Well-founded Model Research Articles

What is Behind the Shine? The Dark Side of Research Evaluation: A Conceptual Framework

Research evaluation (RE) is presently a widely discussed and prominent subject within the academic community. This article provides a conceptual framework that categorizes the dark side of RE and provides strategies to diminish it. At its core, this framework includes a generic model summarizing RE dark effects and anti-dark effects remedies and elucidating their relations. Four research questions were raised regarding the research interest in the dark side of RE, the nature of the dark effects of RE and remedies for them, their literature prominence, and whether it is possible to create a well-founded model for mitigating the dark side of RE. Theoretically, this framework is based on concepts of the philosophy of science. Methodologically, a structured literature review, methods of expert judgment, analysis and synthesis, and a sampler of 35 articles underpin it. Stakeholder and logical approaches were applied for classification. The suggested framework is the first in-depth attempt to elucidate the dark side of RE and how to mitigate it. In practical terms, the framework can be incorporated into university/government RE systems to “enlighten”/control their dark side, thereby improving the academic governance toolkit. It can also be used to develop subject-area/country-specific models for the dark side of RE.

Assessment of commonly used tests in experimental depression studies according to behavioral patterns of rodents.

Considering the main factor that causes or triggers depression in humans is stress. Several stress factors are applied to form depression-like symptoms in rodents. Depression tests are used to analyze the nature and patterns of depression. Well-founded modeling and versatile evaluation of tests are necessary to investigate a hypothesis that isrelated to depression. It is impossible to model or test all aspects of depression in humans by using experimental animals. As a result, the aims of the study should be determined specifically in depression models. The correct interpretation of the tests that are suitable for these aims is indispensable for the reliability of the data. To achieve this goal, the biological basis of the depression-related behaviors of animals should be well known. In this review, model andtest concepts related to depression are discussed and behavioral patterns of rodents are explained with several examples.

Extending Fuzzy Linguistic Logic Programming with Negation †

Fuzzy linguistic logic programming (FLLP) is a framework for representation and reasoning with linguistically expressed human knowledge. In this paper, we extend FLLP by allowing negative literals to appear in rule bodies, resulting in normal logic programs. We study the stable model semantics and well-founded semantics of such programs and their relation. The two kinds of semantics are adapted from those of classical ones based on the Gelfond–Lifschitz transformation and van Gelder’s alternating fixpoint approach, respectively. To our knowledge, until now, there has been no work on the well-founded semantics of normal programs in any fuzzy logic programming (FLP) framework based on Vojtáš’s FLP. Moreover, the relation between the two kinds of semantics is usually studied using a bilattice setting of the truth domain. However, our truth domains do not possess a complete knowledge-ordering lattice and, thus, do not have a bilattice structure. The two kinds of semantics possess properties similar to those of the classical case. Every stable model contains the well-founded (partial) model, and the well-founded total model coincides with the unique stable model, but not vice versa. Since the well-founded semantics is closely related to the stable model semantics, it can help compute stable models more efficiently.

End extending models of set theory via power admissible covers

Motivated by problems involving end extensions of models of set theory, we develop the rudiments of the power admissible cover construction (over ill-founded models of set theory), an extension of the machinery of admissible covers invented by Barwise as a versatile tool for generalising model-theoretic results about countable well-founded models of set theory to countable ill-founded ones. Our development of the power admissible machinery allows us to obtain new results concerning powerset-preserving end extensions and rank extensions of countable models of subsystems of ZFC. The canonical extension KPP of Kripke-Platek set theory KP plays a key role in our work; one of our results refines a theorem of Rathjen by showing that Σ1P-Foundation is provable in KPP (without invoking the axiom of choice).

DEVELOPING FUTURE TEACHERS’ CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS ON THE BASIS OF BLOOM’S TAXONOMY

The article deals with developing future teachers’ critical thinking skills at foreign language lessons on the basis of Bloom’s Taxonomy. The notion critical thinking is concretized. The new roles of students and educators are described. The sample tasks for developing students’ higher order thinking skills are suggested. In the article, critical thinking is regarded as effortful, careful, consciously controlled processing that maximizes the use of all available evidence and cognitive strategies. The most well-founded model, Bloom's Taxonomy, was developed by Benjamin Bloom, a specialist in learning technology, in “Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals” where the researcher identifies three areas of learning: cognitive (Cognitive domain), affective (Affective domain) and psychomotor (Psychomotor domain). Each of the areas is focused on a particular aspect of personality psychology, has its own structure, and features.

