Well-being Trajectories Research Articles

Subjective wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic: A 3-year, 35-wave longitudinal study

ABSTRACT This article reports the results of a longitudinal study conducted between December 2019 and December 2022 (35 waves) with 979 participants in Germany. Based on event, transition, and adaptation theories, trajectories of subjective wellbeing (i.e. life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect) were hypothesized and tested across multiple national lockdown and restriction periods. In addition, based on the transactional stress model, this study examined how individuals’ stress appraisals (i.e. threat, challenge) and coping strategies (i.e. active coping, behavioral disengagement) moderate trajectories of subjective wellbeing. There was evidence for some relatively weak lockdown effects on wellbeing and for subsequent recovery effects. Evidence for moderating effects of stress appraisals and coping strategies was mixed. Overall, findings suggest that national lockdowns associated with the COVID-19 pandemic had negative, albeit on average relatively weak, effects on subjective wellbeing. Moreover, certain stress appraisals and coping strategies might help individuals maintain wellbeing in times of crisis.

Trajectories of physical well-being among adults with acute myeloid leukemia.

e19040 Background: Adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) commonly experience physical decline related to their disease and treatment which is associated with negative outcomes. However, physical trajectories differ among patients. Identifying distinct physical trajectories may help guide clinical decision making and supportive care interventions. In this secondary analysis, we examined physical trajectories of patients with AML and factors associated with these trajectories. Methods: We used data from patients with newly diagnosed AML in four clinical trials. Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Physical Well-Being sub scale (FACT-PWB, range 0-28) was measured from baseline to day 200, up to 5 timepoints per patient. We used group-based trajectory models (GBTM) weighted for mortality-related drop out to identify groups of patients with similar trajectories of change in FACT-PWB and estimate the association of baseline demographics (age, marital status, education) and clinical factors (AML risk, baseline FACT-PWB, depression, anxiety) with group membership. The number of groups was selected based on clinical interpretability and model fit statistics. Results: We included 343 patients with ≥ 1 FACT-PWB score during up to 200 days of follow-up. Mean age was 65 (SD 12.7), most had intermediate risk AML (178, 52%), received intensive treatment (244, 71%), and died during the follow up period (199, 58%). The GBTM with 4 patterns of change in FACT-PWB showed the best fit for our data (Table). The largest group (Group 2: N = 188, 55%) declined slightly in the first month, then stabilized, while those in the smallest group (Group 1: N = 16, 5%) declined steadily in the first 3 months before improving and stabilizing. Lower baseline FACT-PWB was associated with membership in Group 3: Slight improvement then stable (115, 34%) and Group 4: Steep improvement then stable (24, 7%)), relative to Group 2 (p < .001). Other variables were not associated with group membership. Conclusions: Adults newly diagnosed with AML show distinct patterns of change in their physical well-being after starting treatment. Future studies should measure self-reported and objective physical function in addition to physical well-being in patients with AML, especially with recent change in treatment landscape, to better understand their trajectories. [Table: see text]

A review on worldwide urban observatory systems' data analytics themes: Lessons learned for Malaysia Urban Observatory (MUO)

The application of data analytics in urban governance is crucial in addressing municipal issues. However, there are limited sources to review and discuss research related to urban observatories, which is one of the monitoring systems implemented in an urban area. This study aims to review existing urban observatory systems around the world to understand the pattern of data analytic themes, the analysis involved and types of the data. A total of 30 urban observatories were used as secondary data as an inductive analysis of thematic content using NVIVO 12 Plus. Environmental, economic, social, physical, and global agenda are the five key data analytic themes. The finding of the study is that environmental and social data analytics were the most commonly used themes in the 30 UOs surveyed. Also, the UO system developers focused on GIS (Geographic Information System) data relating to the physical environment and land cover. While efforts are being made to improve spatial data, in advanced analysis, however, data modelling and prediction/forecasts are still lacking. In conclusion, examining existing urban observatory systems are critical to the Malaysia Urban Observatory's development. Later, MUO will assist Malaysia in tracking the trajectory of urban development and well-being of its citizens.

Patient-reported mental health and well-being trajectories in oncology patients during radiation therapy: an exploratory retrospective cohort analysis using the Ontario Cancer Registry.

