Well-known Brands Research Articles

The effects of roasting versus toasting brand-to-brand dialogues on consumer perceptions

Purpose This study aims to investigate how two different types of brand-to-brand dialogues – “roasting” versus “toasting” – impact consumers’ brand perceptions, particularly perceived entertainment, and influence brand attitudes. Design/methodology/approach The research design comprises four studies. The preliminary study involves Web scraping to gauge consumer perception about the two communication approaches followed by two well-known brands. Study 1 involves an online experiment to compare these communication types within each brand tested in the pilot study and examines the mediation effect of perceived entertainment. Study 2, also an online experiment, investigates the role of message neutralization, demonstrating that “roasting” can be acceptable when the humor is neutralized. Study 3 further tests the effects of neutralized “roasting” at different levels of brand familiarity and personality. Findings Roasting can lead to more favorable consumer perceptions than toasting. The effect can be explained by roasting’s higher level of perceived entertainment. However, this positive outcome is contingent on the successful neutralization of the aggressive humor in the “roasting” messages. When it comes to brand familiarity and personality, familiar brands benefit more from neutralized “roasting,” whereas brand personality does not have a strong influence. Research limitations/implications The findings suggest that “roasting” can be effective when messages are neutralized, and “toasting” works best when spontaneous and genuine. It highlights how brand familiarity and personality influence consumer reactions, thus, offering strategic insights for both established and lesser-known brands. The study also prompts further research to examine other brand traits, cultural factors and behavioral dimensions in brand-to-brand dialogue, signifying the complexity and richness of this growing research area. Practical implications This study advises lesser-known brands to adopt “toasting” strategies to build a positive image, while established brands can try “roasting,” ensuring message neutrality to avoid negativity. The research emphasizes the role of brand familiarity and personality in shaping brand dialogues. Marketers must consider these to make humor strategies effective and bolster positive brand image. Originality/value This research uniquely examines message neutralization through contextual cues as a strategy brands can use to aid their sensitive dialogues with others on social media. The findings provide new insights into how brands can use different types of messages in digital communications to attract consumers and ensure positive reception, offering valuable guidance for academics and practitioners in brand-to-brand dialogue.

Oryx Desert Salt: grand ambitions for global growth

Learning outcomes At the end of the case discussion, students should be able to trace the journey of launching a start-up by evaluating how opportunities and hurdles can be navigated throughout the international entrepreneurial process; assess the increasing trend towards internationalisation for start-ups and identify a range of factors contributing to the growth in global entrepreneurship; formulate an argument highlighting the role of the networking and partnerships when adopting a global strategy; propose how a firm could develop a unique mix of resources to obtain a sustained competitive advantage globally against other firms; and make an informed decision regarding various issues that entrepreneurs need to consider when going global and analyse how they can effectively deal with a crisis they may face. Case overview/synopsis Oryx Desert Salt is sourced from ancient, unpolluted, sustainable underground salt lakes in the pristine and remote uninhabitable Kalahari semi-desert of South Africa. Samantha Skyring is the founding CEO of Oryx Desert Salt. Her inspiration for the name was her 120-km, one-week walk through the Namib Desert in 2000, when she had several close encounters with the Oryx Gazelle, becoming the symbol of that Kalahari experience. Oryx products currently feature on the tables of between 1,500 and 2,500 local restaurants country-wide, and in the retail sector, Oryx salt is on the shelves of about 1,000 stores of retailers, plus in several health shops and deli’s countrywide. Regarding the business’s global footprint, Oryx Desert Salt currently exports to 23 countries and is also available on Amazon.com. Notwithstanding that Samantha Skyring has succeeded in making Oryx Desert Salt the well-known local household brand she had intended; she is contemplating greater international expansion and reach. She has envisioned Oryx salt to become a respected global household brand, in the same way Himalayan pink salt gained popularity worldwide as a gourmet salt. Given Samantha’s challenge of finding suitable speciality distributors in the different countries to help get her product in restaurants and retail, what would be the best approach to achieve her vision of becoming a global brand? To what extent could she capitalise and leverage various resources to further globalise Oryx’s business operations? How could she ensure that the extent and diversity of global reach provides Oryx Desert Salt with a sustained competitive advantage? Complexity academic level Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Management, Executive Education Supplementary material Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.

