East-west Direction Research Articles

Examining spatial carbon metabolism: Features, future simulation, and land-based mitigation

A comprehensive understanding of the spatial carbon metabolism distribution is essential for future mitigation policies from a land-based perspective. This study develops a methodological framework for carbon metabolism measurement and future simulation. An assessment of carbon sequestration and emission is conducted based on land use components within the biosphere. Carbon scenarios in accordance with the governmental mitigation policy were then established, and these were coupled with future multiple-type land use transitions to simulate the future spatial carbon distribution. This future carbon distribution map can help us understand the carbon dynamics in specific locations with possible land-based mitigation for policy making. Guangzhou, which is a rapid urbanization metropolis in China, was taken as a case study to conduct the proposed methodological framework and models. The results revealed that high-density carbon emissions dominated in the city center and expanded in the east-west direction, while carbon sequestration diminished in the middle and southern areas, with a decreased total sequestration amount. The carbon distribution in the 2030 scenarios highlighted different mitigation implications for different locations in the north, south, and central areas. Projections of emission reductions in northern outskirts and southern sub-center, as well as the projections of sequestration increases in the city center and northern mountainous area are then proposed to support mitigation. The established framework is proven to be effective for examining spatial carbon features at an urban scale, and the empirical findings can provide valuable insight into carbon mitigation strategies for rapid urbanization areas in developing countries.

Study on Sensitivity of Microphysics for the Simulation of Rainfall for the Month of May 2015 over Bangladesh using High Resolution WRF-ARW Model

In this research the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) model v3.8.1 has been used to simulate the rainfall of May 2015 all over Bangladesh. The model was configured in nested domain with 18 and 6 km horizontal grid spacing with 100 × 96 and 103 × 127 grids in the east-west and north-south directions, respectively with 30 vertical levels. The Lin et al., WSM6, Thomson, Morrison Double-Moment (M-2Mom), Stony Brook University (SBU), and WDM6 microphysics schemes coupling with Kain-Fritsch (KF) cumulus parameterization (CP) scheme have been used to simulate the monthly total rainfall, heavy rainfall, monthly rainy days and heavy rainy days for the month of May 2015 at all meteorological stations of Bangladesh. The simulated results are compared with the observed results of 33 meteorological stations of Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) output. Relative standard deviation of all observed, PERSIANN and model simulated parameters have been analyzed and compared. The maximum monthly observed rain in May 2015 at Sylhet was 752 mm but WSM6, M-2Mom and WDM6 schemes have simulated 831, 788 and 742 mm for day 1 prediction; WSM6, WDM6 and SBU-Lin schemes have simulated 757, 916 and 981 mm for day 2 prediction and WSM6 and WDM6 schemes have simulated 741 and 925 mm for day 3 prediction, respectively and all other MPs have simulated much higher rainfall at domain (D1). The WDM6, M-2Mom and Lin et al. schemes have simulated 744, 807 and 923 mm for day 1 prediction, WSM6 and WDM6 schemes have simulated 714 and 877 mm for day 2 predictions and WSM6, SBU-Lin and Lin et al. schemes have simulated 802 and 913 and 998 mm, respectively for day 3 predictions at domain (D2). The relative standard deviation (RSD) has minimum at D1 and D2 for WDM6 scheme for day 1 prediction and WSM6 scheme for day 2 and day 3 predictions for the monthly total rainfall and heavy rainfall of May 2015. The results suggest that as the forecast time increased the amount of total rain and also heavy rain is increased. As a result RSD is also increased for all MPs. WDM6 scheme gives the better performance of rainfall and rainy days all over the country.
 Journal of Engineering Science 11(1), 2020, 43-60

The Effect of Shading Factor for Single and Double Glazing According to Solar Heat Gain / Window Heat Loss Ratio in Turkey for Residential Buildings

