West Publishing Company Research Articles

Public Law, Private Practice: Politics, Profit, and the Legal Profession in Nineteenth-Century Japan by Darryl E. Flaherty (review)

Reviewed by: Public Law, Private Practice: Politics, Profit, and the Legal Profession in Nineteenth-Century Japan by Darryl E. Flaherty Daniel H. Foote (bio) Public Law, Private Practice: Politics, Profit, and the Legal Profession in Nineteenth-Century Japan. By Darryl E. Flaherty. Harvard University Asia Center, Cambridge, Mass., 2013. xii, 322 pages. $39.95. Public Law, Private Practice is an impressive work that greatly advances knowledge about Japan’s legal profession and its role in Japanese society and history. The author, Darryl E. Flaherty, associate professor of history at the University of Delaware, has conducted a vast amount of research, in both Japanese- and English-language sources from the Meiji era to the present, including archival materials housed at numerous institutions, biographies and autobiographies of major figures, and comparative works on the profession in Europe and the United States. From this comprehensive research, he has constructed a rich account of the historical development of the legal profession in Japan. As the subtitle implies, Flaherty’s primary focus is on the nineteenth century. His account commences much earlier, though, from early in the Edo era; and many themes continue to resonate today. Late in chapter 1, Flaherty quotes an 1889 letter from John Henry Wig-more to the then-president of the Johns Hopkins University: “I believe you could render a substantial service to New Japan by Historical investigations into the social and legal History of Old Japan” (p. 85). Wigmore is well known to generations of U.S. lawyers as the author of a leading treatise on the law of evidence, and he served for nearly three decades as dean of Northwestern University School of Law. He began his teaching career in 1889 as professor of Anglo-American law at Keio University and wrote the above letter that year. Wigmore himself organized a major project to compile and study law and legal precedents from the Edo era,1 and he devoted a chapter to Japanese legal history in his 1928 three-volume work, A Panorama of the World’s Legal Systems (West Publishing Company). Relatively few others have taken up Wigmore’s call. Noteworthy English-language sources that address civil justice in the Edo era include works by Dan Fenno Henderson, John Owen Haley, Carl Steenstrup, Herman Ooms, and Frank Upham.2 Their works include some discussion of legal practice [End Page 190] in the Edo era, but that is not their primary focus. Few works in English have addressed the historical development of the Japanese legal profession since the Meiji era, either. The two most notable works—by Richard Rabinowitz and Takaaki Hattori—appeared over 50 years ago.3 Notably, these works all tend to focus either on the pre-Meiji situation or later developments in isolation, without examining the transition in any detail. Even for materials in Japanese, the situation is similar. While there are far more works in Japanese than in English exploring specific aspects of the legal profession and its history, I am not aware of any comprehensive study of the development of the legal profession that traces its historical roots from the Edo era through the various permutations of the Meiji era. Indeed, given Flaherty’s extensive research, if such a study existed, one could be confident he would have cited and relied on it. This book addresses that gap in existing scholarship by tracing the legal profession in Japan from Edo-era antecedents up through the close of the nineteenth century. In chapter 1, Flaherty provides an extensive account, rich in detail, of legal practice in the Edo era. In the subsequent four chapters, he examines several stages in the development of the legal profession during the Meiji era. Flaherty has enriched this study by incorporating vignettes from the lives of leading figures in the history of the legal profession—including the so-called “first woman lawyer,” Sono Tel (or Teruko) and the first Japanese registered as a British barrister, Hoshi Tōru—and by including rather detailed accounts of the establishment and activities of various organizations and associations. Moreover, by interspersing comparative references throughout the book, Flaherty provides valuable reminders that the pattern of development of the legal profession in Japan bears numerous...

