-administered questionnaire was used to obtain sociodemographic characteristics; a venous blood sample was collected from the mothers before and after delivery to determine the estimated blood loss based on haemoglobin level. The partogram was opened from 4 cm cervical dilatation for those who came in the first stage of labour and the mode of delivery was recorded. After delivery, outcome variables were 1st, 5th, and 10th min Apgar score, birth weight, and gestational age. Data were entered in CSPro 7.1 and exported to IBM SPSS version 23.0 for analysis. All variables with p Results: During the study period, we included 110 participants (55 twin mothers and 55 singleton mothers). Women with twin gestations were mostly aged between 25 and 34 years with a mean maternal age of 28.6 ± 5.8 years, more than half (60%) of them were multiparous with family histories of twin, and business was their main occupation (58.2%). The prevalence of twin gestations at the Bamenda Health District was 2.8%. As compared to singleton deliveries, twin deliveries were associated with adverse fetal outcomes such as prematurity (born before 37 completed weeks) which was about 6 times higher among twins than singleton babies (OR: 5.6, 95% CI: 2.2 - 14.3, p th min) that was 15 times higher in twin than singleton births (OR: 15.3, 95% CI: 2 - 116.6, p grams) that was 15.6 times increased in twin than singleton births (OR: 15.6, 95% CI: 3.6 - 67.8, p CI: 2.2 - 13.9, p 0.05). Conclusion: Twin deliveries were associated with adverse fetal outcomes (prematurity, birth asphyxia, and low birth weight) in the three health facilities where we carried out the study. Cesarean section was higher among women with twin gestations compared to women with singleton gestations.

Molecular detection and genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis circulating in women of Western Cameroon: a cross-sectional study

Background: In Cameroon, C. trachomatis screening is not routinely practiced, and its epidemiology is still unexplored. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection, its risk factors and the genotypes circulating in the West Cameroon region.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out amongst patients in five district hospitals in the West region of Cameroon. Endocervical samples were collected from women visiting the hospitals forantenatal, prenuptial and contraception consultations and at least 18 years old, sexually active, and non-menstruating. The molecular detection of C. trachomatis was performed using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing of the ompA gene.Results: The prevalence of C. trachomatis infection was determined to be 11.47%. Having sex for the first time between the ages of 15 and 17 (OR=1.683, 95% CI: 1.1-2.5), non-usage of condom (OR=1.622, 95% CI: 1.2-2.1), being single (OR=1.263, 95% CI: 1.0-1.5) and age range 18-30 years (OR=1.426, 95% CI: 1.1-1.8) were risk factors for C. trachomatis infection. Three genotypes of C. trachomatis circulated in West Cameroon viz. D (49%), E (29.4%) and G (21.6%).Conclusions: This study revealed that, three genotypes; D (dominant), E and G were identified circulating in the population of the study area. This information may be important for controlling the dissemination of C. trachomatis infection in West Cameroon as well as strategizing the therapeutic approach.

Comparative Approach of the Antibiotics Susceptibility of some Bacterial Strains Concurrently Isolated from Raw Milk and Cattle Feed (Water and Fodder) from some Farms in the West Region of Cameroon (Central Africa)

Introduction: Foodborne resistant bacteria have become a challenge to food security. Milk and milk products are easy vectors of transmission of foodborne pathogens, these being the main sources of human infection by antimicrobial resistant pathogens. The present study aimed at making a comparative approach of the antibiotic sensitivity/resistance of 3 bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Brucella spp.) isolated from milk, drinking water and green fodder consumed by cows in the West Cameroon region (Central Africa).&#x0D; Methodology: A total of 48 raw milk samples, 48 water samples and 48 green fodder samples were collected during the year 2020 and subjected to culture and identification of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Brucella spp. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the antibiotic disc diffusion method.&#x0D; Results: Escherichia coli isolates showed high resistance (56-100%) to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone in all three samples. Salmonella spp. isolates showed resistance to ampicillin only (62, 67 and 67%). Brucella spp. strains isolated from raw milk and drinking water showed high sensitivity (78-100%) to azithromycin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, rifampicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin and tetracycline. Antibiotic sensitivity/resistance to Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. strains largely did not differ between samples (P&gt;0.05). No difference in sensitivity/resistance (P&gt;0.05) of Brucella spp. strains isolated from milk and water was observed with respect to the 10 antibiotics tested.&#x0D; Conclusions: The emergence of resistance to various antibiotics commonly used in medical and veterinary practices has important implications for public health. It seems necessary to strengthen of the regulations covering the sale and prescription of antibiotics.