In this study, solar heat gains due to solar radiation and heat losses due to air temperature difference between outdoor and indoor from single and double glazed windows for the heating period in residential buildings were determined and their ratios were calculated. For five climate zones in Turkey determined by Turkish Building Insulation Standard (TS 825); the heating months were identified for the south, north, and east-west directions. The reference indoor temperature value for heating is 19°C. It is accepted that heating will be performed in the months when the outdoor air temperatures are below this temperature. The warmest climate zone is the first zone and the coldest climate zone is the fifth zone. July has the highest air temperature month for all climate zones and January has the lowest. The highest value of solar radiation occurs in June and the lowest in December. The effects of the shading factor and the number of layers for the windows were found in the calculations. In order to find the effect of shading factor, the shading factor for discrete and adjacent buildings and heat transfer coefficients for single and double glazing were determined from TS 825. Then, the solar heat gains, window heat losses and their ratios were determined by using the shading factor for discrete and adjacent buildings and without shading factor for single and double glazing. It was calculated that the solar heat gain/window heat loss ratio was higher in double glazed windows. It means that benefit from solar energy for double layer glazing is much more than single layer glazing for heating period.

E&P Notes (October 2020)

E&P Notes (October 2020)

Spectroscopic study of the HII regions in the NGC 1232 galaxy

Context. NGC 1232 is a face-on spiral galaxy that serves as an excellent laboratory for the study of star formation due to its proximity. Recent studies have revealed interesting features about this galaxy: X-ray observations suggest that it recently collided with a dwarf galaxy, however, no apparent remnant is observed. Aims. In this study, we search for evidence of this possible collision. Methods. We used long-slit optical spectra of the galaxy in two different positions obtained with the Goodman spectrograph at the SOAR telescope. Results. We detected 18 HII regions in the north-south direction and 22 HII regions in the east-west direction and a background galaxy, NGC 1232B, for which we present the first redshift measurement and spectral analysis. We used the stellar population fitting technique to study the underlying stellar population of NGC 1232 and NGC 1232B and to subtract it from the spectra to measure the emission lines. The emission lines were used to determine the extinction, electron density, chemical abundance, and the star-formation rate gradient of NGC 1232. Conclusions. As is common in spiral galaxies, we found a stellar population gradient with older populations at the central regions and younger ones towards the outskirts, along with a negative oxygen abundance gradient of −0.16 dex/re. Due to the difficulty of measuring important emission lines, the number of objects for the abundance gradient is small, but there is a hint that this galaxy has a broken gradient profile, with a drop towards the center. Some authors have explained this effect as the result of a satellite collision, but observations of a large sample of spiral galaxies shows evidence that goes against such a mechanism. If the collision caused any disturbance in the galaxy, we believe it would be small and hard to detect with a limited number of objects. From all the other measurements, we found no deviations from a typical spiral galaxy and no significant difference between different directions in the galaxy. The stellar population and emission line analysis of NGC 1232B suggest that it is a starburst galaxy.

Subsurface Resistivity Imaging of Nasudake (Chausudake) Volcano Determined from Time Domain Electromagnetic Survey (TDEM)

A time domain electromagnetic survey (TDEM method) was conducted to investigate the resistivity structure of the crater, fumarole, and hot spring area of the Nasudake (Chausudake) volcano. The findings of this survey are as follows: (1) Under the crater area, a thin low-resistivity layer (approximately 50 m) was found on the surface, and lens-shaped high-resistivity areas continued to a depth of 800 m below it. The lens-shaped high-resistivity areas are believed to correspond to a thermal volcanic gas region. (2) From the east-west direction survey line crossing the foot of the Nasudake, two or three horizontal resistivity layer structures, which are considered to be caused by the geological structure and surface water, were observed.

PLUVIOMETRIA ESPAÇO-TEMPORAL DA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO UNA

A Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Una detém de um regime pluviométrico diversificado. Graças a sua extensão ela está inserida em duas mesorregiões Pernambucanas (Zona da Mata e Agreste) que apresentam padrões climáticos distintos. Nesse contexto, essa pesquisa visa analisar o comportamento pluviométrico espaço-temporal na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Una, por meio de uma análise de homogeneidade pelo algoritmo K-Mean, preenchimento de falhas com o vetor regional e espacialização dos dados médios mensais e anuais com o algoritmo do IDW. De acordo com o regime pluviométrico mensal o algoritmo Cluster K-Mean determinou coerentemente quatro clusters na Bacia hidrográfica do Rio Una. Quanto ao preenchimento de falhas pluviométricas, o método do vetor regional demonstrou bons resultados no preenchimento de falhas mensais. Com a curva de dupla massa, foi possível perceber consistência dos dados pluviométricos anuais. Na espacialização foi constatada uma grande variabilidade nas precipitações totais anuais e nos meses considerados úmidos, dos quais detêm a magnitude pluviométrica decrescente na direção Leste-Oeste (inversamente a altitude).