Neutral Citation, Court Web Sites, and Access to Authoritative Case Law

In 1994 the Wisconsin Bar and Judicial Council together urged the Wisconsin Supreme Court to take two dramatic steps with the combined aim of improving access to state case law: 1) adopt a new system of neutral citation and 2) establish a digital archive of decisions directly available to all publishers and the public. The recommendations set off a storm, and the Wisconsin court deferred decision on the package. In the years since those events, the background conditions have shifted dramatically. Neutral citation has been endorsed by the AALL and ABA and formally adopted in over a dozen states, including Wisconsin. Thomson's acquisition of the West Publishing Company removed the principal source of opposition. Court Web sites, non-existent in 1994, are now a standard feature of e-government with the result that the idea of a public case archive, open to all, no longer stretches imaginations. With the environment seemingly so much more hospitable to the 1994 Wisconsin recommendations, one might expect to see them widely implemented. Yet less than a handful of states have effectively put them to work in tandem. This paper describes the factors that came together in the right way and at the right time in those states, along with the apparent results. It also explores some of the reasons why they stand today as lonely illustrations of best practice.

Computer-aided design in urban development and management—A software for integrated planning and design by optimization

Planning and Design in Urban Development, consuming large Resources entailing many variables giving numerous solutions with large variations in resource-efficiency indicators, is a problem-solving process (Mitchell WJ. Computer-aided architectural design. New York: Petrocelli/Charter; 1977) involving search through numerous potential solutions to select a particular solution that meets a specified criteria, making computer-use indispensable. Planners/Designers (e.g. engineers/architects/planners) Commit huge Resources (e.g. money, land, materials), in their planning-design-decisions (i.e. planning function, 1 of 5 urban managerial functions) forming part of Integrated Urban Management (Chakrabarty BK. Urban management: concepts, principles, techniques and education. Cities, vol. 18/5. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 2001), enjoining on them an Ethical Responsibility/Accountability to the Society to achieve Productivity and Equity in Resources-Use so committed for a resource-efficient housing/urban problem solution. Operations Research ( Optimization) and computer-aided design (CAD), are essential Techniques to improve Productivity (Koontz H, Weihrich H. Essentials of management. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company;1990; Koontz H, O’Donnel C. Management—a system and contingency analysis of managerial functions, New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company; 1976). Hence, it is vital that planners/designers apply (facilitated by modern computers) CAD/ Optimization (even ancients applied Optimization) to discharge their above Accountability to the Society, for a Resource-Efficient and Equitable solution of housing/urban problems, in the context of rising population and dwindling Resources, particularly because we live in a Finite Earth with Finite Resources and no rational decision is really complete without Optimization. CAD primarily depends on: (i) system software—supplied with the hardware, and (ii) application software—available commercially or to be developed in-house. A number of descriptive/ optimizing urban development models are developed and published earlier (Chakrabarty BK. Models for the optimal design of housing development systems. Environment and Planning B 17(33); 1990; Chakrabarty BK. Optimization in residential land subdivisions. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, American Society of Civil Engineers 117(1); 1991; Chakrabarty BK. Optimal design of multifamily dwelling development systems. Building and Environment 31(1); 1996; Chakrabarty BK. Urban management and optimizing urban development models. Habitat International 22(4); 1998). These are being converted into an Application Software to help apply Integrated CAD by Optimization to improve productivity and equity in housing and urban operations. The paper outlines the Application Software: HudCAD, which covers all four components of Integrated CAD (Hsu T, Sinha DK. Computer-aided design: an integrated approach. St.Paul: West Publishing Company; 1992) i.e. (i) geometric modeling (ii) design analysis/ Design Optimization (iii) drafting/drawing, and (iv) data management, storage and transfer; rarely available in commercial CAD systems built primarily to perform geometric modeling/drafting. Application of HudCAD is illustrated with example problems. Addition of “Computer-Aided Planning and Design by Optimization” as a subject of study in the courses of existing disciplines of engineering/architecture/planning, rather than developing optimization specialists unable to comprehend the systems to be optimized, is suggested. This would equip such urban professionals to apply CAD by Optimization in housing/urban operations to achieve a Resource-Efficient and Equitable solution to our mounting housing and urban problems.