Enhancing intelligent marketing systems: a multi-layer hypernetwork approach integrating evidence theory for influential node identification

PurposeThis study proposes an intelligent marketing system model based on a combination of multi-layer hypernetworks and evidence theory, aiming to address the shortcomings of traditional marketing models in accurately identifying key nodes. We propose a new method to improve the accuracy and response speed of intelligent marketing systems by combining evidence theory with multi-layer hypernetworks. We conducted an experiment using a certain car brand (SUV) as an example, which has a wide customer base in both domestic and international markets and has branches in multiple countries. By analyzing its sales data and user behavior, we evaluated the potential reduction in advertising costs and improvement in user satisfaction that may result from adopting this model.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed model begins with the development of a user interest model, which is subsequently converted into a user label model based on user behavior and a rating matrix. A multi-layer aggregation hypernetwork is then constructed to define the network’s topology. An identification framework is established using evidence theory, and the Dempster–Shafer (D-S) evidence combination method is applied to integrate local, positional and global network indicators. Simulation experiments are conducted to evaluate the model’s performance.FindingsThis study proposes an intelligent marketing system model that integrates multi-layer hypernetworks with Dempster–Shafer evidence theory to address the limitations of traditional marketing models in identifying influential nodes. The proposed model is tested in the automotive industry, specifically using sales and user behavior data from a well-known SUV brand operating globally. This industry provides a complex and competitive environment ideal for validating the model’s ability to improve marketing precision. The results demonstrate that the model significantly enhances the accuracy of key node identification, reduces advertising costs by 10–15% and improves customer satisfaction scores to over 90%. Furthermore, preliminary experiments in the retail and e-commerce sectors highlight the model’s adaptability and potential for broader application. By combining local, positional and global indicators, the model effectively optimizes marketing strategies, providing a novel framework for intelligent decision-making in diverse industries. This study selected a well-known SUV car brand as the experimental subject. This brand mainly sells SUV models and has a wide customer base worldwide. Its products are known for their high performance and reliability. The brand has millions of customers, and its main markets include North America, Europe and Asia. It has branches in multiple countries and has significant international influence. According to publicly available data, the brand’s annual revenue reaches billions of dollars.Originality/valueThe main contribution of the research is the proposal of a novel intelligent marketing optimization framework based on multi-layer hypernetworks and evidence theory, which can effectively solve the problems of data silos and information asymmetry faced in traditional marketing systems.

The analysis of consumer perception on quality of canned sardines with chili sauce TeFa Polije used importance performance analysis method

Abstract Polije had a TEFA Canning unit that produced canned sardines. The TEFA Canning unit only produced without studying and knowing consumer satisfaction with the quality of the products produced. This study aimed to identify key attributes in quality improvement of Canned Sardines With Chili Sauce TeFa Polije based on consumer needs, and to formulate a strategy to improve the quality of canned sardines with chili sauce TeFa Polije products. The methods used in this study were Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) and SWOT analysis. This study elaborated on 100 respondents, who were residents of Jember Regency. The results of the analysis showed that the overall performance level of canned sardines with chili sauce TeFa Polije (3.78) still did not meet the level of importance expected by consumers (4.00). Based on the IPA matrix, priority attributes for improvement were obtained: availability of permits, availability of product information, advertising promotion, and a well-known brand. After weighting and scoring through the IFE (2.83) and EFE (3.25) matrix, the IE matrix showed the position of the canned sardines with chili sauce TeFa Polije in diagram I, which could be managed by aggressive strategies. The SWOT matrix analysis resulted in six suggested main priorities.

Affect Heuristic and Influence of ‘Name’ in Investment Decisions of Nepalese Investors

The study aims to investigate the presence of affect heuristics in investment decisions and analyze the influence of company and financial tool names in investment decisions. The framework of the Affect Heuristic Model was adapted to measure perceived risk and perceived benefit. Besides the impact of fluency, association and familiar names were tested to discover the level of perceived risk and perceived benefit during the investment decision. The research was conducted among 150 investors who invest in the Nepal Stock Exchange through an online form. The study indicates that Nepalese investors tend to rely on heuristic shortcuts, such as fluency, familiarity, and association, when assessing investment opportunities. They are notably influenced by affect ‘name’ heuristics, shaping their perceptions of benefits. Moreover, their perception of risk and benefit is more influenced by trends and superficial factors like glitz than past performance and corporate character. Local companies and well-known brands are favored due to the familiarity heuristic.