Mental health and well-being trajectories are not expected to be homogeneous in diverse clinical populations. This exploratory study aims to identify subgroups of patients with cancer receiving radiation therapy who have different mental health and well-being trajectories, and examine which socio-demographic, physical symptoms, and clinical variables are associated with such trajectories. Retrospective analysis of radiation therapy patients diagnosed with cancer in 2017 was conducted using data from the Ontario Cancer Registry (Canada) and linked with administrative health data. Mental health and well-being were measured using items from the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System-revised questionnaire. Patients completed up to 6 repeated measurements. We used latent class growth mixture models to identify heterogeneous mental health trajectories of anxiety, depression, and well-being. Bivariate multinomial logistic regressions were conducted to explore variables associated with the latent classes (subgroups). The cohort (N = 3416) with a mean age of 64.5years consisted of 51.7% females. Respiratory cancer was the most common diagnosis (30.4%) with moderate to severe comorbidity burden. Four latent classes with distinct anxiety, depression, and well-being trajectories were identified. Decreasing mental health and well-being trajectories are associated with being female; living in neighborhoods with lower income, greater population density, and higher proportion of foreign-born individuals; and having higher comorbidity burden. The findings highlight the importance of considering social determinants of mental health and well-being, in addition to symptoms and clinical variables, when providing care for patients undergoing radiation therapy.

Trajectories of Physical Function and Behavioral, Psychological, and Social Well-Being in a Cohort of Swedish Older Adults.

Successful aging has been described as a multifactorial and dynamic process. The aims of the study were to detect aging trajectories of physical function and behavioral, psychological, and social well-being; and to explore the correlations between functional versus well-being trajectories by age group. Data were gathered from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (N = 1,375). Subjects' physical function was assessed through walking speed and chair-stand tests, behavioral well-being through participation in mental and physical activities, psychological well-being through life satisfaction and positive affect, and social well-being through social connections and support. All exposures were standardized (z-scores). Linear mixed models were used to estimate trajectories of physical function and well-being over a 12-year follow-up. The steepest declines were seen for physical function (relative change [RC] in z-scores across ages; RC = 3.01), followed by behavioral well-being (RC = 2.15), psychological well-being (RC = 2.01), and social well-being (RC = 0.76). Correlations between physical function and the different well-being domains were weak, especially for slopes. Stronger intercept correlations were observed among the oldest-compared to the youngest-old, especially with behavioral (r = 0.39 vs r = 0.24) and psychological (r = 0.33 vs r = 0.22) well-being. Physical function declines the fastest throughout aging. The different well-being domains decline at a slower rate, which may be a possible sign of compensation against age-related functional decline, especially among the youngest-old, for whom discordances between physical function and the different well-being domains were more common.

Short-term and long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on child psychological well-being: a four-wave longitudinal study.

As the COVID-19 pandemic further unfolds, it becomes a key theoretical and practical question to identify trajectories of child psychological well-being and to explore risk and resilience factors for developmental adjustment. The current study addressed this research gap by means of an ecological design: A (lockdown)-B (relaxation)-B (relaxation)-A (lockdown). We collected parental reports via online questionnaires over four measurement occasions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany (non-probabilistic sample): from the first lockdown (T1-spring 2020, N = 1769) to the following period of relaxation (T2-summer 2020, n = 873; T3-fall 2020, n = 729) on to the second lockdown (T4-winter 2020/21, n = 748). Key measures at T1-T4 were child emotional and behavioral problems as well as hyperactivity, child emotional and family-related well-being, parental strain, and parent-child relationship quality. We found evidence for quadratic growth models. While child problem behaviors (b = 0.32, p < 0.001) and emotional well-being (b = -0.33, p < 0.001) improved after the first lockdown during subsequent periods of relaxation before worsening again in the second lockdown, child family-related well-being steadily decreased over all four measurement points (T1-T2: p < 0.001; T2-T3: p = 0.045; T3-T4: p = 0.030). Importantly, parental stress emerged as a strong risk factor (ps < 0.11) and the parent-child relationship quality constituted a resilience factor (p = 0.049) for child psychological well-being. These findings have major implications for policies aiming to further child health during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Caring for a Relative With Dementia in Long-Term Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic introduced unprecedented threats and disruptions for caregivers of people with dementia living in residential long-term care (LTC) facilities. Qualitative and cross-sectional studies have reported substantial negative effects of the pandemic on dementia caregivers' well-being, but little to no prospective research has examined the impact of COVID-19 on caregiver well-being using pre-pandemic assessments. The present study used longitudinal data from an ongoing randomized controlled trial of a psychosocial intervention to support family caregivers whose relatives had entered LTC. Data collection began in 2016 and continued through 2021. Caregivers (N = 132) completed up to 7 assessments measuring their depressive symptoms, self-efficacy, and burden. Latent growth curve models testing preregistered hypotheses revealed no significant effects of the pandemic on caregiver outcomes on average, though caregivers varied in terms of individual intercepts and slopes. Furthermore, factors such as caregiver-care recipient relationship closeness, care recipient's COVID-19 infection status, and caregivers' ratings of LTC facilities' COVID-19 policies did not significantly moderate trajectories of well-being. Findings highlight the heterogeneity of caregivers' experiences during the pandemic, and suggest caution when interpreting cross-sectional findings on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on caregiver well-being and distress.

