Well-known Organizations Research Articles

Histochemical assessment upon the striatal distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the cat.

The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was explored in the striatum of the cat following a slightly modified Geneser-Jensen and Blackstad method. The well-known histochemical organization of the cat's striatum, characterized by the presence of small areas with poor concentration of AChE, called "striosomal bodies" or "striosomes", which were embedded in a prominent tissular matrix presenting more intense staining for AChE, was clearly recognized. An additional finding, however, was that regional variations in the deposit of AChE both in the striosomal bodies and in the matrix-compartment, occurred within different rostrocaudal and dorsoventral striatal territories of the cat's caudate nucleus. These results point to consider these two striatal compartments as part of a more complex histochemical design for the striatum of carnivores.

Positive Action for Women in Britain

Employers' programs to improve women's opportunities in Britain started in the late 1970s after Equal Pay, Sex Discrimination, and Race Relations legislation had been passed. While equal opportunity is now on employers' agendas, activity is limited to a small number of well-known organizations whose programs often lack specific targets. In this, Britain does not differ much from other European Community countries. Action programs for women in Britain are more common than those for ethnic minorities, despite parallel legislation. Britain leads the rest of Europe, however, in its approaches to racial discrimination. Equal opportunity employers are now starting action programs for people with disabilities, though they are not covered by antidiscrimination legislation. Results are awaited from the strong religious antidiscrimination legislation in Northern Ireland and from European Economic Community attempts to strengthen legislation to assist women.

Every Spy a Prince: The Complete History of Israel's Intelligence Community

The first comprehensive and balanced account of the most controversial and well-known espionage organization in the world, taking readers through the complex web of politics and personal ambition that led to such disasters as the brutal violence on the West Bank. 8 pages of photographs.

Supporting and Membrane Structures of Human Outer Hair Cells: Evidence for an Isometric Contraction

The supporting elements of the human organ of Corti express a number of cytokeratins, and it is obvious that the presence of cytokeratins provides mechanical stability to the framework of the entire organ of Corti. In the basal part of the outer hair cells and in the apical part of the Deiters cells, there is a significant expression of actin. In the human outer hair cells, the system of subsurface cisterns is not only restricted to the lateral cell wall but is also continuous to the basal region where the hair cells are closely attached to the supporting Deiters cells. In contrast to the well-known organization of the subsurface cisterns and pillar structures at the lateral outer hair cell wall of rodents, the pillars at the base of human outer hair cells can form channels. These channels allow a direct communication between the lumen of the subsurface cisterns and the intercellular space which separates outer hair cells and Deiters cells. At the apical part of the Deiters cells, a condensation of microfilaments is present which displays morphological similarities to actin fibers. These well-organized structural configurations between outer hair cells and Deiters cells imply that this region has special contractile properties. The human outer hair cells are therefore firmly stabilized not merely apically but also at the cell base, a situation which would permit a mainly isometric contraction under in vivo physiological conditions.

Organizational Fundraising: Further Evidence on the Effect of Legitimizing Small Donations

Prior research has shown that by legitimizing paltry donations in face-to-face contact with prospective donors, fundraisers may increase the amount of money allocated to highly visible charitable organizations. The present study suggests that this “legitimization effect” also occurs when donors are requested to allocate funds to a relatively less well-known organization, through telephone as well as face-to-face contact.

Research on lesbianism: selected effects of time, geographic location, and data collection technique.

It is the intention of this article both to be descriptive of elements of the lesbian life style that appear to be consistent over time and to examine the results of using widely different data collection techniques attempting to differentiate such behaviors. In addition, the study from which the data are derived examined areas of change and social movement among selected areas of personal commitment or interaction. Research in the area of covert behavior is extremely difficult. Certain types of covert behavior preclude traditional survey and sampling procedures, making parameter estimates for the general population, as well as precluding the use of inferential statistics for data analysis. The masking of the deviant self is perhaps most pronounced where the covert activity in question is illegal (Klockars, 1974). Given this, a comparison of the impact of different research techniques on the quality of data generated in the study of deviant behavior would appear to be important. The data were collected from three separate groups involving three data collection times spread over a 10-year period, involving three geographic locations, and involving two different data collection techniques. A total of 394 lesbians were interviewed or responded to a questionnaire distributed with the cooperation of a large, well-known homophile organization. An analysis was made, and both significant and nonsignificant differences in sample types are discussed. It should be noted that these data represent a small segment of the data generated by the study. The parts of them presented were chosen because they address pertinent theoretical and methodological questions in the area of researching covert behavior.

Determinants of Job Satisfaction among Industrial Workers

This paper makes an indepth analysis of some important factors which are significantly associated with job satisfaction. The sample for the study was drawn from eight well-known industrial organizations. The findings reveal that each independent variable is positively related not only to job satisfaction but also to every one of the other independent variables. While income and occupational aspirations are not positively related to job satisfaction recruitment policy of the firm significantly affected it.