BI-INTERPRETATION IN WEAK SET THEORIES

AbstractIn contrast to the robust mutual interpretability phenomenon in set theory, Ali Enayat proved that bi-interpretation is absent: distinct theories extending ZF are never bi-interpretable and models of ZF are bi-interpretable only when they are isomorphic. Nevertheless, for natural weaker set theories, we prove, including Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory $\mathrm {ZFC}^{-}$ without power set and Zermelo set theory Z, there are nontrivial instances of bi-interpretation. Specifically, there are well-founded models of $\mathrm {ZFC}^{-}$ that are bi-interpretable, but not isomorphic—even $\langle H_{\omega _1},\in \rangle $ and $ \langle H_{\omega _2},\in \rangle $ can be bi-interpretable—and there are distinct bi-interpretable theories extending $\mathrm {ZFC}^{-}$ . Similarly, using a construction of Mathias, we prove that every model of ZF is bi-interpretable with a model of Zermelo set theory in which the replacement axiom fails.

Neutron Brillouin scattering and ab initio simulation study of the collective dynamics of liquid silver

We present a thorough investigation of the collective dynamics of liquid Ag combining neutron Brillouin scattering and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) determinations of the dynamic structure factor $S(Q,\ensuremath{\omega})$. The main scope of this work is not only to provide experimental results for some important dynamical properties of this liquid metal in the wave-vector range $4<Q<16\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{nm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, but also to inquire about the scarce detectability of shear waves apparently characterizing two elements of group IB, differently from other metals. In fact, as in the case of Au, a transverse-like dynamics is not deducible from the experimental $S(Q,\ensuremath{\omega})$ of Ag, despite the indisputable quality of the neutron data collected on the BRISP spectrometer at the Institut Laue Langevin in Grenoble. However, the significant agreement between experiment and AIMD calculations allowed for an in-depth study of the simulated $S(Q,\ensuremath{\omega})$ in a $Q$ range overlapping and extending the experimental one. A multimode analysis, already proven very successful in the description of various dynamical properties of fluid systems, is shown to be extremely effective also to analyze the intermediate scattering function predicted by AIMD at the various $Q$ values, and eventually enables a reliable determination of both longitudinal and transverse branches in the dispersion curve of this liquid. Throughout the paper we highlight the importance of referring to theoretically well-founded models for $S(Q,\ensuremath{\omega})$ and of imposing physical constraints in a fit-based analysis: These ensure that the used models obey fundamental properties of the dynamic structure factor.

Validation of the Persian Version of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire

Introduction: This study aimed to validate the Persian version of the safety attitudes questionnaire (SAQ) in Mashhad, Iran. Materials and Methods: The SAQ was distributed to 160 surgical team members at Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad, Iran, in 2019. In total, 150 valid responses were returned. The Cronbach’s α and item-dimension correlations were calculated for reliability assessment. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was also performed to assess the validity using Confirmatory Fit Index (CFI), Expected Cross-Validation Index (ECVI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) values. Results: The mean age of the study population was estimated at 28.7 years, and the majority (n=116, 77.3%) of the participants were female. The goodness-of-fit index from the CFA showed a well-founded model fit (CFI=0.8, ECVI=0.8, and RMSEA=0.02). The Cronbach’s α for the scale was calculated at 0.74 within the range from 0.4 (perception of management) to 0.83 (job satisfaction). The SAQ showed good internal consistency reliability. Correlation coefficients for the association between each item and the corresponding dimensions ranged from 0.431 to 0.884, which was regarded as a good correlation. Conclusion: The SAQ was a valid and reliable instrument and could be a useful instrument to measure safety attitudes in hospitals among Iranian populations.