Deciphering the dynamics of a heterogeneous sea cliff using ambient vibrations: case study of the Sutta-Rocca overhang (southern Corsica, France)

SUMMARYWe report here an interesting case study of dynamic characterization of a limestone sea cliff area, named the Sutta-Rocca overhang, located near the medieval town of Bonifacio (southern Corsica, France). The site belongs to an UNESCO protected area with an important number of visitors per year. Therefore, it is of particular interest to evaluate the potential rockfall hazard along the cliff. With the objective of evaluating the feasibility of an operational technique to monitor the cliff using ambient vibrations, two seismic stations were installed during six months (from 2016 November to 2017 April) in order to identify and monitor the resonant frequencies of the a priori unstable rock mass. Several techniques of classical seismic monitoring are tested on the site: single-station spectral analysis for identification of frequency peaks related to the unstable mass, relative spectral amplifications between stations and the operational modal analysis of the cliff. In particular, data analysis from a temporary campaign of two days of continuous recordings by a linear array of seismometers perpendicular to the sea cliff highlights the main characteristics of the ground motion: the overall motion of the promontory mainly in the north–south direction (perpendicular to the coast) and bending vertical and parallel to the cliff (east–west direction) at higher frequencies. The strong vertical and east–west seismic amplifications are also confirmed by the analysis of five local seismic events recorded at both semi-permanent stations. Even if ambient vibrations and seismic data analysis allows to decipher the dynamics of the Sutta-Rocca overhang, we conclude that classical seismic monitoring of just one single frequency peak with a limited number of sensors is not recommended for this particular site.

Transition from small-volume ephemeral lava emission to explosive hydrovolcanism: The case of Cerro Tujle maar, northern Chile

Cerro Tujle is an isolated Quaternary maar located 21 km south-east of the Salar de Atacama basin. It is situated at 3,554 m a.s.l., on the top of the Cordón de Tujle ridge forming a north-south striking morphological element in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, in northern Chile. The material erupted at Cerro Tujle lies over the Tucúcaro Ignimbrite (3.2 ± 0.3 Ma), covering the whole area. The origin of the magma source, as well as the evolution and control of the volcanic eruptive styles, were determined by fieldwork, stratigraphic, morphometric, textural (density and vesicularity), petrographic, and geochemical analyses. The Cerro Tujle maar features an elliptical crater (333 × 279 m wide in east-west and north-south directions, respectively) surrounded by lava flow and tephra deposits. The total Dense Rock Equivalent volume of the products was calculated in 1.53 × 105 m3, and mainly correspond to andesites (58.62–59.80 wt% of SiO2). The lava flow can be categorized in at least two types: i) brown-red and green-to-gray andesites located on the north-northwestern flank of the crater, and ii) black andesites with felsic rock clasts distributed around the crater underlying the other lavas. In contrast, the pyroclastic deposit displays breccias of juvenile pyroclasts with xenoliths of rhyolitic composition. These felsic clasts suggest magma assimilation with a shallow magma reservoir during a relatively fast ascent of the magma. This is evidenced by disequilibrium textures in mineral levels, such as reaction rim, and skeletal and sieve textures of the phenocrysts. The field evidence and results of the different analyses suggest a change in the eruptive style from effusive to explosive. This transition is associated with a decrease of the magma flux and a withdrawal of magma below the groundwater table, which has produced a phreatomagmatic eruption by magma-water interaction.