The Privatization of Public Domain?

COURT CASES The legal publishing field offers a prime example of attempts to privatize public domain materials. On May 19, 1997, District Judge John S. Martin, Jr., handed down his decision in Matthew Bender & Co. v. West Publishing Company, which also included Hyperlaw, Inc. v. West Publishing Company. The question before the Court was the extent of the copyright protection available to West Publishing with regard to Supreme Court and Appeals Courts opinions published in its reporter series. Do "the changes West makes to an opinion, either singly or in combination, represent a sufficient creative effort to warrant copyright protection"? Hyperlaw publishes CD-ROM products including ones of recent Supreme Court cases and recent Circuit Court of Appeals cases. Most cases are obtained from other than West sources, but some are scanned from West. Those scanned from West do not include the headnotes or key numbers. Hyperlaw intended to expand its product so that users could see the full text of any case cited in the opinion being viewed. That would mean scanning up to 75% of West's cases. The court agreed with Hyperlaw that it copies the decisions and not West's compilation (i.e., West's arrangement of the cases, indices, headnotes, and selection of cases). It characterized West's changes to each opinion as "trivial." The court held that West had "no copyright interest in those elements of the reported opinions which Hyperlaw is copying and intends to copy, Hyperlaw is entitled to a judgment that its copying on [sic] the opinions from the West reports does not violate West's copyrights." West appealed this decision to the Second Circuit, which affirmed the District Court's decision on November 3, 1998. The Second Circuit summed up the lower court's case as follows: "Bender's complaint sought a judgment declaring that star pagination [Author's note: i.e., shows West's page breaks] to West's case reporters will not copy West's arrangement or infringe West's copyright. HyperLaw intervened seeking the same relief." The District Court concluded that the insertion of star pagination to West's reporters "wouLd not reproduce any protectable element of West's compilation." The text of a court opinion is not copyrightable. "The court further ruled that star pagination would be permitted under the fair use doctrine even if West's pagination were copyrightable." The Second Circuit then explained that West's reporters are compilations. Copyright in compilations only covers materials contributed by the author, not the preexisting material included in the work. The Court looked to Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service (199I), the "seminal Supreme Court decision on copyrights in compilations." The Court reiterated that copyright does not extend to the facts themselves. It quoted the Supreme Court in Feist: "'Notwithstanding a valid copyright, a subsequent compiler remains free to use the facts contained in another's publication to aid in preparing a competing work, so long as the competing work does not feature the same selection and arrangement.'" The Second Circuit therefore held that "Bender and HyperLaw will not infringe West's copyright by inserting star pagination to West's case reporters in their CD-ROM disc version of judicial opinions." Considering Matthew Bender's stance in its lawsuit against West, it is ironic that the year 2000 finds Matthew Bender and Jurisline.com filing Complaints against one another over Jurisline.com's use of court opinions and statutes taken from Matthew Bender's Lexis Law On Disc (a division of Reed Elsevier). Matthew Bender's Complaint, filed in the New York Supreme Court, brings an action for fraud and breach of contract. It claims that Jurisline.com fraudulently obtained Lexis CD-ROMs through "misrepresentation, false pretenses and deceit" and violated restrictions and prohibitions of the access and use access license provisions. Lexis Law On Disc "provides attorneys with comprehensive, reliable, easily used and continuously updated

Chromosomal drive and the evolution of meiotic nondisjunction and trisomy in humans.

Trisomy is a genetic abnormality of considerable medical importance. The most familiar example is trisomy 21, which causes Down Syndrome [Cummings, M. R. (1988) Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (West Publishing Company, New York)]. In a classic paper, Axelrod and Hamilton [Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. (1981) Science 211, 1390-1396] offered a chromosomal drive (CD) hypothesis based on the game iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD) to explain the evolution of an increased frequency of trisomic pregnancies with maternal age. In this paper we explore this hypothesis and its predictions in detail. On closer examination we find that IPD does not provide an adequate model for the CD hypothesis. Therefore, we develop a more suitable model and explore the conditions necessary for it to explain maternal age-dependent trisomy. Our results demonstrate that a relationship between the decay of a female's reproductive potential and chromosomal drive must exist for the CD hypothesis to work. With appropriate parameter values, a comparison of model predictions with empirical estimates for the age-dependence of trisomy reveals a striking correspondence. We point out a close correspondence between other predictions made by the CD hypothesis and empirical observations, as well.