Transport characteristics of liquid-gas interface in a capillary membrane pore

Interface displacement of two phases mainly caused by replacement of one fluid with another one can occur inside the membrane pore during membrane preparation and characterization. This phenomenon is exemplified by measurement of liquid entry pressure (LEP) in membrane distillation, measurement of pore size and pore size distribution by the bubble point method, measurement of pore size and pore size distribution by porometry, wetting of dry membrane and also drying of wet membrane. In most of the theoretical studies, focus was on the transmembrane pressure required for one phase to enter into the membrane pores filled with another phase and little attention was paid to the movement of interface in the capillary. This paper attempts to discuss quantitatively the movement of interface, water/air interface in particular. Therefore, movement of interface was tracked using a well-founded model and consequently the pressure and velocity at the interface and the required time for replacement were studied. In addition, the influence of different parameters including pore radius, contact angle, and membrane thickness was assessed. It was found that the low resistance for the air flow, assumed in Washburn's equation, can be justified as an approximation. Moreover, the model proposed in this work can predict that the pressure at the water/air interface (when air replaces liquid water) may become significantly lower than the atmospheric pressure at the pore exit, causing pore shrinkage. As well, the pressure at the air/water interface (when liquid water replaces air) may become significantly higher than the feed pressure applied at the pore entrance, causing pore expansion.

Influence of electron\u2013phonon interaction and crystal field on thermal and electrical resistivity in rare earth intermetallics

The thermal and electrical resistivity of f-electron cubic intermetallic metals with well localized and stable stable f-shells are calculated as functions of the temperature. The interaction of the conduction electron with both acoustic and optical phonons as well as the exchange s–f interaction with the crystal field presence are taken into account by applying the Matthiessen rule on the microscopic level and simple well-founded models of the scattering with the same mathematical method within the Boltzmann equation approach. Derived analytical formulas are successfully used to model existing measurements of temperature dependence of electric and thermal conductivity for DyIn3 and TmIn3 in the paramagnetic phase. Attention was drawn to the possible indeterminacy of some material constants in the absence of indications from sources other than transport measurements, noticeable in our results for TmIn3.Graphical abstract

Optimization of interaction of agrarian entities as an imperative of ensuring food security of the state

The interaction of agricultural entities is based on modern market relations and the state agrarian policy. Managing the subjects of the agricultural sector of the economy is the primary task of the state, since the provision of food security of the state depends on this. The subject of the study is the establishment of relations of the agricultural sector of the country. In the grouping method, a direct relationship was established between the sum of agricultural production in farms of all categories in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the number of employees in the regional agro-industrial complex of the agricultural sector, as well as the number of departments in them. The purpose and objective of the study is to highlight the main functions of state administration of the agricultural sector at the regional level, to identify the lack of an effective mechanism for interaction of the subjects of the agricultural market with each other and with the regional authorities of the agricultural sector. The presented model of optimizing the relationships between the agrarian entities of the region will increase the efficiency of the agrarian sector of the region’s economy and ensure its food security. The necessity of planning and forecasting the volumes of production and use of agricultural products and raw materials is substantiated. The system of such forecasting includes such subsystems as agricultural enterprises, processing enterprises, and the population of the region. It is concluded that each subsystem works on a well-formed and well-founded functional model, which includes input and output information, controls that regulate functioning, as well as mechanisms that ensure such functioning. A special role in the forecasting process is assigned to the regional management bodies of the agro-industrial sector represented by the department for optimizing the interaction of agricultural entities in the region. The final forecast result should be a balance model of the degree of food security in the region's population.

On the Equivalence Between Abstract Dialectical Frameworks and Logic Programs

AbstractAbstract Dialectical Frameworks (ADFs) are argumentation frameworks where each node is associated with an acceptance condition. This allows us to model different types of dependencies as supports and attacks. Previous studies provided a translation from Normal Logic Programs (NLPs) toADFs and proved the stable models semantics for a normal logic program has an equivalent semantics to that of the correspondingADF. However, these studies failed in identifying a semantics forADFs equivalent to a three-valued semantics (as partial stable models and well-founded models) forNLPs. In this work, we focus on a fragment ofADFs, called Attacking Dialectical Frameworks (ADF+s), and provide a translation fromNLPs toADF+s robust enough to guarantee the equivalence between partial stable models, well-founded models, regular models, stable models semantics forNLPs and respectively complete models, grounded models, preferred models, stable models forADFs. In addition, we define a new semantics forADF+s, calledL-stable, and show it is equivalent to theL-stable semantics forNLPs.

