Choice Of Wells Research Articles

Acid systems usage for inflow intensification technologies experimental justification

Purpose. Research and experimentally substantiate the use of acid systems for inflow intensification technologies. To study the peculiarities of the mechanisms and methods of restoration of the near-outbreak zone of the reservoir. The methods. 1. Diagnosis of the causes of deterioration. 2. Selection of appropriate reagents for processing. 3. Selection of the method of delivery of the agent into the reservoir (design). 4. Modeling (calculation). 5. Prediction of the final productivity of the well. Findings. There are some physical means of diverting the injected acid composition for selective treatment, which include: the use of rubber-coated balls added to the injected fluid composition to plug the receiving holes, and the use of packers that isolate the zone necessary for cleaning during operation from the rest of the wellbore. Mechanical methods of selective cleaning differ from others in that they completely cover non-target intervals, directing the entire flow of the reagent to the open area. The originality. Increasing the effectiveness of the influence of hydrochloric acid solutions on the near-cut zone of wells is one of the factors in the effective development of oil deposits in carbonate reservoirs. To solve this problem, geological and technological justification of the choice of wells and technological parameters of influence in specific geological conditions of the deposits is necessary. Practical implementation. A significant number of technologies proposed today for the intensification of the subsurface zone with hydrochloric acid indicate a great variety of productive layers in terms of their occurrence, geological-physical and physico-chemical properties of reservoir rocks and fluids that saturate them, differences in development technology that must be taken into account when influencing increasing its efficiency. Acid treatment is one of the traditional and generally accepted methods of restoring by dissolving the rock and the subsequent formation of highly permeable channels. In order to maximize the effect of the treatment, the active part of the composition (acid) should be redistributed to evenly treat all clogged areas, and the entire composition after working out should be easily removed at the stage of washing and development after the operation.

Impact of stacking sequence on the tight-binding electronic band structures of (BeX)m/(ZnX)m, X = S, Se and Te superlattices

By using a semi-empirical tight-binding sp3s* method, the results of comprehensive electronic band structures are reported for the zinc-blende beryllium- and zinc-chalcogenides (BeX and ZnX; X = S, Se, Te) as well as their representative (BeX)m/(ZnX)m (001) superlattices (SLs). For the bulk BeX and ZnX materials, the simulations of energy band dispersions Ejk→ have offered the correct band gaps in very good agreement with the first-principles calculations. The band-mixing effect through the interfaces of two constituent compounds (BeX indirect- and ZnX direct-band gap) has played an important role for determining the overall band lineup in the (BeX)m /(ZnX)m SLs over the entire Brillouin zone. Based on the quantum confinement effects, the impact of stacking sequence m ≤ 10 is carefully examined for assessing the band structures of SLs. The results have clearly revealed that the nature of energy bandgaps is quite sensitive to the choice of well (BeX) and barrier (ZnX) layer thickness. Obviously, this intuition has implied that controlling m to achieve direct bandgaps in novel (BeX)m/(ZnX)m SLs is probably an effective way of assessing their potential use in technologically important optoelectronic devices.

ON THE DEMAND OF PLANNING THE IMPLEMENTATIONOF MEASURES FOR PRODUCTION STIMULATION BY APPLYING HYDROCHLORIC ACID SOLUTION IN THE REAL TIME MODE

The authors of the paper observed considerable effect on performance time factor based onthe experience of bottom hole zone treatment with the use of hydrochloric acid solution preventing emulsification. The paper presents models and algorithms allowing planning effectiveness, choice of wells and technologies considering this factor in the real time mode.

Engaging Elements of Cancer-Related Digital Stories in Alaska.

The tradition of storytelling is an integral part of Alaska Native cultures that continues to be a way of passing on knowledge. Using a story-based approach to share cancer education is grounded in Alaska Native traditions and people's experiences and has the potential to positively impact cancer knowledge, understandings, and wellness choices. Community health workers (CHWs) in Alaska created a personal digital story as part of a 5-day, in-person cancer education course. To identify engaging elements of digital stories among Alaska Native people, one focus group was held in each of three different Alaska communities with a total of 29 adult participants. After viewing CHWs' digital stories created during CHW cancer education courses, focus group participants commented verbally and in writing about cultural relevance, engaging elements, information learned, and intent to change health behavior. Digital stories were described by Alaska focus group participants as being culturally respectful, informational, inspiring, and motivational. Viewers shared that they liked digital stories because they were short (only 2-3min); nondirective and not preachy; emotional, told as a personal story and not just facts and figures; and relevant, using photos that showed Alaskan places and people.

Why Big Data Won't Cure Us.