The Tianlai Cylinder Pathfinder array: System functions and basic performance analysis

The Tianlai Cylinder Pathfinder is a radio interferometer array designed to test techniques for 21 cm intensity mapping in the post-reionization Universe, with the ultimate aim of mapping the large scale structure and measuring cosmological parameters such as the dark energy equation of state. Each of its three parallel cylinder reflectors is oriented in the north-south direction, and the array has a large field of view. As the Earth rotates, the northern sky is observed by drift scanning. The array is located in Hongliuxia, a radio-quiet site in Xinjiang, and saw its first light in September 2016. In this first data analysis paper for the Tianlai cylinder array, we discuss the sub-system qualification tests, and present basic system performance obtained from preliminary analysis of the commissioning observations during 2016-2018. We show typical interferometric visibility data, from which we derive the actual beam profile in the east-west direction and the frequency band-pass response. We describe also the calibration process to determine the complex gains for the array elements, either using bright astronomical point sources, or an artificial on site calibrator source, and discuss the instrument response stability, crucial for transit interferometry. Based on this analysis, we find a system temperature of about 90 K, and we also estimate the sensitivity of the array.

Discovery of a Radio Relic in the Massive Merging Cluster SPT-CL J2023-5535 from the ASKAP-EMU Pilot Survey

Abstract The ASKAP-EMU survey is a deep wide-field radio continuum survey designed to cover the entire southern sky and a significant fraction of the northern sky up to +30°. Here, we report a discovery of a radio relic in the merging cluster SPT-CL J2023-5535 at z = 0.23 from the ASKAP-EMU pilot 300 square degree survey (800–1088 MHz). The deep high-resolution data reveal a ∼2 Mpc scale radio halo elongated in the east–west direction, coincident with the intracluster gas. The radio relic is located at the western edge of this radio halo stretched ∼0.5 Mpc in the north–south orientation. The integrated spectral index of the radio relic within the narrow bandwidth is . Our weak-lensing analysis shows that the system is massive ( ) and composed of at least three subclusters. We suggest a scenario, wherein the radio features arise from the collision between the eastern and middle subclusters. Our discovery illustrates the effectiveness of the ASKAP-EMU survey in detecting diffuse emissions in galaxy clusters and when completed, the survey will greatly increase the number of merging cluster detections with diffuse radio emissions.

Topographic change and sediment transport on Maeshima Tombolo tidal flat

For the management of the tidal flat environment and the preservation of several important functions of the tidal flat, the accurate topographic monitoring is indispensable. However, the appropriate measurement of the tidal flat topography is very difficult because water level changes every moment due to tidal oscillation, and the accountable time for the measurement is limited within several hours under low tide condition. In this study, topographic measurement of tidal flat using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) was conducted 5 times over a year, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) obtained by UAV photogrammetry (UAV-DEM) of the tidal flat was constructed in each measurement. The area of 400m in the land-island (L-I) direction and 100m in the west-east (W-E) direction was set on the developed UAV-DEM to analyze the short-term topographical changes (2 weeks including typhoon events, half year and year). By the influence of typhoon passing, sand on the tidal flat was transported from east to west obviously within typhoon event. However, after the topographic change due to the typhoon event, the sand moved opposite direction. By the estimation of the sand volume on the tidal flat using UAV-DEM, it was found that the change of the volume was quite small in one year. These results indicate that the sand volume on this tidal flat is mostly preserved although active sand transport occurs on the tidal flat.

A New Model for three-dimensional Deformation Extraction with Single-track InSAR Based on Mining Subsidence Characteristics

This paper presents a new model for three-dimensional deformation extraction of single-track interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) based on mining subsidence characteristics. The model is applied to address the problem of difficult-to-obtain three-dimensional surface deformations in a mining area with high-precision using single-track InSAR. In horizontal or near horizontal coal seam mining regions, land subsidence and horizontal movement are symmetrically distributed along the strike and dip directions of the working face. The proposed method uses this characteristic to calculate the three-dimensional component of surface deformation for the mining area by performing simple addition and subtraction operations on the line-of-sight (LOS) displacement of the symmetric points. Simulations using the developed model show that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the three-dimensional deformations in the vertical, east-west, and north-south directions are 6.9, 5.5 and 8.9 mm, respectively. Experiments were processed using the Sentinel-1A images, and the results show that the vertical displacement generated by the model is consistent with the leveling data. Based on the simulation analysis, it is found that this model can solve the three-dimensional mining deformations, for situations where the strike angle of the coal seam is not perpendicular to the satellite heading.