Balancing selfishness and norm conformity can explain human behavior in large-scale prisoner's dilemma games and can poise human groups near criticality.

Cooperation is central to the success of human societies as it is crucial for overcoming some of the most pressing social challenges of our time; still, how human cooperation is achieved and may persist is a main puzzle in the social and biological sciences. Recently, scholars have recognized the importance of social norms as solutions to major local and large-scale collective action problems, from the management of water resources to the reduction of smoking in public places to the change in fertility practices. Yet a well-founded model of the effect of social norms on human cooperation is still lacking. Using statistical-physics techniques and integrating findings from cognitive and behavioral sciences, we present an analytically tractable model in which individuals base their decisions to cooperate both on the economic rewards they obtain and on the degree to which their action complies with social norms. Results from this parsimonious model are in agreement with observations in recent large-scale experiments with humans. We also find the phase diagram of the model and show that the experimental human group is poised near a critical point, a regime where recent work suggests living systems respond to changing external conditions in an efficient and coordinated manner.

On the Semantics and Complexity of Probabilistic Logic Programs

We examine the meaning and the complexity of probabilistic logic programs that consist of a set of rules and a set of independent probabilistic facts (that is, programs based on Sato's distribution semantics). We focus on two semantics, respectively based on stable and on well-founded models. We show that the semantics based on stable models (referred to as the "credal semantics") produces sets of probability measures that dominate infinitely monotone Choquet capacities; we describe several useful consequences of this result. We then examine the complexity of inference with probabilistic logic programs. We distinguish between the complexity of inference when a probabilistic program and a query are given (the inferential complexity), and the complexity of inference when the probabilistic program is fixed and the query is given (the query complexity, akin to data complexity as used in database theory). We obtain results on the inferential and query complexity for acyclic, stratified, and normal propositional and relational programs; complexity reaches various levels of the counting hierarchy and even exponential levels.

Quasi-classical reasoning in paraconsistent databases

The well-founded model for any general deductive database computed using the paraconsistent relational model, based on four-valued logic, does not support inference rules such as disjunctive syllogism. In order to support disjunctive syllogism, we utilize the generalization of the relational model to quasi-classic (QC) logic, whose inference power is much closer to classical logic. As the paraconsistent relational model is capable of representing incomplete and inconsistent data, we propose an algorithm to find QC model for inconsistent positive extended disjunctive deductive databases. We also provide the proof for the algorithm.

Enablers and inhibitors in causal justifications of logic programs

AbstractIn this paper, we propose an extension of logic programming where each default literal derived from the well-founded model is associated to a justification represented as an algebraic expression. This expression contains both causal explanations (in the form of proof graphs built with rule labels) and terms under the scope of negation that stand for conditions that enable or disable the application of causal rules. Using some examples, we discuss how these new conditions, we respectively callenablersandinhibitors, are intimately related to default negation and have an essentially different nature from regular cause-effect relations. The most important result is a formal comparison to the recent algebraic approaches for justifications in logic programming:Why-not ProvenanceandCausal Graphs. We show that the current approach extends both Why-not Provenance and Causal Graphs justifications under the well-founded semantics and, as a byproduct, we also establish a formal relation between these two approaches.

A Semantic Approach to Conservativity

The aim of this paper is to describe from a semantic perspective the problem of conservativity of classical first-order theories over their intuitionistic counterparts. In particular, we describe a class of formulae for which such conservativity results can be proven in case of any intuitionistic theory T which is complete with respect to a class of T-normal Kripke models. We also prove conservativity results for intuitionistic theories which are closed under the Friedman translation and complete with respect to a class of conversely well-founded Kripke models. The results can be applied to a wide class of intuitionistic theories and can be viewed as generalization of the results obtained by syntactic methods.

