Well-being In Russia Research Articles

Trust as a Determinant of Subjective Well-Being in Russia

The article considers social trust as a key element in the structure of social capital. Based on the results of international and Russian research, the role of trust in socioeconomic development and its impact on subjective life satisfaction is revealed. We discuss the circumstances of the “trust deficit” as a possible reason for Russia’s significant lag behind the leading countries in world happiness ratings. The data sources for our empirical research are the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE) and the World Values Survey. In our empirical analysis, special attention is paid to overcoming the problem of endogeneity, which arises as a result of two-way causal relationships between trust and happiness. The hypothesis of a significant positive effect of generalized social trust on life satisfaction in Russia is confirmed by the results of econometric modelling. Our results fit into the broad context of international studies of the social capital impact on subjective assessments of the quality of life. Based on Russian data, we confirm the conclusion that the impact of increasing social capital on subjective well-being across the whole society is strongly positive. The conclusion of our work concerns the possibility of raising the subjective well-being of Russians by improving informal institutions by means of social trust strengthening.

АНАЛИЗ ДИНАМИКИ РЕАЛЬНОЙ И НОМИНАЛЬНОЙ ЗАРАБОТНОЙ ПЛАТЫ КАК ИНДИКАТОРА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО БЛАГОПОЛУЧИЯ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the dynamics of real and nominal wages as an indicator of economic well-being in Russia. The main objective of the study is to identify the relationships between changes in nominal and real wages in the context of inflation and price changes, as well as to assess the impact of social and economic factors. The work uses time series analysis methods that allow us to understand the nature of wage changes and their relationship with socio-economic processes. The main results of the study show that the dynamics of wages is an important indicator of the standard of living and social inequality, and regional and industry differences affect the level of income. The authors note the need to develop a state policy aimed at reducing the social gap and raising the standard of living in the regions of Russia. The article presents an analysis of the mechanisms for generating incomes of the population, which can serve as a basis for developing recommendations for improving social policy and increasing the economic well-being of citizens.

Challenges Posed by COVID-19 on Doctoral Students' Wellbeing in Russia: Of International and Domestic Doctoral Students, Who Suffers More?

While universities closed, implementing remote teaching and learning in response to COVID-19, this change significantly impacted the lives of graduate students, given their exposure to unique and diverse experiences. It thus has become essential to understand the possible differences in regard to the pandemic's impact on international and domestic students. The aim of this study was to explore the consequences of the challenges posed by COVID-19 on doctoral students' wellbeing in Russia. The study surveyed 4454 doctoral students across 249 Russian public universities. The challenges posed by COVID-19 negatively affected international doctoral students' learning experience (β= -0.269, p<0.001); students' satisfaction with supervision (β= -0.098, p<0.001); dissertation experience (β= -0.039, p<0.001); and doctoral program satisfaction (β= -0.034, p<0.001). Furthermore, the challenges posed by COVID-19 affected domestic doctoral students' learning experience (β=-0.368, p<0.001); students' satisfaction with supervision (β=-0.194, p<0.001) and doctoral program satisfaction (β=-0.034, p<0.001). However, the influence of the challenges posed by COVID-19 on communication frequency was relatively positive for both international (β=0.060, p<0.001) and domestic students (β=0.021, p<0.001), and dissertation experience (β=0.061, p<0.001) was also positive for only domestic students. Furthermore, controlled factors comprising field of study (β=-0.033, p<0.001); year of study (β=0.127, p<0.001); and university region (β=-0.056, p<0.001) influenced the effect of the challenges posed by COVID-19 on international doctoral students. The COVID-19 challenges had the greatest impact on the wellbeing of international students. Furthermore, both international and domestic students' communication frequency with their supervisors underwent a relatively positive impact (which implies no effect on both categories of students). Furthermore, the challenges posed by COVID-19 had no effect on domestic students' dissertation experiences. Finally, among the controlled variables, field of study, year of study, and university region were discovered to be significant factors in relation to the challenges posed by COVID-19 for international students.

An Econometric Assessment of the “Punishment” for Singlehood in Russia: Risks or New Opportunities in Life?

The paper focuses on the effect of having a marriage partner on health and well-being of Russians as compared with their single compatriots. The health status variation between those who are married and those who are single can be explained both by the protective effect of marriage and marriage selection. Using the Cox proportional hazards model on the self-perceived health data from the RLMS 2004-2019 individual questionnaire, while controlling for socioeconomic factors, lifestyle, and living arrangements, we have found that the protective effect of marriage is non‑existent in men, except for a short-term impact of marital transitions. Women are “punished” for their singlehood due to a lack of a partner in their young age, or being in an unregistered union, or the loss of a breadwinner spouse at the age of 50 to 64. In contrast, women over 65 benefit from singlehood.