Cashew Growth and Canopy Dynamics as Influenced by Manuring in a Guinea Savanna Agro-Ecology of Nigeria

A two-year experiment was conducted to study the response of manuring on growth and canopy development on three-year-old Cashew trees. The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design, with three replications. Soil characteristics including the chemical and physical properties were analyzed before and after the experiments. Fecti-plus organic pelletized fertilizer was applied at different rates of 0,750.6 and 1,501.2 kg/ha-1 respectively around the circumference of the tree. Before the application, the fertilizer sample was also analyzed. Data collected were plant height, stem girth, canopy dynamics which includes: Canopy diameter, canopy radius, canopy spread (North-South and East-West directions), canopy volume, canopy ground cover and percentage ground cover. The results from the pre soil sample show a relatively low status but were significantly enhanced after the application of the pelletized organic fertilizer (Ferti-plus). The soil nutrient composition of Oc, Om, N, K, Na, Ca and Mg+ was significantly highest in the plots having 1,501.2 kg/ha-1 treatments. Generally, there was a significant increase in the soil nutrient with the addition of pelletized fertilizer in respective of the rate of application. Also the results on the canopy dynamic in terms of canopy volume, spread and diameter revealed better development with the use of 1501.2 kg/ha-1 pelletized fertilizer and significantly different to 750.6 kg/ha-1 and those in the no-manure (control)plots. Meanwhile, the use of pelletized organic fertilizer gave superior growth and canopy development. It also influenced the growth of the Cashew plants, as well as the physical and chemical properties of the soil status.

Design optimization, fabrication, and performance evaluation of solar parabolic trough collector for domestic applications

ABSTRACT In this paper, a brief study of small scale solar parabolic trough collector design, simulation, fabrication, and analyzed for heating water as a domestic purpose in the backward regions of developing countries are studied. During the designing phase, the solar parabolic trough collector aperture area was set as 1.5 m2 with 1 m wide and 1.5 m length. The design was done by using red laser light (631 nm) and stainless steel ruler template technique, then verified this design template with parabolic equation. After that, optimize the proposed design through Matlab simulation. Then fabricated the proposed design with different manufacturing techniques. Different experiments were conducted to analyze and evaluate the overall thermal performance of 1.5 m2 solar parabolic trough collector by placing it in two orientations i.e. East-West and North-South with respect to the sun tracking. The data were recorded and analyzed to check the overall efficiency and thermal performance of the system. The experimental results evaluated that efficiency and thermal performance of the solar parabolic trough collector was more when the focal line of the designed trough collector was placed in the East-West (61.66%) direction as compared to North-South direction (48.28%). Moreover, the designed collector raised the temperature of 100 liter water up-to 60°C within 5 hours of sunshine which is enough for four to five persons for bathing and laundry purposes in the winter season of backward and rural areas where there is a shortage of electricity and fossil fuels for domestic applications.

Archaeological Investigation at the Urartian Sites of Bastam Castle Using Magnetics Method

Archaeological Investigation at the Urartian Sites of Bastam Castle Using Magnetics Method

Diversity of Tree Species in Gap Regeneration under Tropical Moist Semi-Deciduous Forest: An Example from Bia Tano Forest Reserve

In a quest to improve the diversity and conservation of native tree species in tropical African forests, gap regeneration remains all-important nature-promoting silviculture practice and ecosystem-based strategy for attaining these ecological goals. Nine gaps of varying sizes (286–2005 m2) were randomly selected: three each from undisturbed, slightly disturbed and disturbed areas within Bia Tano Forest Reserve of Ghana. Within individual gaps, four transects (North–South–East–West directions) followed by 10 subsampling regions of 1 m2 at 2 m apart were established along each transect. Data showed 63 tree species from 21 families in the study. Although, all estimated diversity indices showed significant biodiversity improvements in all gaps at p < 0.05 level. Yet, there were no significant variations amongst gaps. Additionally, tree species differed between gaps at the undisturbed and the two disturbance-graded areas while no differences were presented between disturbance-graded areas. Balanced conservation between Green Star and Reddish Star species and imbalanced conservation between Least Concern, Near Threatened and Vulnerable species in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List were found, showing the reserve’s long-term prospects for economic and ecological benefits of forest management. Thus, there is a need for higher priority for intensive management to regulate various anthropogenic disturbances so as to protect the biological legacies of the reserve.