Preface

In this special issue of the European Journal of Applied Mathematics we celebrate the 75th birthday of its founding editor, Professor John Ockendon.John started his research career with his D.Phil., awarded in 1965, working with Alan Tayler at the University of Oxford. John's background was in fluid mechanics, covering a wide range of topics, including, lubrication flows, flows in porous media, hypersonic aerodynamics, sloshing phenomena, and flow separation. He soon became involved in industrial research which led, in particular, to his interest in the field of free boundary problems, an area in which he became a driving force, through papers, conferences, and particularly through the fostering of regular international meetings and personal interactions. His pioneering work in the field was particularly concentrated in diffusion-controlled moving boundary problems that arise in various applications, such as in phase change problems, elastic-contact problems and the fundamental Hele-Shaw free boundary problem. The industrial collaborations also led to mathematical studies of lens design, fibre extrusion, fluidised beds, glass manufacture and semiconductor devices, to name but a few, and to problems in scattering and wave theory, non-linear wave propagation and non-linear oscillations, as well as mechanics and heat and mass transfer. He continues to work on PDEs and asymptotics applied to new well-founded models from the real world, with a particular focus in the physical and earth sciences.

Ontological anti-patterns: empirically uncovered error-prone structures in ontology-driven conceptual models

The construction of large-scale reference conceptual models is a complex engineering activity. To develop high-quality models, a modeler must have the support of expressive engineering tools such as theoretically well-founded modeling languages and methodologies, patterns and anti-patterns and automated supporting environments. This paper proposes a set of Ontological Anti-Patterns for Ontology-Driven Conceptual Modeling. These anti-patterns capture error-prone modeling decisions that can result in the creation of models that fail to exclude unintended model instances (representing unintended state of affairs) or forbid intended ones (representing intended states of affairs). The anti-patterns presented here have been empirically elicited through an approach of conceptual models validation via visual simulation. The paper also presents a series of refactoring plans for rectifying the models in which these anti-patterns occur. In addition, we present here a computational tool that is able to: automatically identify these anti-patterns in user's models, guide users in assessing their consequences, and generate corrections to these models by the automatic inclusion of OCL constraints implementing the proposed refactoring plans. Finally, the paper also presents an empirical study for assessing the harmfulness of each of the uncovered anti-patterns (i.e., the likelihood that its occurrence in a model entails unintended consequences) as well as the effectiveness of the proposed refactoring plans.

Logic programming as classical inference

We propose a denotational semantics for logic programming based on a classical notion of logical consequence which is apt to capture the main proposed semantics of logic programs. In other words, we show that any of those semantics can be viewed as a relation of the form T⊨⋆X where T is a theory which naturally represents the logic program under consideration together with a set of formulas playing the role of “hypotheses”, in a way which is dictated by that semantics, ⊨⋆ is a notion of logical consequence which is classical because negation, disjunction and existential quantification receive their classical meaning, and X represents what can be inferred from the logic program, or an intended interpretation of that logic program (such as an answer-set, its well-founded model, etc.). The logical setting we propose extends the language of classical modal logic as it deals with modal operators indexed by ordinals. We make use of two kinds of basic modal formulas: □αφ which intuitively means that the logical program can generate φ by stage α of the generation process, and ◇α□βφ with α>β, which intuitively means that φ can be used as a hypothesis from stage β of the generation process onwards, possibly expecting to confirm φ by stage α (so expecting □αφ to be generated). This allows us to capture Rondogiannis and Wadge's version of the well-founded semantics [27] where a member of the well-founded model is a closed atom which receives an ordinal truth value of trueα or falseα for some ordinal α: in our framework, this corresponds to having T⊨⋆□αφ or T⊨⋆□α¬φ, respectively, with T being the natural representation of the logic program under consideration and the right set of “hypotheses” as dictated by the well-founded semantics. The framework we present goes much beyond the proposed traditional semantics for logic programming, as it can for instance let us investigate under which conditions a set of hypotheses can be minimal, with each hypothesis being activated as late as possible and confirmed as soon as possible, setting the theoretical foundation to sophisticated ways of making local use of hypotheses in knowledge-based systems, while still being theoretically grounded in a classical notion of logical consequence.