Well-defined PMMA Research Articles

Coupled matrix-based Monte Carlo modeling for a mechanistic understanding of poly (methyl methacrylate) thermochemical recycling kinetics

Coupled matrix-based Monte Carlo (CMMC) modeling is applied to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanism underlying the thermochemical degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). We take into account six elementary fission reaction types, five elementary β-scission reaction types, as well as termination by recombination and disproportionation. Additionally, we consider the influence of chain length-dependent diffusional limitations. To tune the Arrhenius parameters of the elementary reactions with enhanced sensitivity, we perform thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with (i) well-defined heating rates (2, 4, and 8 K.min−1) and (ii) starting from well-defined PMMA feedstocks (different average chain lengths and defect levels), as pinpointed from CMMC modeling of their synthesis. Our results reveal that head-head fission plays a crucial role at lower temperatures, while a complex interplay of various elementary reactions initiated through various fission reactions occurs at higher temperatures. The CMMC model provides insights to optimize lab scale degradation reaction conditions for efficient PMMA unzipping, considering a general temperature profile. Furthermore, the model enables us to track the evolution of the molar mass distribution, particularly the contribution of heavier components.

Utilization of Catechol End-Functionalized PMMA as a Macromolecular Coupling Agent for Ceramic/Fluoropolymer Piezoelectric Composites

An approach based on the use of a macromolecular coupling agent and the aim to improve the interfacial adhesion between piezoelectric ceramics and piezoelectric polymer matrix in piezoelectric composites is presented. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bearing a catechol moiety was used as a macromolecular coupling agent, as it is known to be miscible to piezoelectric fluoropolymers and catechol groups can strongly bind to a large variety of surfaces. Thus, entanglement between the PMMA chains and the amorphous segments of the fluoropolymer would ensure the desired interfacial adhesion. Well-defined PMMA was synthesized via RAFT polymerization using 2-cyano-2-propyl dodecyl trithiocarbonate as a chain-transfer agent. The PMMA ω-chain end was then functionalized with a catechol group via a one-pot aminolysis/thia-Michael addition procedure using a dopamine acrylamide (DA) derivative as a Michael acceptor. The presence of the catechol moiety at the chain end of PMMA was controlled by 1H NMR and cyclic voltammetry measurements. The resulting PMMA-DA was then grafted onto the surface of a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic film (i.e., a thin film of H2O2-activated (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BNT) with a large contact area). The increase of the water contact angle confirmed the efficiency of the grafting. A commercial piezoelectric copolymer P(VDF-co-TrFE) was then spin-coated onto the modified BNT surface to form a bilayer composite. The composite cross section prepared by cryofracture was examined by scanning electron microscopy and revealed that the ceramic/polymer interface of the BNT-PMMA/P(VDF-co-TrFE) bilayer composite exhibits a much better cohesion than its counterpart composite prepared from nonmodified BNT. Moreover, the grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering confirmed that the copolymer crystal structure was not impacted by the presence of the PMMA-DA coupling agent. A strong piezoelectric response was locally detected by piezoresponse force microscopy. This study highlights the potential of PMMA-DA as a macromolecular coupling agent to improve the ceramic/polymer interface in piezoelectric composite materials.

Trithiocarbonate-Mediated RAFT Polymerization Enables the Synthesis of Homotelechelic N-Vinylpyrrolidone Oligomers with Surfactant Properties

Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) is a well-known biocompatible polymer widely used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and many other applications and is usually synthesized via radical polymerization. High molar mass PVP lacks biodegradability according to the OECD 301 F standard and can lead to permanent accumulation within the body or in the environment. Nowadays, lower molar mass PVP is produced via xanthate-mediated reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. However, this type of polymerization also leads to a large amount of undesired dimer formation. Herein, various homotelechelic PVP oligomers were prepared via a trithiocarbonate-mediated RAFT polymerization with the production of a minimal amount of unsaturated dimer. These PVP oligomers showed similar surfactant properties as the well-known Lutensol AT50 surfactant, and they were used as a nonionic surfactant in a typical radical aqueous miniemulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) to produce well-defined PMMA nanoparticles. Additionally, PVP oligomers showed no toxicity to the bacterial strain Escherichia coli and to the water fleas Daphnia pulex, which is promising for safe release in wastewater systems.