Comparative Evaluation of the Local Police

Analysis of a 1973 national sample of American adults indicates that the affective attitudes of whites toward local police are very positive compared to their attitudes toward 15 other well-known organizations, irrespective of the age of respondents. Sentiment toward local police among both young and old black respondents, however, is low compared to black attitudes toward the other organizations, while middle-age black respondents evaluate the police as neither worse nor better than most other organizations. Charles W. Peek and George D. Lowe are Associate Professors in the Depaitment of Sociology, Texas Tech University. Jon P. Alston is Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology, Texas A & M University. The data reported here were made available through a grant from the Research Center Committee of the College of Liberal Arts, Texas AM Clark, 1965; Skolnick, 1966: 49-62; Niederhoffer, 1967: 1; Alex, 1969: Ch. 5; Alex, 1976: Ch. 5 and 6). Proper assessment of the degree of police isolation requires comparison of affective as well as instrumental evaluations of police to evaluations of other well-known organizations.4 Such a strategy allows a contextual interpretation of police isolation-their degree of isolation in relation to other organizations rather than measured against some arbitrary standard. Our purpose is to provide such a comparison. Specifically, we shall investigate the degree to which the general public like the local police in relation to how well they like 15 other well-known organizations. We will also examine comparative evaluations of the police within racial and age segments of the public, since the literature cited earlier suggests the most variation in attitudes toward police among these

Family background in prison groups: a comparative study of parental deprivation.

Early workers studying children because of persistent delinquency concluded that the child's inability to make relationships was the central core from which all other behaviour disturbances arose. The long term effects of institutionalization and repeated moves from foster mother to foster mother, it was asserted, were basic in any consideration of aetiology. The difficulty of treating these patients and the permanency of ill-effects was emphasized. In his well-known World Health Organization Bulletin, Bowlby (1951) concluded ‘on the basis of this varied evidence it appears that there is a very strong case indeed for believing that prolonged separation of a child from his mother (or mother substitute) during the first five years of life stands foremost amongst the causes of delinquent character development’. Whilst the practical conclusions of this publication led to a remarkable change in outlook and improvement in the institutional care of children, his theoretical conclusions have drawn heavy fire. Andry (1960) directed attention to the ‘defective role frequently played by the father and not only that of the all-too-often mentioned mother’. Wootton (1959, 1962) regards as an unproven hypothesis ‘that maternal deprivation leads to life-long damage and is a major factor in criminal behaviour’. She argues that Bowlby has overstated the case for the separation experience itself, without due regard to the conditions the child has come from or goes to, and has given scant recognition to hereditary factors. Wootton notes that relatively few investigations have traced the fortunes of the maternally deprived after adolescence, let alone throughout life, and hence there is no definitive proof that the damaging effects of the separation experience are irreversible. Further, the maternal separation hypothesis relates to only a minority of the delinquent population (the ‘affectless psychopath’) and there is no experience of the general population at large of comparable infantile experiences. A review of the recent literature (Lancet, 1966, British Medical Journal, 1967), indicates that various investigations into the long term effects of childhood parental deprivation and bereavement in the causation of adult mental ill health and behaviour disturbance have yielded inconclusive results. Whilst this state of affairs suggests that further studies are necessary to detect consistent patterns of parental deprivation, these patterns by themselves may not indicate precise modes of aetiology, but when taken into consideration with other objective data of family background may yield the development or refutation of hypotheses regarding various determinants of psychiatric disorder. In the light of these contemporary uncertainties we have re-examined the hypothesis that early adverse experiences are related to subsequent delinquency and criminality. By statistical procedures we examined two prison populations, one consisting of short term male first offenders of less serious crime, and the other of male recidivists and those convicted of serious crime. Various groups from the general population at large have been incorporated to act as the control group.

The Russian-American Company: Private or Government Enterprise?

IN THE HISTORY Of colonial expansion enterprise played no small part and through initiative both England and Russia stumbled into empires, one expanding across the vast seas, the other across the immense Eurasian continent reaching out to Alaska. While one was pursuing her imperial ambitions through such well-known organizations as the East India Company, the other used a similar weapon, the Russian-American Company, though it was not as private as it is usually assumed to have been or as effective as the English enterprise. By a strange coincidence, both companies, after having served their purpose, terminated their existence within the same decade, the 'sixties of the past century; but one left in the English imperial crown a jewel-India-the other, only historical memories of a grand effort with a most prosaic finale. Strictly speaking, the name Russian-American Company is a misnomer since it conveys the idea of a organization. Because of this idea historians have often been puzzled to explain how it happened that a strictly enterprise, such as they assumed the Russian-American Company to be, could have arisen within the confines of the Russian Empire. In England, it was argued, where there was a middle class with considerable political influence backed by peculiar political institutions favoring individual initiative, an East India Company was a logical growth; but in tsarist Russia, where serfdom was at its height, where monarchical government was uncurbed by a middle class, and where a semifeudal aristocracy ruled supreme, such a phenomenon was inconceivable.2 Such arguments are based on surface judgment. A perusal of the documents pertaining to the history of this company reveals a totally different picture. Let us first take a glance at such a document as the instruction issued to the company on July 8, 1799 (old style), which already reveals a symbiosis of government and organization. According to Provision XII of this document the administration was obligated to report everything concerning the affairs of the Company, its orders as well as achievements, directly to His Im-