Change Trajectory of Symptom Distress, Coping Strategies, and Spiritual Wellbeing in Colorectal Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy

Impacts caused by cancer and associated treatment may change with time. The objective of this study is to examine the change trajectory of symptom distress, coping strategies, and spiritual wellbeing in colorectal cancer patients during chemotherapy and to further examine the predictors of spiritual wellbeing. A prospective longitudinal repeated measures study design was employed. A total of 97 patients undergoing chemotherapy for the first time were enrolled. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data at three timepoints, which were before chemotherapy (T0), during chemotherapy (T1: 3 months after T0), and after chemotherapy (T2: 6 months after T0). The results of this study show that patients have significantly lower spiritual wellbeing and significantly higher symptom distress during chemotherapy treatment (T1). Family support (B = 0.39, p = 0.007) and problem-focused coping strategies (B = 0.47, p = 0.001) are significant predictors of spiritual wellbeing before chemotherapy (T0). Symptom distress (B = -0.18, p = 0.048) and problem-focused coping strategies (B = 0.26, p = 0.028) are significant predictors of spiritual wellbeing during chemotherapy (T1). The results provide care recommendations for different stages of chemotherapy to help to achieve more precise patient care and improve care quality.

Development of well-being after moving to telework: A longitudinal latent class analysis.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, teleworking suddenly became a reality for many individuals. Previous research shows that there are contradictory consequences of telework on well-being: while workers have the opportunity for self-directed work, intensified work behavior as well as longer hours being worked might occur at the same time. We expect that the effects of telework vary over time and may be able to explain these contradictions. Moreover, from the perspective of the job demands-resources model besides job resources, personal resources may be relevant. The aim of this study is to investigate how the mental well-being of workers unfolds over time after the onset of the pandemic and the role of telework in this process. Additionally we seek to identify the impact of available job resources and personal resources in this extraordinary situation. Data were collected online from 642 participants in Germany beginning in March 2020, with 8 weekly followup surveys. Mental well-being was measured using the WHO-5 well-being index. For personal resources we looked at occupational self-efficacy; job resources were flexible working hours, job autonomy, and social support. Job demands were telework and work intensification. First we used a group-based trajectory analysis approach to identify different well-being trajectories. Second we applied multinomial regression analysis to identify T1 predictors of well-being trajectory group membership and their interactions. We found three groups of mental well-being trajectories: low, medium, and high. Their progress through the investigation period was rather stable: we observed only slight improvements of mental well-being for the high well-being group and a slight deterioration for the other two groups. Only the job demand work intensification and the personal resource occupational self-efficacy had a significant relationship to group assignment. Additionally we found interactions of telework with work intensification and occupational self-efficacy indicating a buffering mechanism of telework on the consequences of high work intensification; and low occupational self-efficacy. Telework appears to be a useful resource that buffered high work intensification and compensated for low personal resources during the pandemic. Since data were from self-reports of a convenience sample we can't assume generalization of our results nor absence of common-method bias.

Mealtimes in the context of poverty: Comparison of ECEC services providing food and those requiring food provided from home.