Protecting Famous Trademarks: Legal Insights from the EV Electro Voice Case in Indonesia

Trademark rights play a critical role in business, particularly in navigating global competition and safeguarding well-known brands. However, the principle of good faith in trademark registration is often exploited to mimic the fame of established trademarks. This study examines the prohibition of the registered trademark "EV ELECTROVOICE + Logo" as contested by the trademarks "EV and Logo" and "ELECTRO-VOICE," as outlined in Decision Number 83/Pdt.Sus-HKI/Merek/2023/PN Niaga Jkt.Pst. The research aims to analyze the legal rationale behind the court's decision and its implications for trademark protection in Indonesia, especially concerning the application of the first-to-file principle and the protection of well-known trademarks. Employing a normative juridical method, the study focuses on examining relevant legal norms and their application in practice. The findings reveal that the court nullified the “EV ELECTROVOICE + Logo” registration due to bad faith, as the registration was intended to leverage the reputation of well-known trademarks. This decision underscores the significance of maintaining good faith in trademark registration and highlights the influence of international law in securing rights for well-known trademarks. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of trademark law dynamics in Indonesia and sheds light on the decision's implications for protecting famous trademarks within the national legal framework. Ultimately, the research aims to enrich the comprehension of trademark law principles in Indonesia and provide insights for improving regulations to address the challenges of trademark protection in a globalized era.

EXPRESS: Do More “Likes” Lead to More Clicks? Evidence from a Field Experiment on Social Advertising

One advantage of advertising on social media is leveraging users’ expression of “likes” to influence the perceptions and responses of others in their network. Through a largescale field experiment on WeChat, three online lab studies and a theoretical model, we explore whether and how displaying more “likes” in an ad can effectively lead to more ad “likes” and clicks. We find that displaying the first “like” can significantly increase users’ tendencies to both “like” and click on an ad. However, on average, showing additional “likes” does not further increase the clicking propensity, although it consistently attracts more “likes.” We further find that displaying more “likes” increases the clickthrough rate for lesser-known brands but not for well-known brands, and has a stronger impact on the “like” rate for more socially engaged users than for less socially engaged ones. These findings are consistent with the interplay between informational and normative social influences in social advertising. The public visibility of “likes” makes liking more susceptible to normative social influence than clicking. The coexistence of these two forces can lead to an enhanced conformity effect on liking and a crowding-out effect on clicking. Our findings offer novel implications for managing social advertising and designing social media platforms.

New Energy Vehicle Brand Sales Trend Forecast and User Evaluation Research

In the context of green economic development, new energy vehicles, as one of the representatives of innovation-driven development and environmental protection and energy conservation, are currently in a leading position in the market. This paper selects eight representative well-known brands, namely BYD, Li Auto, Xiaopeng, Geely, NIO, Changan Automobile, SAIC-GM and ORA, for quantitative analysis, with the aim of identifying future sales trends and conducting a precise business evaluation of new energy vehicles, as well as exploring the key factors affecting sales. The study was empirically tested using ARIMA time series forecasting, principal component analysis, linear regression analysis and neural network models. The results showed that brand identification behavior and personalized products have the most significant positive impact on sales. Therefore, this study believes that car brand collection, forwarding, personalized production and quality control are the key factors and improvement priorities that will affect future sales.

THRIFT FASHION TRENDS AS A NEW CULTURE OF CONSUMERISM

The mushrooming phenomenon of fashion thrift in Indonesia has resulted in a new culture. The new culture is the consumption of young people on thrift fashion products. This research uses the qualitative descriptive method. The data was taken by filling out an open questionnaire to 10 respondents obtained through Instagram social media. The data obtained were then analyzed using the theory of the consumption society by Jean P. Baudrillard where the consumption of fashion thrift products not only pays attention to the value of the function of a garment but also the value of symbols in purchasing fashion thrift products. The results of this study show that the reasons respondents consume fashion thrift are because they accidentally found suitable products, complete collections, low product prices, products that are sold well and even some are products with well-known brands, and pride factors.