Strategic Leadership: Top Executives and Their Effects on OrganizationsStrategic Leadership: Top Executives and Their Effects on Organizations, by FinkelsteinSydney and HambrickDonald C. Minneapolis/St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1996.

This article provides a tool for creating change that produces observable results in complex organizations. Linkage analysis helps managers map, evaluate, and overcome barriers that underlie the organizational improvement paradox. In this paradox, organizational changes are expected to lead to performance benefits for a unit as well as for the firm as a whole, but benefits occur only for the unit. The organizational improvement paradox frustrates change efforts and is the norm in organizational change where the firm has multiple units and levels. Linkage analysis permits managers and change agents to visualize the complex process of change. It details critical change pathways that otherwise go unrecognized and unmanaged. Through two cases, the reader can practice using linkage tools. Linkage analysis primes managers to take critical and widely overlooked steps to produce visible firm-level results.

Risk Management and Insurance

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Weed Science. Principles and Applications. Third Edition

Journal of Environmental QualityVolume 25, Issue 3 p. 629-629 Book Review Weed Science. Principles and Applications. Third Edition Wood Powell Anderson, West Publishing Company, 610 Opperman Drive, St. Paul, MN 55164. 1996. 388 p. ISBN 0-314-04627-5 Joseph M. Di Tomaso, Joseph M. Di Tomaso ditomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu Department of Vegetable Crops, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616Search for more papers by this author Joseph M. Di Tomaso, Joseph M. Di Tomaso ditomaso@vegmail.ucdavis.edu Department of Vegetable Crops, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1996 https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500030035xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume25, Issue3May‐June 1996Pages 629-629 RelatedInformation

Book Reviews

The Journal of FinanceVolume 49, Issue 2 p. 747-767 Book Reviews Book Reviews First published: June 1994 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1994.tb05162.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Book reviewed in this article: Capital Budgeting Under Uncertainty. By RAJ AGGARWAL. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1993. Pp. x + 341. Bogle on Mutual Funds: New Perspectives for the Intelligent Investor. By JOHN C. BOGLE. Burr Ridge, Illinois: Irwin Professional Publishing, 1994. Pp. xvi + 320. The Collapse of Federally Insured Depositories: The Savings and Loans as Precursor. By R. DAN BRUMBAUGH JR. New York: Garland Publishing, 1993. Pp. xxii + 240. Collateralized Mortgage Obligations: Structures and Analysis. By FRANK J. FABOZZI, CHARLES RAMSEY, and FRANK R. RAMIREZ. Summit, N.J.: Frank J. Fabozzi Associates, 1993. Pp. vii + 250. Short-Term Financial Management. By TERRY S. MANESS and JOHN T. ZIETLOW. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Company, 1993. Pp. xix + 675. Canadian Capital Markets. Edited by MICHAEL J. ROBINSON and BRIAN F. SMITH. London, Ontario: Western Business School, The University of Western Ontario, 1993. Pp. iv + 152. Volume49, Issue2June 1994Pages 747-767 RelatedInformation

The Guide to American Law Supplement 1992. St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1992. Pp. xiv, 606, U.S. $124.95 (cloth); and The Guide to American Law Supplement 1993. St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1993. Pp. xii, 510, U.S. $129.95 (cloth).