The biggest challenge for the use of “big data” in health care is social, not technical. Data-intensive approaches to medicine based on predictive modeling hold enormous potential for solving some of the biggest and most intractable problems of health care. The challenge now is figuring out how people, both patients and providers, will actually use data in practice. To understand how data-intensive solutions could have an impact on health care, our research team talked to frontline providers in impoverished and rural areas, technology enthusiasts in mobile health and health IT startups, clinicians and researchers in major research hospitals, Quantified Self members at data-driven meetup presentations of massive amounts of tracking data, and attendees at the growing number of conferences for health technology and innovation up and down both coasts. I found the buzz as feverishly loud around health information innovation as it was during my research on the first dot-com boom. One of our findings from this research seems at first blush so obvious that it is hard to believe it has been overlooked in the design and implementation of health-care innovation technologies. Namely, people imagine data in very different ways. Understanding this key fact about data helps us understand why so-called “big data” solutions to health care are so difficult to implement in practice. Doctors, patients, and health-care entrepreneurs all value data in very different ways. One physician simply said, “I don't need more data; I need more resources.”* Saying this in Silicon Valley or at TedMed would be tantamount to heresy. Ditto for those of us who work in research and spend our careers collecting, massaging, managing, analyzing, and interpreting data. From the doctor's perspective, though, data require (and do not save) extra interpretive, clerical, and managerial labor. This perspective on “data,” at least with regard to current clinical practice, is that data use up more resources than the benefits they provide. In other words, most doctors think data innovation means more work for them, not less, and takes away time from what they see as their key priorities in providing quality care. In another setting, we observed nurse-practitioner case managers in a Medicare demonstration project working with a simple algorithm parsing patient-entered health data. Combined with case management, these data provided a look into the daily health of chronically ill elderly patients and a pathway for the care when it was needed. The data in that project were tightly tied to medical expertise within an existing clinic where a trusted person could initiate a chain of care responses. Although widely recognized as a clinical success, Medicare pulled the plug on the project for financial reasons—expertise is expensive. These two reactions to data-intensive pilot projects highlight the dilemmas of data-analytic approaches to health care. Businesses are in the thrall of the possibilities of ever-increasing predictive analysis on expanding troves of generated data. While the business and technology sectors see data as valuable, doctors often see data as costs, risks, and liabilities. And for many in health care, data are not seen as a source of value, but of additional work. Without the work needed to make data valuable and useful in particular settings in particular contexts in health care, big data will never solve problems. To turn a technology truism on its head, data in health care will never be free. And yet, the ways in which health technology innovators have talked about the power of data neglects key aspects of the social interoperability or integration of data into health solutions. How will such data be integrated into care providers' work practices; through the complex routines of clinics and hospitals; and into existing legal, social, political, and economic frameworks? These questions are enormous. Until we solve these questions of social interoperability, the risks presented by “big data” in health will outweigh the benefits to any particular individual, regardless of whether we're talking about terabyte-scale analytics or the “small-data” of n=1 individuals. What follows is an outline of how to tackle these questions based upon what our team has seen throughout our research.

Teaching Students to Think Critically About Fitness and Wellness Choices

Teaching Students to Think Critically About Fitness and Wellness Choices

Optimal pumping from Palmela water supply wells (Portugal) using simulated annealing

Aquifer systems are an important part of an integrated water resources management plan as foreseen in the European Union’s Water Framework Directive (2000). The sustainable development of these systems demands the use of all available techniques capable of handling the multidisciplinary features of the problems involved. The formulation and resolution of an optimization model is described for a planning and management problem based on the Palmela aquifer (Portugal), developed to supply a given number of demand centres. This problem is solved using one of the latest optimization techniques, the simulated annealing heuristic method, designed to find the optimal solutions while avoiding falling into local optimums. The solution obtained, providing the wells location and the corresponding pumped flows to supply each centre, are analysed taking into account the objective function components and the constraints. It was found that the operation cost is the biggest share of the final cost, and the choice of wells is greatly affected by this fact. Another conclusion is that the solution takes advantage of the economies of scale, that is, it points toward drilling a large capacity well even if this increases the investment cost, rather than drilling several wells, which together will increase the operation costs.