Juridical Analysis of IPR Decision No. 438K/Pdt.Sus-Hki/2018 Concerning the "Lexus" Brand Dispute Between Marzuki Tan and Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki

The "LEXUS" brand dispute between Marzuki Tan and Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki is one of the important cases in intellectual property law in Indonesia. The Commercial Court at the Central Jakarta District Court and the Supreme Court assessed that the registration of the trademark "LEXUS" by the Defendant was carried out in bad faith. In deciding this case, both courts considered various legal elements, including the substantial similarities between the mark registered by the Defendant and the well-known mark owned by the Plaintiff. This similarity, including visual, phonetic and conceptual aspects, is considered to have the potential to mislead consumers and harm legitimate brand owners. The plaintiff successfully demonstrated that its "LEXUS" mark is a well-known brand with a global reputation, which is widely promoted through various media. The Court concluded that the Defendant acted with the intention to take advantage of the Plaintiff's brand reputation, which constitutes a violation of the good faith principle in trademark registration. Supreme Court decision in cassation no. 438 K/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2018 strengthens the Commercial Court's decision, emphasizing the protection of well-known marks from dishonest registration. This case not only provides legal protection for brand owners, but also establishes an important legal precedent regarding good faith in brand registration in Indonesia. Thus, this decision strengthens the well-known brand protection system, prevents attempts at imitation, and increases legal certainty in the protection of intellectual property in Indonesia.

Analysis of Similarities in Principle and Resolution Between MS Glow and PS Glow Brand Disputes

This research discusses similarities in essence as regulated in Article 6 paragraph (1) letter b of Law No. 15 of 2001 concerning Trademarks in its explanation regarding the rejection of applications that have similarities in overall terms and conditions of similar goods and services but are detrimental to well-known brands. In this legal research, normative and secondary research is used, including primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The technique of collecting legal materials is carried out by the literature and then analysis techniques are used. The results showed that it is already familiar to the public and the resolution of disputes experienced by the MS GLOW and PSGlow brands is reviewed from Law No. 20 of 2016 concerning Marks and Geographical Indications.

Who buys fakes in Russia and why?

The recent departure of international brands from the Russian markets is unprecedentedly; its consequences require thoroughly study, especially in the context of consumer behavior towards non-original goods. This paper analyzes the dynamics of counterfeit purchases in Russia in 2021—2023 and socio-economic factors that explain the purchase of fakes, given that the latter differ from standard economic goods with high symbolic value. Quantitative data representing the Russian Internet audience aged 18 years and older is used. Three waves of the online survey were conducted: in 2021 (N = 4978 people), 2022 (N = 6000 people) and 2023 (N = 6000 people). According to the results, the purchase of counterfeits is a widespread phenomenon in Russia. Russians purchase non-original goods mostly unintentionally, although in the last two years of the survey there have been structural shifts towards their knowingly buying. With the help of multinomial regression, factors for purchasing counterfeits were revealed. The availability of counterfeits on the Internet and the financial limitations of Russian households contribute to expanding the audience of consumers of non-original goods, whereas a focus on high quality when choosing goods reduces the number of buyers of counterfeits. The role of well-known brands in the consumption of counterfeit products remains ambivalent

The perceptions of brand coappearance in product placement: cooperation, competition or coopetition?

PurposeBrands increasingly coappear in television programs while research in product placement has primarily focused on the placements of a single brand. Building on research related to product placement and cobranding, this study aims to systematically examine the roles of product competitiveness and brand competitiveness on the effectiveness of brand coappearance on television programs.Design/methodology/approachExtensive pretesting and four experimental studies were conducted. Real stimuli that had been digitally manipulated with fictitious brands were used in Study 1 (laboratory experiment involved student samples) and Study 2 (online experiment with a national sample) to examine the short- and long-term impacts of product competitiveness on brand coappearance. Real stimuli incorporated actual brands were used in Study 3 (involved advertisers’ key demographic) and Study 4 (alterative television program with a national sample) to examine the impacts of brand competitiveness and its interaction effect with product competitiveness.FindingsThe study found that coappearing with a product of high competitiveness significantly enhanced attitudes and purchase intention toward the coappearing products both in the short and long term. Product competitiveness further interacts with brand competitiveness to influence attitudes and purchase intention toward the coappearing brands suggesting a coopetition pattern for brand coappearances. The effect of brand coappearances did not vary substantially for low or high involvement products with or without character interaction.Research limitations/implicationsThe study develops a useful framework for explaining and understanding the potential spillover effects in brand coappearances. It contributes to the existing literature on product placement and cobranding, while also paving the way for future research opportunities.Practical implicationsWhen introducing new brands, marketers are advised to consider coappearance deals with more competitive brands in highly competitive product categories. Conversely, coappearance deals with less competitive brands in less competitive product categories should be adopted to promote well-known brands. Advertisers may also consider product or brand exclusivity arrangements with broadcasters to enhance the effectiveness of the product placement.Originality/valueAlthough brand coappearance in media content is likely to continue to proliferate, little is known about the phenomenon and its effects. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is the first to systematically examine the perceptions toward brands coappeared in television programs.