Space elevator cable's oscillation caused in space thermal environment

On the assumption that the tether's Young's modulus depends on the tether temperature, we analyzed the behavior of the space elevator tether with taking the tether's temperature change into account. The results show the tether has no vibration in the north-south direction, but a vibration in the east-west direction. This vibration's amplitude is about 40 km with a half-day cycle. Since the temperature change in most of the part of the tether has a half-day cycle, it is concluded that this vibration is caused by the temperature change through the expansion and contraction of the tether. Coriolis force generated by the expansion and contraction of the tether makes the tether vibrate by acting as an excitation force. The natural frequency was calculated assuming the space elevator to be a string. The first-order natural frequency is 1.59 [day−1] and the period is 0.628 [day], meaning there is a risk of resonance with the vibration (frequency; 2[day−1]). By changing the values of the two parameters (the length of the space elevator and the internal stress generated in the tether), the natural frequency of the space elevator can be changed. By increasing the tether length or decreasing the internal stress, the natural frequency can be shifted to the lower side. Contrarily, by shortening the tether length or increasing the internal stress, the natural frequency can be shifted to the higher side. For the actual operation of the space elevator, it is suggested that shifting to the higher frequency side is better. Then, the amplitude of the vibration was calculated when the natural frequency is changed by varying the internal stress or the tether length. When the internal stress is changed, the vibration amplitude peaks out when the natural frequency is around 1 [day−1], and when the tether length is changed, the shorter the tether length (the higher the natural frequency), the smaller the amplitude. From this result, it is concluded that the internal stress should be higher and/or the tether length should be shortened to shift the natural frequency to the higher side to suppress the vibration.

Estimating Carbon Stock of Live Trees Located on the Main Campus of the University of Georgia

AbstractWe developed a case study for estimating carbon stock (stored and annually sequestered) in aboveground and belowground portions of all the live trees located on the main campus of the University of Georgia. We recorded species, diameter at breast height, and height of trees located between East Broad Street and Carlton Street (north–south direction) and East Campus Road and Lumpkin Street (east–west direction) covering an area of 94.1 hectares. We used i-Tree Eco V6 for estimating carbon stock. There are 6,915 trees in the study area, out of which 73.0 percent (5,049 trees), 32.3 percent (2,236 trees), and 0.7 percent (50 trees) are native, understory, and invasive, respectively. The total carbon stored in trees is 3,450.4 t (SD = 65), and the annual sequestration rate is about 65 t. The University of Georgia should adopt a multifaceted approach for offsetting or reducing the overall carbon emissions, as annual sequestered carbon in measured trees is only 0.11 percent of the total carbon emitted by the university in 2018. This study highlights the role of trees in meeting the carbon reduction challenges faced by colleges and universities across the United States and beyond, and contextualizes the role of green spaces in general, and trees, in particular toward the ongoing movement of sustainable universities and campuses worldwide.Study Implications: Across the United States and beyond, universities and colleges are actively exploring ways to reduce their overall environmental footprint for achieving sustainable development goals. Trees located on the campuses of universities and colleges provide various ecosystem services, including carbon storage and annual sequestration. We advise that universities and colleges should explore other options to reduce or offset their annual carbon emissions, as the quantity of carbon annually sequestered in trees located on the main campuses could be small relative to their overall annual carbon emissions.

Influence of foliar nutrients and plant growth regulators on growth and yield of strawberry (Fragaria #215; ananassa Duch.) under naturally ventilated polyhouse

A pot experiment was conducted to study the influence of foliar nutrients and plant growth regulators on growth and yield of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) under naturally ventilated polyhouse. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with eleven treatments and three replications. Results of the study revealed that the application of GA3 150 ppm (T9) showed maximum plant height (19.21 cm), plant spread in north-south and east-west direction (28.15 cm and 24.79 cm respectively.), number of trifoliate leaves (25.20), maximum number of crowns per plant (4.93), leaf area (127.78 cm2) and leaf area index (3.94), maximum number of runners per plant (5.29), minimum number of days taken for flowering (85.81 days), highest number of flowers (28.00) and fruits per plant (19.08), maximum yield per plant (299.36 g). Application of boron 0.6 per cent (T7) showed maximum fruit length (4.18 cm), fruit diameter (3.90 cm), fruit circumference (11.15 cm), maximum fruit weight (17.22 g) and fruit volume (21.78 cc).