Counselors and Physicians Providing Mental Health Services: An Integrated Approach

The authors argue that there is a clear link between mental and physical health issues. A wellness-based approach to integrated health care, such as the one described in this article, may allow older clients to be empowered to make lifestyle changes that can improve the quality of their lives and reduce physical illness. ********** Older adults progress through numerous transitions and changes that may require medical and mental health assistance. This segment of the population has the highest rate of suicide and yet are often less likely to seek services from any type of mental health provider than younger adults (Miller, 2005). Treatment for mental health conditions in older adults is compounded by the fact that these individuals may have numerous chronic medical conditions and take a higher number of medications, whose side effects may cause psychological symptoms. Older adults use more medications than any other age group and purchase 40% of prescription medications and 35% of over-the-counter medications in the United States (Correa-de-Araujo, Miller, Banthin, & Trinh, 2005). Medical care has become expensive for Americans. Medical care has become expensive for all Americans and, rather than a house, will be their biggest purchase. Sixty percent of all federal social spending is spent on older adults. This amount is three times more than what taxpayers spend on children. Health care expenses have increased drastically in the past 40 years; these expenses are currently 2.5 times higher than the inflation rate, accounting for 15% of the gross domestic product (Lamm & Blank, 2005). Given the increased spending on health care and other programs for older adults, there is a need to find ways to reduce costs. An integrated wellness-based health care system could assist older adults in living healthier lives, perhaps with a reduced use of medication. Older adults are at high risk for disability and major illnesses (Reicherter & Greene, 2005). Because of the link between physical and mental health, there is a clear need for integrated health care, but the current system has failed to effectively integrate the two systems (Barrels, 2004). Older adults have a higher rate of hospitalization than younger individuals and account for 49% of all hospital days as well as 80% of home care visits (Correa-de-Araujo et al., 2005). Given the projected growth of the older adult population, the spending on health care will probably continue to increase. The number of individuals who are 65 years and older was estimated in 2000 to be 13% of the population and is anticipated to be 25% of the population by the year 2030 (Nunez, Armbruster, Phillips, & Gale, 2003). Along with physical illness, mental illness is also a concern for older adults. The number of older adults who have serious mental health problems is estimated to increase significantly and even double by the year 2030. Higher rates of medical problems are found in individuals who have mental health problems (Bartels, 2004), thus highlighting the need for integrated health care. Individuals are living longer than ever before and, despite advances in medical treatment, are more likely to need medical services (Rosowsky, 2005). With increased life expectancy, there is also an increased probability that older adults will develop chronic conditions that require treatment and lifestyle adjustments (Correa-de-Araujo et al., 2005). Thus, the need for an effective and efficient delivery of integrated wellness-based health care is clear given the growing older adult population. USE OF THE WELLNESS MODEL IN INTEGRATED MENTAL HEALTH CARE Wellness is a lifelong process and is important during every stage of life. Wellness may be even more important for individuals who have chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes, arthritis, and Parkinson's disease. The effects of wellness choices are cumulative and can have a profound impact on the quality of life in later years (Myers, Sweeney, & Witmer, 2000). …

Combined Polymer and Emulsion Flooding Methods for Oil Reservoirs With a Water Leg

Abstract Many light and medium gravity oil reservoirs have an underlying contiguous water zone, in communication with the oil zone. As a result, a conventional waterflood is often unsuccessful because the injected water tends to channel into the more conductive bottom water layer. The research results discussed here show that modified waterfloods of such reservoirs may still be economically viable. Experiments were carried out in a three-dimensional model, employing a number of techniques, including horizontal wells. The flooding fluids consisted of polymer solutions and emulsions. The most successful strategy was to use a 10% quality oilin- water emulsion as a blocking agent, and a polymer solution as the mobility control fluid. Such a combination yielded oil recoveries approaching 70%, as compared to 50% for a conventional waterflood, for equally thick oil and water layers. The experimental results were correlated by means of a threezone analytical model allowing for crossflow between oil and water layers, which is useful for predicting the performance of such floods. Experiments utilizing horizontal injector-producer pairs for conventional waterfloods in the presence of a water leg, as well as floods utilizing polymers and emulsions showed only limited gains over vertical well pairs. Guidelines are offered for the choice of well and fluid combinations for successful floods. Introduction Waterflooding is a relatively inexpensive secondary recovery method that is used widely in the petroleum industry. In the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan a number of light and moderately heavy oil reservoirs contain a high water saturation zone in communication with the oil zone. Under conventional waterflood such reservoirs have been observed to show poor performance. The major reason for this is an insufficient and incomplete sweep of the reservoir by the injected water, which tends to move to the producing wells through the more permeable portions of the reservoir. This results in low recovery. Several laboratory model studies have been undertaken to investigate the effect of various parameters on oil recovery in bottom water reservoirs(1–8). High water cuts and rapidly decreasing oil rates early in the production life of such reservoirs have, in many instances, prompted their suspension or abandonment at very low levels of recovery(2). Mobility ratio is perhaps the single most important parameter in waterflooding bottom water reservoirs. A number of flooding fluids have been used to control mobility ratio. This paper examines effective techniques to waterflood bottom water reservoirs using polymer and emulsion as mobility control and/or blocking agents. The effect of vertical and horizontal injectors and different combinations were also investigated. Experimental Set-up and Procedure A diagram of the experimental apparatus is shown in Figure 1. The apparatus is made up of two constant rate pumps and a specially- designed aluminum core holder with a rectangular crosssection. The inside dimensions of the core holder were 5.08 cm (2.0 in.) wide, 7.62 cm (3.0 in.) deep and 122 cm (48 in.) long. Two pumps were used for simultaneous injection of two different fluids to simulate a vertical displacement front. The injection well was specially designed to allow the simultaneous injection of two different fluids.