In developed economies, most children attend Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) services before school entry, many from early life and across long days. For this reason, ECEC services present significant potential to provide food environments that positively influence eating behaviours and food preferences with attendant effect on life course trajectories of health and wellbeing. Yet there is evidence that feeding practices that limit optimal ongoing nutrition, such as pressure and restriction, are amplified in ECEC services serving disadvantaged communities. We sought to identify underlying explanatory mechanisms through observation of children's feeding experiences and educator explanations comparing, family-provided and service-provided meals. This study used qualitative analyses of educator interviews and observation records from 55 mealtimes in 10 ECEC services: 5 providing food and 5 requiring family food provision. High levels of concern drove educator's controlling feeding practices at mealtimes but presented differently across meal provision modes. In centres that provided food, educators' concern focused on food variety, manifesting in pressure to 'try' foods. In centres requiring family-provided food, concern focused on nutrition quantity and quality and manifested as control of order of food consumption and pacing of intake to ensure food lasted across the day. Interview data suggested that conflict aversion limited optimal nutrition. In centres providing food, this was seen in menus that prioritized child food preferences. In centres requiring family meal provision, conflict aversion was seen as reticence to discuss lunchbox contents with families. The findings direct attention to public health intervention. Currently, ECEC face significant barriers to realizing their potential to support child nutrition and establish positive life course trajectories of nutrition. To do so requires targeted supports that enable sufficient supply and quality of food in the context of poverty.

Partnership trajectories and their consequences over the life course. Evidence from the German LifE Study.

Following a life course perspective, this study examines the link between partnership trajectories and three dimensions of psychological well-being: psychological health, overall sense of self-worth and quality of life. Assuming that life outcomes are the result of prior decisions, experiences and events, partnership histories can be seen as a resource for psychological well-being. Furthermore, advantages or disadvantages from living with or without a partner should accumulate over time. While previous cross-sectional research has mainly focused on the influence of partnership status or a status change on well-being, prior longitudinal studies could not control for reverse causality of well-being and partnership trajectories. This research addresses the question of how different patterns of partnership biographies are related to a person's well-being in middle adulthood. Selection effects of pre-trajectory well-being as well as current life conditions are also taken into account. Using data from the German LifE Study, the partnership trajectories between ages of 16 and 45 are classified by sequence and cluster analysis. OLS regression is then used to examine the link between types of partnership trajectories and depression, self-esteem and overall life satisfaction at age 45. For women, well-being declined when experiencing unstable non-cohabitational union trajectories or divorce followed by unpartnered post-marital trajectories. Men suffered most from being long-term single. The results could not be explained by selection effects of pre-trajectory well-being. While women seem to 'recover' from most of the negative effects of unstable partnership trajectories through a new partnership, for men it was shown that being mainly unpartnered has long-lasting effects on their psychological well-being.

Holistic Functioning from a Developmental Perspective: A New Synthesis with a Focus on a Multi-tiered System Support Structure.

While research in specific academic disciplines has individually advanced knowledge and practice for promoting multiple aspects of health and well-being in children and adolescents, still missing is an understanding of the interconnectedness of many critical aspects of development and how to intentionally weave these factors to advance a more holistic approach. The need for a more holistic and inclusive approach to child and adolescent development is increasingly evident to promote long-term health and well-being as the overall percentage of children, adolescents, and adults who suffer from mental health disorders is increasing. To address this issue, our authorship team consists of researchers in the areas of developmental psychology, neuroscience, motor development, exercise science, and mental health. The collective ideas outlined in this paper are aligned to address the need to remove disciplinary-specific boundaries and elucidate synergistic linkages across multiple research domains that support holistic development and lifespan health and wellness. We propose a conceptual framework that comprehensively addresses the integration of physical, cognitive, psychological, social, and emotional domains of child and adolescent development. In addition, we also provide a holistic preventative approach that is aligned with a contemporary intervention structure (i.e., Multi-tiered Systems of Support) to promote, from a developmental perspective, positive trajectories of health and well-being across childhood and adolescence.