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Human biology: Health, homeostasis, and the environment. By Daniel D. Chiras. xxiv + 672 pp. St. Paul: West Publishing Company. 1991, $48.00 (paper)

American Journal of Human BiologyVolume 4, Issue 2 p. 275-276 Book Review Human biology: Health, homeostasis, and the environment. By Daniel D. Chiras. xxiv + 672 pp. St. Paul: West Publishing Company. 1991, $48.00 (paper) Leslie Sue Lieberman, Leslie Sue Lieberman University of Florida, Gainesville, FloridaSearch for more papers by this author Leslie Sue Lieberman, Leslie Sue Lieberman University of Florida, Gainesville, FloridaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1992 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.1310040216AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume4, Issue21992Pages 275-276 RelatedInformation

The Guide to American Law Supplement 1991. St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1991. Pp. xxi, 772. US$125.00 (softbound).

The Guide to American Law Supplement 1991. St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1991. Pp. xxi, 772. US$125.00 (softbound).

Reviews and Materials Received

Abstract The Teaching and Learning of History and Geography: Aspects of Primary Education Series #4., by Her Majesty's Inspectorate, Department of Education and Science, Government of England and Wales. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1989. Paperbound. 41 pages. P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, England. Order from HMSO Books. £ 4.25. A Geography of World Economy, by Anthony R. de Souza Columbus, OH: Merrill Publishing Co. 1990. Glossary, refs., index. 497 pp. ISBN 0675-205654-01. World Regional Geography, by Robert E. Norris St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company. 1990.624 pp. ISBN 0-314-48133-8. Atlantic Islanders of the Azores and Madeiras, by Francis M. Rogers North Quincy, MA: Christopher Publishing House. 1979. Illus., tables, maps, biblio., index. 464 pp. $17.50 Atlantic Peeks: An Ethnographic Guide to the Portuguese Speaking Atlantic Islands, by Jean E. Ludtke Hanover, MA: Christopher Publishing House. 1989. Maps, tables, appendices, biblio., index. 408 pp. $24.95. Connections: Linking Population with the Environment, by Kimberly A. Crews and Patricia Cancellier Population Reference Bureau 1875 Connecticut Avenue, N. W., Suite 520, Washington D.C. 20009-5726. Complete teachers kit $13.00

Chapter 1: Child Custody and Visitation

Juvenile and Family Court JournalVolume 42, Issue 2 p. 1-13 Chapter 1: Child Custody and Visitation Laurance M. Hyde Jr., Corresponding Author Laurance M. Hyde Jr. Laurance M. Hyde. Jr. was horn and reared in Missouri, received his AB and LLB from the University of Missouri-Columbia. practiced law in St. Louis from 1952 until he was appointed to the Missouri Circuit Court in 1962. He was a member of the 1964 charter class of the National Judicial college, a faculty advisor in 1965. and dean from 1965 to 1974. He was professor of law at Nova University Law School from 1974 (dean from 1975 to 1978) until he returned to The National Judicial College in 1987, where he now serves as Associate Dean. He has written and lectured on family law, criminal law, and administration of justice subjects, and was the editor of the 2nd Edition of The State Trial Judges Book, published in 1969 by West Publishing Company.2Associaute Dean National Judicial College University of Nevada Campus Reno. Nevada 89557Search for more papers by this author Laurance M. Hyde Jr., Corresponding Author Laurance M. Hyde Jr. Laurance M. Hyde. Jr. was horn and reared in Missouri, received his AB and LLB from the University of Missouri-Columbia. practiced law in St. Louis from 1952 until he was appointed to the Missouri Circuit Court in 1962. He was a member of the 1964 charter class of the National Judicial college, a faculty advisor in 1965. and dean from 1965 to 1974. He was professor of law at Nova University Law School from 1974 (dean from 1975 to 1978) until he returned to The National Judicial College in 1987, where he now serves as Associate Dean. He has written and lectured on family law, criminal law, and administration of justice subjects, and was the editor of the 2nd Edition of The State Trial Judges Book, published in 1969 by West Publishing Company.2Associaute Dean National Judicial College University of Nevada Campus Reno. Nevada 89557Search for more papers by this author First published: May 1991 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6988.1991.tb01486.x Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume42, Issue2May 1991Pages 1-13 RelatedInformation