Intersubband Spectroscopy of Semiconductor Quantum Wells

A review is given on the optical spectroscopy of electronic states in conduction subbands of III-V compound quantum well structures. By appropriate choice of well and barrier material, and in particular the well thickness, the intersubband transition can be tuned from about 3.5 μm to longer wavelengths over the entire infrared range.The dependence of the absorption energy and lineshape on temperature has been studied for both well and modulation doping in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. The lineshape analysis gives the single energy state width by deconvoluting the width due to the level-dependent dispersion.Various application schemes of intersubband transitions in infrared photodetectors and lasers are discussed.

The variably spaced superlattice energy filter

A new superlattice device concept which provides for high energy injection of electrons into a semiconductor layer is presented. The device is based on resonant tunneling of electrons between adjacent aligned quantum well levels in a variably spaced superlattice structure. By a judicial choice of well and barrier widths the energy levels under reverse bias become aligned such that resonant tunneling of electrons through the structure can occur. Thus, electrons are injected into a semiconductor layer at an energy corresponding to the energy of the first subband in the last quantum well. This structure has significant advantages over the conventional method of producing hot electrons in that a nearly monoenergetic high-energy electron distribution is created at low reverse bias and with high efficiency, since energy loss to phonons is inhibited as a consequence of the channeling of electrons through a narrow band of quantum states. Applications of the VSSEF structure to avalanche photodiodes, IMPATT diodes and electroluminescent devices are discussed.

Factors that Predict Fracture Orientation In a Gas Storage Reservoir

The data presented here indicate that surface joints and lineaments as revealed by aerial photographs are related to the maximum horizontal stress in a region and to the orientation of induced vertical wellbore fractures. This information could help engineers to make the optimum choice of wells for fracturing, thus enhancing reservoir performance. Introduction The natural state of earth stresses, in which the vertical stress generally exceeds the horizontal stress, is a condition favoring the formation of vertical fractures. Petroleum-producing reservoirs have vertical fractures Petroleum-producing reservoirs have vertical fractures along a preferred azimuthal direction. The orientation of vertical fractures in areas of flat or gently dipping rocks may be ascertained both quickly and accurately from regional surface features. In certain areas where no apparent relationship exists between jointing and present folding or stress orientation, the jointing may be due to failure planes or directions inherited from deep-seated basement rocks. In relating surface joint trends to hydraulically induced wellbore fractures, we hypothesized that one direction of jointing in surface rocks could be related to the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress in that locality. This hypothesis, in conjunction with the presently accepted theory that hydraulically induced vertical fractures will be oriented parallel to the maximum horizontal stress and nominal to the minimum horizontal stress direction, allows us to infer the orientation of the stress field by comparing surface-orientation data with subsurface-orientation data. In some tectonic provinces, the stress-field orientation can be inferred from the structural geometry; however, stress history must be examined or great errors arise from this method. In a reservoir study at microscopic scale, investigators have detected permeability to be directional in samples from various oilfields and have indicated that the idea is applicable in primary- and secondary-recovery development. Relative primary- and secondary-recovery development. Relative to the preferred direction of fracturing, higher permeabilities were found parallel to the wellbore permeabilities were found parallel to the wellbore fracture in one Appalachian oilfield, indicating a relationship between directional permeability and fracture orientation. In a noteworthy laboratory investigation on the relationship between directional characteristics and the induced fracture orientation in sedimentary rocks, it was shown that fracture propagation was parallel to the direction defined by greatest strain-energy relief in relaxation during overcoring of strain gauges mounted in boreholes. In an effort to determine the preferred direction of fracturing in an established gas-storage reservoir, the Petroleum Div. of the Morgantown Energy Research Center initiated a program to relate microscopic rock properties with observed macroscopic reservoir fractures. properties with observed macroscopic reservoir fractures. We believe that an interdisciplinary study involving both laboratory and field experiments is the proper approach to understanding the factors influencing fracture orientation. Therefore, we have directed our research toward relating basic rock properties to present and past geologic stresses. present and past geologic stresses. JPT P. 546