Synthesis of well-defined PMMA-b-PDMS-b-PMMA triblock copolymer and study of its self-assembly behaviors in epoxy resin

PMMA- b -PDMS- b -PMMA block copolymers can mediate different reaction-induced microphase separation mechanism with different curing agents and formed ordered nanospheres. • A mild condition to conduct chain extension of Br-PDMS-Br with MMA via effective SARA ATRP was demonstrated and obtained a well-defined PMMA- b -PDMS- b -PMMA tBCP. • Then the tBCP shows its good compatibility with respect to epoxy resin, owing to the presence of compatible PMMA segments. • Through in-situ SAXS measurements, we found the tBCP underwent reaction-induced microphase separation (RIMPS) mechanism cured by 4,4′-methylenedianiline (MD) but self-assembly (SA) mechanism cured by phenol novolacs (PN). • We inspected the interesting mechanism variations, compatibility, and microphase morphology by using FT-IR, DSC, TGA, TEM, and SAXS of the obtaining MD- and PN-cured composites, mainly including nanospheres morphology in approximately 30 nm. With the evolutions of reversible deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRPs), including atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), one technique can be noted that supplemental activator and reducing agent (SARA) ATRP can conduct controlled/living radical polymerization fashion with a ppm level of catalyst. In addition, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has wide ranges of applications in surfactants, sealants, and impact-relief materials. In this study, we first prepared a well-defined PDMS ended with α,ω-isobutyryl bromide (i.e., Br-PDMS-Br) macroinitiator (MI). Then chain extension of Br-PDMS-Br with methyl methacrylate (MMA) via SARA ATRP was conducted. Mild chain extension conditions were demonstrated and we successfully achieved controlled/living radical polymerization. A well-defined PMMA- b -PDMS- b -PMMA tBCP (named as ABA: M n, GPC = 49770; PDI = 1.44) comprising two external epoxy-philic blocks and a middle soft block was thus acquired. The ABA was further blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) epoxy monomer and two crosslinkers of 4,4′-methylenedianiline (MD)/phenol novolacs (PN) to construct nanostructures driven by curing reactions. The cured epoxy thermoset (ET)/ABA composites showed good thermal properties and well-compatible behaviors (i.e, T g = ca. 100 °C and T (5 wt% loss) = ca. 270–335 °C) characterized by the measurements of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). We further analyzed the two composite systems by utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), (in-situ) small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). With different curing agent, interestingly, we observed a reaction-induced microphase separation (RIMPS) mechanism in MD-cured system but a self-assembly (SA) mechanism in PN-cured system. Furthermore, the PN-cured composites can create ordered nanospheres in a range of 27–41 nm.

Effects of various Cu(0), Fe(0), and proanthocyanidin reducing agents on Fe(iii)-catalysed ATRP for the synthesis of PMMA block copolymers and their self-assembly behaviours

Well-defined PMMA, PMMA-b-PBzMA and PMMA-b-PBMA polymers were obtained via green Fe-ATRP with the aid of proanthocyanidins. Interestingly, microphase separation was observed in PMMA-b-PBMA polymer with upper critical ordering temperature behaviour.

Silica aerogel-filled PMMA by in situ reverse atom transfer radical polymerization: kinetics and thermal studies

Hydrophobically modified silica aerogel nanoparticles (H-SiANp) were used for in situ polymerization of methyl methacrylate by reverse atom transfer radical polymerization to synthesize well-defined PMMA nanocomposites. Inherent characteristics of the prepared H-SiANp were evaluated by nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, SEM, and TEM. Conversion and molecular weight determinations were carried out using GC and SEC, respectively. Addition of 3 mass% of the H-SiANp leads to decrement of conversion from 92 to 74%. Molecular weight of poly (methyl methacrylate) chains also decreases from 19,737 to 15,662 g mol−1 by addition of only 3 mass% H-SiANp; however, PDI values increase from 1.36 to 1.82. Linear increase of ln(M0/M) with time for all the samples shows that polymerization proceeds in a living manner. In addition, suitable agreement between theoretical and experimental molecular weight in combination with low PDI values can appropriately demonstrate the living nature of the polymerization. TG results indicate that by increasing H-SiANp content, improvements in thermal stability of the nanocomposites were obtained. DSC results show a decrease in glass transition temperature from 87.4 to 80.9 °C by addition of 3 mass% H-SiANp.

A Plasma-Initiated Graft Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in the Presence of a Reverse ATRP Catalyst

A plasma-initiated graft polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out on the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) surface in the presence of the reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (RATRP) catalyst of CuCl2/2,2′-bipyridine (bpy). The polymerization kinetics presented a linear relation with polymerization time. A well-defined PMMA brush was fabricated on the surface, evidenced by the linear growth of molecular weights with conversions and narrow polymer dispersity (Ð = 1.31). Graft amounts were indicated to increase proportionally with the increase of conversions and molecular weights. Subsequently, a solvent-responsive surface was prepared by the block copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) on the PMMA grafted surface. The polymerization is suggested to proceed via a RATRP mechanism, when plasma radicals could behave similarly as conventional radicals in forming dormant species.