Bibliographic Section

Traffic and Highway Engineering, by Nicholas Garber and Lester Hoel, West Publishing Company, St. Paul., Minn., 1988, 959 pp—reviewed by A. Essam Radwan. The Spatial Impact of Technological Change, edited by John F. Brotchie, Peter Hall and Peter W. Newton, Croom Helm, London, 1987—reviewed by Dr. Kenneth Button. Public Regulation: New Perspectives on Institutions and Policies, edited by Elizabeth E. Bailey, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1987, 404 pp—reviewed by Leigh B. Boske. Market Centers and Retail Location: Theory and Applications, by Brian J. L. Berry and John B. Parr with Bart J. Epstein, Avijit Ghosh, and Robert H. T. Smith, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1988, 230 pp—reviewed by Paul T. Nelson. Managing Public Transit Strategically, by Gordon J. Fielding, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA 1987; and Public Transport: Its Planning, Management and Operation, 2nd ed., by Peter White, Hutchinson Education, London, U.K., 1986—reviewed by Peter G. Furth. Cities and Their Vital Systems: Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future, edited by Jesse H. Ausubel and Robert Herman, National Academy of Engineering, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1988—reviewed by Amedeo R. Odoni, Editor.

Patterson v. McLean Credit Union

The orginalform of this article was published in West's Education LawReporter (55 Ed. Law Rep. 819), and has been revised and printed here with permission from West Publishing Company.

Nonpublication in the United States District Courts: Official Criteria Versus Inferences from Appellate Review

r he past two decades have witnessed an increasing number of empirical analyses of the votes of judges in the lower federal courts (e.g., Richardson and Vines, 1970; Carp and Rowland, 1983; Atkins, 1972; Goldman, 1966; Goldman, 1975; Vines, 1964; Dolbeare, 1969; Johnson, 1979; Kritzer, 1978; Howard, 1981; Songer, 1982; Walker, 1972). Although great variety in the methods employed may be found in these empirical studies, virtually all of them share one approach common to Supreme Court studies: their analysis of judges' decisions and votes is restricted to data obtained from the published of the courts. While the focus of empirical analysis has been on the published of courts, a large number of cases are decided without an accompanying published opinion. phenomenon is most evident in the district courts where fewer than 10% of cases terminated by court action have published (Vestal, 1970). A vast body of data on the outputs of the federal courts therefore remains largely unexplored by public law scholars. As Carp and Rowland suggest, We know very little about the contents or impact of these many unreported opinions (1983, p. 17). present study attempts to shed some light on the similarities and differences between published and unpublished district judge decisions by analyzing the treatment of each on appeal. primary outlet for the publication of federal trial court is the Federal Supplement compiled by West Publishing Company. rates of opinion publication vary widely among judges. A study of opinion writing in 1968 uncovered one district judge who had 36 published during the year, while at the other extreme 30 judges published four or fewer (Vestal, 1970, pp. 676-77). criterion for publication decisions of federal judges was stated succinctly by the Judicial Conference in 1964: The judges of the courts of appeals and the district courts authorize the publication of only those which are of general precedential value. It is assumed that district and appeals court judges are called upon to decide many cases that require only the

The Guide to American Law Yearbook 1987. St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1987. Pp. xvi, 580, U.S. $95.00 (cloth).

The Guide to American Law Yearbook 1987. St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1987. Pp. xvi, 580, U.S. $95.00 (cloth).

Law and Commercial Dictionary in Five Languages; Definitions of the Legal and Commercial Terms and Phrases of American, English, and Civil Law Jurisdictions. English to German, Spanish, French, Italian. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Company, 1985. 2 vols.

Law and Commercial Dictionary in Five Languages; Definitions of the Legal and Commercial Terms and Phrases of American, English, and Civil Law Jurisdictions. English to German, Spanish, French, Italian. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Company, 1985. 2 vols. - Volume 13 Issue 5-6