Developmental Trajectories and Predictors of Psychological Well-Being and Distress Across the College Years

ABSTRACT Psychological well-being and distress are critical components of college adjustment that are intricately entwined with student retention and success during and after college. This 5-wave longitudinal study used growth mixture modeling to explore heterogeneous trajectories of psychological well-being (self-esteem) and distress (depression, anxiety, stress) spanning just before college to the end of the fourth year. Students (N = 5,537) most commonly were best characterized by trajectories of stable positive or moderate adjustment, though some were better characterized by trajectories of low or variable adjustment. These latter subgroups may represent the highest-need students, for whom identifying pre-college risk and protective factors is crucial. Some notable differences emerged in trajectories for women versus men. Further, several individual characteristics at the cusp of college predicted these four-year trajectories. The strongest psychological functioning predictors were self-esteem, distress, and stress (less consistently, resilience and self-efficacy). The most predictive cognitive-affective strategy was avoidant emotional coping, followed by cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression (less consistently, problem-focused and active emotional coping). Social well-being factors that best differentiated adjustment trajectories were general social support, followed by support from family and then from friends. These findings have implications for targeting at-risk students upon university arrival to promote optimal long-term adjustment.

Trajectories of Well-Being, Resilience, and Optimism in Schizophrenia Across the Adult Lifespan: A Four-Year Longitudinal Study

Trajectories of Well-Being, Resilience, and Optimism in Schizophrenia Across the Adult Lifespan: A Four-Year Longitudinal Study

Living Alone, Cognitive Function, and Well-Being of Japanese Older Men and Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

This study examined the interaction of living alone and cognitive decline in relation to the well-being of older men and women. We analyzed the data from a cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire survey of community-dwelling older adults in Tokyo, who were aged 65+ and not on long-term care. The questionnaire included the 10-item self-administered dementia checklist (SDC), the WHO-5 Well-Being Scale, a question on their living arrangement, and participants’ baseline characteristics and social support and social contact. The analyses were stratified by sex and fitted with linear regression models with interaction. A total of 34,255 men and 41,056 women participated. Sample mean age was 73.5 (SD 6.1) for men and 73.6 (SD 6.0) for women, and 18.5% and 26.0% lived alone. The distribution of SDC scores indicated 95.9% and 97.0% had a cognitive status varying from intact to possible mild dementia. Cognitive decline showed a linear association with lower well-being in men (beta −0.53; 95% CI −0.58, −0.48; p &lt; 0.001 ) and women (beta −0.38; 95% CI −0.42, −0.34; p &lt; 0.001 ). Compared to men and women living with others, those living alone experienced lower well-being as their cognitive function declined, and the interactions (living arrangements ∗ SDC) were statistically significant. After controlling participants’ characteristics and social support and social contact, the interaction was significant in men ( p &lt; 0.001 ) but not in women ( p = 0.46 ). Our findings support that older men and women living alone experience a slightly steeper downward trajectory of cognitive decline and poor well-being than their counterparts living with others. The unequivocal effects of controlling confounding factors between men and women indicate the need for gendered countermeasures by welfare services.

Trajectories of burnout and psychological well-being among psychotherapists during the Covid-19 pandemic: Results of a 1-year prospective study.

The main goal of this study was to investigate the trajectories of the changes in burnout and subjective well-being (SWB) among psychotherapists in relation to social support, self-efficacy, sociodemographic, and work-related factors, with additional control for the subjectively experienced Covid-19 related distress. This study was carried out over a 1-year period during the critical time of the Covid-19 pandemic. We reached 226 Polish psychotherapists, of which 207 psychotherapists (91.6%) participated in all three measurements. The participants completed the following measurements: the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and a questionnaire regarding sociodemographic, work-related factors and Covid-19 related distress. Several trajectories were observed for both burnout and SWB, which were differently associated with the level of social support, self-efficacy, and sociodemographic and work-related factors. We did not find a significant relationship between Covid-19 related distress and the inclusion of either burnout or SWB trajectories. This study calls for greater interest in the psychological health of psychotherapists. More specifically, our findings may entail some implications for the practice of psychotherapy by creating customized intervention programs to reduce burnout and enhance well-being in this specific occupation.

Trajectories of wellbeing in people who live with gamblers experiencing a gambling problem: An 18-year longitudinal analysis of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey.