Formation of long sub-chain hyperbranched poly(methyl methacrylate) based on inhibited self-cyclization of seesaw macromonomers

Well-defined hyperbranched PMMA almost without self-cyclization was obtained through a click reaction, facilitated by a high concentration, good solvent and disubstituted chain ends.

Segmental dynamics and rheology of miscible poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (70/30 by weight) blend filled with titania or poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted titania

Titania (TiO2) or poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-grafted titania (TiO2-g-PMMA) were incorporated into miscible poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/PMMA (70/30 by weight) blend by melt mixing. TiO2 particles exhibited aggregation in the composites as displayed by scanning electron microscopy observations and the storage modulus (G′) plateau in the low frequency (ω) region. This is accompanied with the restriction of molecular mobility and the elevation of glass transition temperature (Tg). Conversely, TiO2-g-PMMA nanoparticles with well-defined cross-linked PMMA shells of 5 nm in thickness are well-distributed in the matrix, without the influence on Tg and the appearance of low-ω plateau. The dispersion of TiO2 is not stable during the thermal annealing of the composite in the melt while the TiO2-g-PMMA nanoparticles demonstrate excellent dispersion stability. Broadband dielectric spectroscopies indicate that TiO2 influenced the molecular relaxations of αa and αc, while the effect of TiO2-g-PMMA was negligible. Furthermore, the core–shell structured TiO2-g-PMMA nanoparticles produced considerable smaller interfacial polarization than TiO2 in the composites.

Evolution of ppm amount of Ru(III) complexes for effective living radical polymerization of MMA

Three half-metallocene ruthenium(III) complexes, [(Cp*RuCl2)PPh2R] (R = C6H4–OCH3,C6H5, and C5H5N were prepared. These Ru(III) complexes polymerized MMA successfully via ATRP in the absence of any reducing agent or free radical initiator. All of three complexes produced a linear relationship between ln[Mn]0/[Mn] versus the reaction time and the living properties through a linear increase in molecular weight versus conversion. Especially, well-defined PMMA and high initiation efficiency were obtained in the presence of 10 ppm catalysts.

Diffusion-Regulated Phase-Transfer Catalysis for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in an Aqueous/Organic Biphasic System

A concept based on diffusion-regulated phase-transfer catalysis (DRPTC) in an aqueous-organic biphasic system with copper-mediated initiators for continuous activator regeneration is successfully developed for atom transfer radical polymerization (ICAR ATRP) (termed DRPTC-based ICAR ATRP here), using methyl methacrylate (MMA) as a model monomer, ethyl α-bromophenylacetate (EBrPA) as an initiator, and tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA) as a ligand. In this system, the monomer and initiating species in toluene (organic phase) and the catalyst complexes in water (aqueous phase) are simply mixed under stirring at room temperature. The trace catalyst complexes transfer into the organic phase via diffusion to trigger ICAR ATRP of MMA with ppm level catalyst content once the system is heated to the polymerization temperature (75 °C). It is found that well-defined PMMA with controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions can be obtained easily. Furthermore, the polymerization can be conducted in the presence of limited amounts of air without using tedious degassed procedures. After cooling to room temperature, the upper organic phase is decanted and the lower aqueous phase is reused for another 10 recycling turnovers with ultra low loss of catalyst and ligand loading. At the same time, all the recycled catalyst complexes retain nearly perfect catalytic activity and controllability, indicating a facile and economical strategy for catalyst removal and recycling.

Ligand effect and oxygen tolerance studies in photochemically induced copper mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in dimethyl sulfoxide

Well-defined PMMA can be prepared using photoRDRP without the necessity of degassing of MMA and/or DMSO.

Cu(II)-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate via a strategy of thermo-regulated phase-separable catalysis in a liquid/liquid biphasic system: homogeneous catalysis, facile heterogeneous separation, and recycling.

A strategy of thermo-regulated phase-separable catalysis (TPSC) is applied to the Cu(II)-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in a p-xylene/PEG-200 biphasic system. Initiators for continuous activator regeneration ATRP (ICAR ATRP) are used to establish the TPSC-based ICAR ATRP system using water-soluble TPMA as a ligand, EBPA as an initiator, CuBr2 as a catalyst, and AIBN as a reducing agent. By heating to 70 °C, unlimited miscibility of both solvents is achieved and the polymerization can be carried out under homogeneous conditions; then on cooling to 25 °C, the mixture separates into two phases again. As a result, the catalyst complex remains in the PEG-200 phase while the obtained polymers stay in the p-xylene phase. The catalyst can therefore be removed from the resultant polymers by easily separating the two different layers and can be reused again. It is important that well-defined PMMA with a controlled molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution could be obtained using this TPSC-based ICAR ATRP system.