Advertising in the metaverse and its implications for brands and society: A multi-stakeholder perspective

The aim of this paper is to identify the characteristics of advertising in the metaverse and its implications for brands and society. A group of 35 experts representing advertising agencies and brands from Central and Eastern Europe were interviewed. The findings are presented in the form of a conceptual model that provides a cartography for the landscape of metaverse advertising. Our results demonstrate that metaverse advertising uses existing formats (e.g. billboards, product placement), while also developing new ones (e.g. automated avatars, virtual products, and branded spaces). In addition, metaverse advertising is more focused on brand building than on direct, measurable impact. Advertising in the metaverse is not as precisely targeted as it is on the internet. Given their high up-front costs, these activities are currently more suitable for multinationals and well-known global brands. Metaverse advertising is not perceived to be associated with elevated brand risk. However it is burdened with myopia, understood as a lack of long-term perspective. Our findings reveal three stakeholder personas representing different approaches to metaverse advertising; including Cautious Pioneers, Empathic Pragmatists, and Blockchain Enthusiasts. We conclude by documenting the social consequences, capturing shifts towards automated communication, digital ownership, and the metaverse's potential to replace social media.

The influence of the volume fraction of meat in dumplings on their cooking time

Based on the studied literature, the aim was to investigate the influence of the volume fraction of meat in meat dumplings (pelmeni) and the number of dumplings on their cooking time, as well as to analyze the physico-mathematical and technical aspects to be taken into account (or not) within the framework of the planned experiment. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to conduct experimental studies, to describe the assumptions that need to be accepted when performing the study and to conduct theoretical studies (numerical experiments, using the finite element method). When conducting experiments, dumplings of well-known brands, the names of which were conventionally labeled as “SK”, “SZ”, “RE”, “TS”, were chosen as objects of research. The need to study the dumplings of well-known brands is justified by both consumer interest and a smaller variability of product parameters, which increases the reproducibility of the results of the study. As assumptions adopted in real experiments, the authors emphasize the following ones: distilled water is used in cooking, the volume of a dumpling does not change during cooking, the biochemical composition of the filling can be neglected. As a result of the theoretical analysis, the following assumptions were made: the study of dumpling cooking does not take into account the resistance forces, i. e., turbulent and convective flows, as well as thermo-elastic effects; the time of dumpling floating to the surface is negligibly small; "approximation of initial values" — geometric, physico-chemical parameters of the dumpling do not change during cooking. Cooking time of 1, 5, 10 dumplings of known brands was obtained on the basis of numerical experiments. Using real experiments, the time from immersion of the dumplings in water to their floating to the surface was investigated. As a result of numerical experiments it has been found that the time of heating the center of the dumpling of known brands to the temperature of protein denaturation differs from the time of floating to the surface by about 360 seconds. Consequently, after floating to the surface, the dumplings of known brands need about six more minutes of cooking time until they are fully cooked.

Strategi Komunikasi Visual Dalam Animasi Iklan Sasa Tepung Bumbu

Effective visual communication in advertising plays a key role in attracting audience attention and shaping brand image. A well-known kitchen spice brand in Indonesia, advertising animation is used as the main tool to convey the brand message creatively and attractively. However, how effective is animation in increasing brand appeal and strengthening emotional connections with the audience. This research aims to analyze the visual communication strategies implemented in Sasa advertising animations and evaluate their impact on consumer perceptions. Through a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis, this research is based on visual aesthetic theory. The results of this research show that Sasa advertising animations use effective visual communication strategies to convey product messages in an interesting and memorable way. Playful and creative visual elements in animation help simplify information, create positive associations with the brand, and increase consumer engagement. This research provides valuable insight into how visual communication can be optimally utilized in advertising to achieve marketing objectives and strengthen a brand's position in the market.