Teachers’ Competence and the Development of Thinking Skills in Primary School Pupils in the South West Region of Cameroon

Teachers’ Competence and the Development of Thinking Skills in Primary School Pupils in the South West Region of Cameroon

Mobile clinics in conflict-affected communities of North West and South West regions of Cameroon: an alternative option for differentiated delivery service for internally displaced persons during COVID-19

IntroductionThe guidelines for differentiated service delivery (DSD) for HIV treatment became operational in Cameroon in 2017 with the Test and Treat national strategy elaborating services that can be decentralized and task shifted at community level, but with little to no guidelines for DSD in fragile and conflict-affected settings. Since 2016, more than 680,000 Cameroonians have been internally displaced due to the conflict in the North West and South West regions (NWSW). This conflict has impacted on the health system with numerous attacks on health facilities and staff, reducing access to health care for internally displaced persons. The outbreak of COVID-19 further reduced humanitarian responses for fear of spreading COVID-19. Mobile clinics were utilized as a model of care in piloting DSD for HIV in conflict-affected settings within the COVID-19 context.MethodsThe HIV DSD framework was used to evaluate a project that used mobile clinics in 05 divisions across the NWSW to provide primary health care to internally displaced persons in hard-to-reach areas. These mobile clinics were operated in the COVID-19 context and integrated HIV services in the benefit package. The mobile clinics mainstreamed HIV and COVID-19 sensitization during community mobilization, HIV consultations, HIV testing and referrals, and in some cases antiretroviral (ARV) dispensation. The project ran from March to October 2020. The results from the evaluation of this model of HIV care delivery were analysed in 06 of 08 mobile clinics.ResultsIn 07 months, a total of 14,623 persons living in conflict-affected settings were sensitized on HIV, 1979 received HIV testing from which 122 were positive and 33 placed on ARVs. 28 loss-to-follow up people living with HIV were relinked to treatment and 209 consultations for persons living with HIV were conducted. Despite the good collaboration at regional and field level, there was distrust by ARV centers for humanitarian organizations.ConclusionMobile clinics are a model of care which could be leveraged in fragile and conflict-affected settings as an alternative model of care for HIV DSD to ensure continuum of HIV care and treatment. However this should be integrated within the benefit package of primary health care services offered by mobile clinics.

Conflicts Resolutions and Impacts in Momo Division in the North West Region, Cameroon

Conflict is a process of human interaction as described by social conflict analysts. So is the case of conflicts resolutions and its impacts in Ngie, Momo Division of the North West region in Cameroon. This study dwells on literary and field data on conflict in Ngie. It demonstrates the contribution of conflict hold to the socio-cultural development of this sub-division experienced in the past until late. Notwithstanding this ill many are drawn back from the contemporary era as this could be seen as a cultural heritage since conflict is experienced at almost all levels from individuals in the home right up to the elites due to self-centeredness. In acquiring the necessary qualitative data, we used life-stories, interviews, focus groups and observations. The goal of this study is to measure the impact of retardation the society has witnessed and what prospects to integrate in the social system. Four villages with conflict problems were studied. Our study reveals that cultural contacts and information enhance social change. Though rural sustainable development is highly recommended there is need for unity to help in development.