Activators regenerated by electron transfer in ATRP of methyl methacrylate with alcohol as reducing agent in the presence of a base

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was synthesized via activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) (ARGET ATRP) of methyl methacrylate in N,N-dimethylformamide and using ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate as initiator, CuCl2 as catalyst, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylene-diamine as ligand and ethanol as a reducing agent. The polymerization temperature was kept at 70 °C. A well-defined PMMA with predetermined molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution was obtained. A linear relationship between ln([M]0/[M]) and polymerization time was found to show the living and controllable radical polymerization. The molecular weights of the obtained polymers increased linearly with monomer conversion and the data are in good agreement with the theoretical values with narrow molecular weight distribution (M w/M n). That is to say, alcohols were found to be a kind of highly efficient agents in the presence of Na2CO3 in this system. The effects of temperature, different types of alcohols and the amount of n-propanol on the polymerization were investigated. With increasing temperature (changed from 70 to 90 °C) and the amount of n-propanol (changed from 500:1:1:2:1:2 to 500:1:1:2:10:2), the conversion increased from 15.6 to 34.7 % and from 8.6 to 26.8 %, respectively. However, the value of M w/M n became broader when the molar ratio of [MMA]0/[EBiB]0/[CuCl2]0/[TMEDA]0/[n-propanol]0/[Na2CO3]0 was 500:1:1:2:1:2, indicating that the amount of n-propanol played an important role in ARGET ATRP of MMA. The activation energy was calculated to be 51.96 kJ/mol. The different types of alcohol were demonstrated to be an efficient reducing agent in this system except for tert-butyl alcohol. The “living” feature of the obtained polymer was further verified by a chain extension experiment. The obtained polymer was characterized by 1H NMR and GPC.

Atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate with a thermo-responsive ligand: construction of thermoregulated phase-transfer catalysis in an aqueous–organic biphasic system

The concept of thermoregulated phase-transfer catalysis (TRPTC) for an aqueous–organic biphasic system was applied in Cu(II)-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA). Herein, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET) ATRP was used to establish the TRPTC ATRP system using 2-cyanoprop-2-yl 1-dithionaphthalate (CPDN) as an alkyl pseudohalide initiator, CuBr2 as the catalyst and ascorbic acid (AsAc) as the reducing agent. It used a thermo-responsive monofunctional ligand including the dipyridyl group (MPEG-DPA), which enabled the transfer of the catalyst complex into the organic phase from the aqueous phase upon heating, thus achieving homogeneous polymerization; and the catalyst complex could retransfer into the aqueous phase from the organic phase thereby realizing the separation and recycling of the catalyst complex upon cooling. Well-defined PMMA with controlled molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution could be obtained by TRPTC ATRP. Furthermore, the polymerization of MMA could be successfully carried out even when the amount of catalyst was reduced to the ppm level. The features of controlled/“living” radical polymerization of MMA were verified by chain end analysis and chain-extension experiments.

Chain scission resists for extreme ultraviolet lithography based on high performance polysulfone-containing polymers

A series of polymers with a comb architecture were prepared where the poly(olefin sulfone) backbone was designed to be highly sensitive to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation, while the well-defined poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) arms were incorporated with the aim of increasing structural stability. It is hypothesized that upon EUV radiation rapid degradation of the polysulfone backbone will occur leaving behind the well-defined PMMA arms. The synthesized polymers were characterised and have had their performance as chain-scission EUV photoresists evaluated. It was found that all materials possess high sensitivity towards degradation by EUV radiation (E0 in the range 4–6 mJ cm−2). Selective degradation of the poly(1-pentene sulfone) backbone relative to the PMMA arms was demonstrated by mass spectrometry headspace analysis during EUV irradiation and by grazing-angle ATR-FTIR. EUV interference patterning has shown that materials are capable of resolving 30 nm 1 : 1 line : space features. The incorporation of PMMA was found to increase the structural integrity of the patterned features. Thus, it has been shown that terpolymer materials possessing a highly sensitive poly(olefin sulfone) backbone and PMMA arms are able to provide a tuneable materials platform for chain scission EUV resists. These materials have the potential to benefit applications that require nanopattering, such as computer chip manufacture and nano-MEMS.