Research On Marvel's Marketing Model: An Analysis of Digital Marketing and Synergistic Effect

Marvel Studios occupies a significant position in the global entertainment industry. Its success is attributed not only to its film content but also to its unique marketing strategies. This paper aims to analyze Marvel's digital marketing model and the synergistic effects across different media. Through case studies of Marvel Studios' marketing strategies, this paper explores its practices and achievements in social media, content marketing, and cross-platform collaboration. Furthermore, this paper examines relevant market data and user feedback, comparing Marvel's marketing model with other well-known brands through comparative analysis. The research finds that Marvel has successfully established a strong brand influence and a loyal fan base through precise digital marketing and efficient media synergy. This paper will help other enterprises understand how to use digital marketing and synergies to enhance brand value and market competitiveness, demonstrating the effectiveness of Marvel's digital marketing strategies in developing brand cohesion and achieving high returns.

The Effect of Promotion and Price on Consumer Decisions in Buying Apple Products at the Royal Store in Pontianak City

This study explores the impact of promotion and price on consumer purchasing decisions regarding Apple products at Toko Royal in Pontianak. The rapid growth of technology and communication tools has heightened the demand for smartphones, particularly those offered by well-known brands like Apple. By analyzing data from 100 respondents through questionnaires and interviews, this research aims to examine the influence of promotional strategies and pricing on consumer choices. The findings indicate that while promotion does not significantly affect purchasing decisions, price plays a crucial role in shaping consumer behavior. The results underscore the importance of pricing strategies in maintaining a competitive edge in the smartphone market. This study offers insights for businesses looking to optimize their marketing efforts and pricing models to enhance customer acquisition and retention.

ANALISIS STRATEGI INFLUENCER MARKETING PADA INSTAGRAM STUDIO DAPUR TAHUN 2024

Business competition has significantly increased over time as various companies introduce innovative flagship products. Consumers are more likely to choose well-known brands when selecting products. Therefore, companies must find effective marketing strategies to ensure that consumers recognize the products or services offered. One factor that can influence a company's or enterprise's recognition is improving brand awareness. To increase brand awareness, one of the most appropriate strategies is using influencers as part of promotions, or influencer marketing. Influencer marketing involves promoting products through influencers to their followers. The purpose of this research is to understand the stages and implementation of influencer marketing at Studio Dapur. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, consisting of participatory observation, interviews, documentation, and triangulation. The results of this study conclude that the implementation of the influencer marketing strategy on Studio Dapur's Instagram has yielded positive results, particularly in terms of engagement rate, with an average achievement of 1-5% from the four influencers used. These results indicate strong performance and have a direct impact on increasing brand awareness.

Deciphering the temporal dynamics of consumer decisions: the interplay of cognitive load and response correctness

This study delves into the impact of visual marketing stimuli on consumer response times, focusing on the complexity and subjectivity of the questions posed. Conducted in Slovakia, the research involved 40 participants (20 men and 20 women, aged 30 to 50 years), all holding university degrees in economics to ensure consistent decision-making experience. Participants were presented with visual stimuli representing four well-known FMCG brands. The stimuli included simple brand preference questions and complex evaluative judgments of offer efficiency. Response times were measured in milliseconds and analyzed using statistical methods, including the Mann-Whitney U test and one-way ANOVA. Results revealed that responses to simple stimuli averaged 1212 ms, while complex stimuli elicited slower responses, averaging 2504 ms. A significant difference was observed for “No” answers in the offer evaluation tasks, with correct “No” responses taking 3000 ms compared to 2297 ms for incorrect ones (p < 0.05), highlighting the cognitive load involved in accurate decision-making. These findings provide valuable insights into the cognitive processes driving consumer decision-making and contribute to the theoretical understanding of how question complexity and subjectivity influence response times. AcknowledgmentThis paper was funded by research grant VEGA 1/0462/23 entitled “Circular economy in the context of societal demands and market limitations“ (100% share).