In cross-sectional gambling studies, friends, family, and others close to those experiencing gambling problems (concerned significant others 'CSOs') tend to report detriments to their quality of life. To date, however, there have been no large, population-based longitudinal studies examining the health and wellbeing of CSOs. We analyse longitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey to examine the 18-year trajectories of general, social, health and financial wellbeing of household CSOs (n = 477) and compare these to those without a gambling problem in the household (n = 13,661). CSOs reported significantly worse long-term wellbeing than non-CSOs in their satisfaction with life, number of life stressors, and social, health and financial wellbeing. However, both social and financial wellbeing showed a temporal effect, declining significantly for CSOs at times closer to the exposure to the gambling problem. This finding suggests a causal link between living in a household with a person with a gambling problem and decreased CSO social and financial wellbeing. Policy responses, such as additional social and financial support, could be considered to assist CSOs impacted by another person's gambling problem.

Methods for analysing the relationship between poverty, parental work intensity, child emotional symptoms and conduct problems over time

This article exposes the methods employed to analyse the complex associations between poverty and work intensity over time on the longitudinal trajectories of mental health wellbeing in a cohort of children. This study used data from nine waves of birth cohort 1 of the Growing Up in Scotland (GUS) study (2005/06–2017/18) to fit a bivariate multilevel non-linear growth curve model for the change in conduct problems and emotional symptoms of children over time with the trajectories of poverty and parental work intensity over time as the main covariates of interest. We explain in detail: (a) how we arrive at valid measures for our outcome of interest by testing for longitudinal measurement invariance and (b) the principled approach of growth mixture modelling undertaken to derive our main covariates of interest. Both procedures are the preamble for the main model of interest that addresses the substantive research question of how changes over time in poverty and parental employment are associated with changes over time in children's wellbeing.•We expose the rationale behind and the procedures for implementing Longitudinal Measurement Invariance testing for the repeated measures of emotional and conduct problems.•We expose the rationale behind and the procedures for implementing a growth mixture modelling approach to derive longitudinal measures of poverty and work intensity.•We provide details of the bivariate growth curve model fitted to analyse the effect of the derived longitudinal measures of poverty and work intensity on the valid longitudinal measures of emotional and conduct problems.

The trajectory of psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with health-promoting coping behavior among Japanese community-dwelling older adults: The Otassha Study

This study aims to identify the trajectory of psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic among community-dwelling older adults and to clarify the association between coping behavior in the early stage of the pandemic and the trajectory of psychological well-being. The study was based on a cohort study, known as “the Otassha Study.” We administered three follow-up surveys to 720 older adults who participated in the survey in October 2019 (T0): T1: June 2020, T2: October 2020, and T3: October 2021. Furthermore, we assessed coping behavior in T1 via a self-developed questionnaire comprising 10 items. Psychological well-being was assessed by the WHO-5 Well-Being Index (score range: 0 to 25) in all surveys. The trajectories of psychological well-being were identified by group-based trajectory modeling. The association between coping behaviors and trajectory patterns was assessed using multinomial logistic regression analysis. Furthermore, among the 508 participants who participated in the follow-up survey two times or more, three patterns of the trajectory of psychological well-being were identified: heavily decreased group (n = 39), decreased group (n = 352), and increased group (n = 39). “Walking” as a coping behavior had a significantly higher odds ratio (OR) to be in the increased group (OR = 2.32, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.06–5.05, p = 0.035) compared to the heavily decreased group. “Conversations with family living together” had a slightly higher OR to become an increased group (OR = 1.96, 95 % CI: 0.87–4.41, p = 0.106), and “actively gathering information on COVID-19” had a slightly lower OR to become the decreased group (OR = 0.53, 95 % CI: 0.26–1.06, p = 0.072) compared to the heavily decreased group. The results of this study suggest how maintaining health in the early stage of the pandemic had a great influence on the long-term health status.

Leadership at the Extreme: A Longitudinal Study of Transformational Leadership Style and Well-Being in Firefighters

This study sought to examine how operational demands hinder individual well-being in firefighters, and also the extent to which fire chiefs’ transformational leadership style acts as an operational resource to attenuate this relationship. A total of 115 firefighters participated in the study and completed surveys over seven consecutive days. The results suggest that individuals’ well-being trajectories are not influenced by operational demands while individuals’ well-being is enhanced over time by team leaders’ transformational leadership. The implications of these findings are discussed and future research directions are advanced.