Polymeric vesicles with well-defined poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) brushes via surface-initiated photopolymerization (SIPP)

We describe a novel and general approach to fabricate polymeric vesicles with well-defined PMMA brushes by using silica particles as template through surface-initiated photopolymerization (SIPP). The crosslinked PDMAEMA layer was immobilized on the surface of silica particles, and then photoinitiated polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was used to generate PMMA brushes in the presence of thioxanthone (TX). Polymeric vesicles with well-defined PMMA brush were obtained after removing silica cores. The whole process was well traced and confirmed by TEM, SEM, FT-IR and TGA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report the fabrication of polymer brush on the surface of polymeric vesicles through SIPP. This robust approach is expected to have potential in fabrication and modification of polymer vesicles with different sizes and functions.

Well-Defined PMMA Brush on Silica Particles Fabricated by Surface-Initiated Photopolymerization (SIPP)

The photochemical method is a convenient and simple way to synthesize the polymer brush on surface. We presented here a facile approach to fabricate PMMA brush on silica particles (SPs) by combination of self-assembly monolayer of hyperbranched polymeric thioxanthone (HPTX) and surface-initiated photopolymerization (SIPP). HPTX was immobilized on the surface of silica particles (SPs) through nucleophilic addition between amine and epoxy groups, and then initiated photopolymerization of MMA to generate PMMA brush on SPs at room temperature. The whole process was well-traced by FT-IR, TGA, SEM, and TEM. The results show that it is easy to create PMMA brushes of tunable thickness under UV irradiation. Especially, TEM images reveal the obvious formation of well-defined hybrid particles with SPs as the core and PMMA layers as the shell. The obtained hybrid particles can be implanted into PMMA matrix to produce PMMA composite with enhanced thermal and mechanical properties.

Facile Route to Enzyme Immobilization: Core−Shell Nanoenzyme Particles Consisting of Well-Defined Poly(methyl methacrylate) Cores and Cellulase Shells

A one-step method for preparing cellulase-immobilized nanoparticles that consist of well-defined poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cores and cellulase shells has been developed. The core-shell nanoparticles are synthesized from a direct graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) from cellulase in an aqueous medium. Particle formation strongly depends on the surface nature of the cellulase (e.g., pH of reaction media) and MMA to cellulase weight ratio. Under optimized conditions, high MMA conversions (>90%) were achieved, and the PMMA-cellulase nanoparticles produced were very stable with narrow size distributions ( Dv/Dn < 1.20). Particle sizes in the range between 80 and 124 nm (volume average diameter) could be tailored by a variation of cellulase concentration. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs revealed that the nanoparticle had a well-defined PMMA core which was evenly coated with cellulase shell. Study of cellulase activity of the PMMA-cellulase nanoparticles indicated that even though activity of immobilized cellulase on the nanoparticles was 41% less than that of the native cellulase after the polymerization, the immobilized cellulase showed improved properties such as broader working pH range and better thermal stability. Other important advantages of this approach include that the PMMA-cellulase nanoparticles could be produced in high concentrations (up to 18% w/w solids content) and the nanoparticles have thick and evenly distributed enzyme shells. Thus, this method may provide a new commercially viable route to the immobilization of thermally stable enzyme to form nanoenzyme particles.

Controlled grafting from poly(vinylidene fluoride) microfiltration membranes via reverse atom transfer radical polymerization and antifouling properties

A reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (RATRP) with benzoyl peroxide (BPO)/CuCl/2,2-bipyridine (Bpy) was applied onto grafting of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PPEGMA) from poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) microfiltration (MF) membrane surfaces, including the pore surfaces. The introduction of peroxide and hydroperoxide groups onto the PVDF membranes was achieved by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in nitrogen, followed by air exposure. RATRP from UV pretreated hydrophobic PVDF membranes was then performed for attaching well-defined homopolymer. The chemical composition of the modified PVDF membrane surfaces was characterized by attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface and cross-section morphology of membranes were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pore sizes of the pristine PVDF and the PMMA grafted PVDF membranes were measured using micro-image analysis and process software. With increase of graft concentration, the pore size of the modified membranes decreased and became uniform. Kinetic studies of homogeneous (in toluene solution) system revealed a linear increase in molecular weight with the reaction time and narrow molecular weight distribution, indicating that the chain growth from the membrane surface was a “controlled” or “living” grafting process. The introduction of the well-defined PMMA on the PVDF membrane gave rise to hydrophilicity. Protein adsorption and protein solution permeation experiments revealed that the UV pretreated hydrophobic PVDF membrane subjected to surface-initiated RATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) exhibited good antifouling property.