Индекс детского благополучия в России: актуальные вопросы, разработки и перспективы развития (обзор по итогам международной научно-практической конференции «Перспективы внедрения индекса детского благополучия в России»)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Currently, the main assessment of the state&amp;rsquo;s attitude to children is the degree of ensuring their well-being. Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 122-r of January 23, 2021, the plan of the main activities carried out within the framework of the Decade of Childhood for the period up to 2027 (hereinafter referred to as the plan) defines the main goals and objectives for ensuring the well&amp;mdash;being of children in the Russian Federation. The plan provides for the organization of scientific research to assess the quality of life of children, including the subjective well-being of children and adolescents; development of guidelines for the assessment of child well-being, assessment tools; comparative analysis of the level of child well-being in Russia; assessment (rating) of child well-being of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The review article presents the main theses of the international scientific and practical conference &amp;ldquo;Prospects for the introduction of the index of child well-being in Russia&amp;rdquo; held on December 12, 2022. The article reveals the existing issues, developments and prospects for development in the field of child well-being, including the Russian experience of developing a child well-being index, conducting research in the field of subjective well-being of minors.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Актуальные вопросы, результаты и перспективы развития исследований международного проекта по изучению субъективного благополучия детей «Детские Миры» (обзор по итогам международной научно-практической конференции «Перспективы внедрения индекса детского благополучия в России»)

&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;The article presents the results of research conducted in Algeria and Chile within the framework of the international project on the study of children&amp;rsquo;s subjective well-being &amp;ldquo;Children&amp;rsquo;s Worlds&amp;rdquo;, the main theses of which were presented at the international scientific and practical conference &amp;ldquo;Prospects for the introduction of the index of child well-being in Russia&amp;rdquo; held on December 12, 2022 in Moscow.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Pulse of the Nation: Observable Subjective Well-Being in Russia Inferred from Social Network Odnoklassniki

Policymakers and researchers worldwide are interested in measuring the subjective well-being (SWB) of populations. In recent years, new approaches to measuring SWB have begun to appear, using digital traces as the main source of information, and show potential to overcome the shortcomings of traditional survey-based methods. In this paper, we propose the formal model for calculation of observable subjective well-being (OSWB) indicator based on posts from a social network, which utilizes demographic information and post-stratification techniques to make the data sample representative by selected characteristics of the general population. We applied the model on the data from Odnoklassniki, one of the largest social networks in Russia, and obtained an OSWB indicator representative of the population of Russia by age and gender. For sentiment analysis, we fine-tuned several language models on RuSentiment and achieved state-of-the-art results. The calculated OSWB indicator demonstrated moderate to strong Pearson’s (r=0.733, p=0.007, n=12) correlation and strong Spearman’s (rs=0.825, p=0.001, n=12) correlation with a traditional survey-based Happiness Index reported by Russia Public Opinion Research Center, confirming the validity of the proposed approach. Additionally, we explored circadian (24 h) and circaseptan (7 day) patterns, and report several interesting findings for the population of Russia. Firstly, daily variations were clearly observed: the morning had the lowest level of happiness, and the late evening had the highest. Secondly, weekly patterns were clearly observed as well, with weekends being happier than weekdays. The lowest level of happiness occurs in the first three weekdays, and starting on Thursday, it rises and peaks during the weekend. Lastly, demographic groups showed different levels of happiness on a daily, weekly, and monthly basis, which confirms the importance of post-stratification by age group and gender in OSWB studies based on digital traces.

Approaches to assessing reserves to reduce mortality in Russia

The relevance of the study is due to the need for scientific substantiation of target indicators and their quantitative expression in the development of programs to reduce mortality. The purpose of the work: to substantiate approaches to assessing the reserves for reducing mortality using socio-economic, medical, demographic, and behavioral tools. We used official data from Rosstat, international databases on mortality, as well as the results of the sociological study “Demographic well-being in Russia”, which was conducted in late 2019 - early 2020 in 6 federal districts. Different approaches can be used to estimate mortality reduction reserves, depending on the goal. The socio-economic approach makes it possible to assess the potential for increasing life expectancy based on the dynamics of the growth in living standards, as well as social policies in the field of reducing inequality. The medico-demographic approach determines the priority areas of efforts. Behavioral approaches provide insights into maximum achievable levels of life expectancy, while comparing them with self-assessed life expectancy reveals the extent of “hindrances” and key issues that need to be addressed. Russia has a lower life expectancy in comparison with countries with a similar level of economic development. Losses are inadequately high: in men of working age, which is determined primarily by an unhealthy lifestyle; for women - at older ages, depending on the availability and quality of health care. The desired life expectancy of the inhabitants of Russia is only slightly higher than the indicators actually achieved in the most developed countries. Significant declines in life expectancy are associated with poor self-reported health, low levels of education, and lack of employment not only due to lack of work (unemployment), but also due to unwillingness to work. These factors should be taken into account when developing programs to reduce mortality, since in the absence of a need for longevity, it is impossible to motivate people to a healthy lifestyle.

Pleasures and Hardships in Modern Life: A Subjective Dimension of Social Well-Being

The article deals with the issues of studying the social well-being of the population in socio-humanitarian knowledge from antiquity to the present day. The social and cultural-historical conditionality of the social well-being of the population is revealed. Particular attention is paid to the study of the pleasure and hardships of modern life, the study of the subjective perception of positive or negative social well-being, the identification of variable factors that contribute to the strengthening or weakening of various indicators of social well-being. A practical part of the study presents the results of the author’s study of the pleasures and hardships of modern life, which contribute to the transformation of the characteristics of the social well-being of Russians. The study involved 1,170 people aged 18 to 65, 55 % women and 45 % men, living in different regions of the Russian Federation. The study was conducted in the form of an online survey. As a result, the author fixes the factors that are considered “normal” by Russians, identifies the forms of the most common “suffering” and strategies for obtaining “pleasure”. The main meanings of life are also indicated ‒ “for the sake of which it is worth enduring the hardships of life” and what are the possible prospects for personal and social (socially approved, generally accepted) happiness. Gender differences are indicated in the perception of the hardships and pleasures of life. The author proves that subjective experiences associated with the perception of personal and social well-being determine the general level of social security and personal life prospects regarding well-being and satisfaction, which determine various forms and strategies for the subjective measurement of social well-being. This becomes the basis not only of individual strategies for social realization, but also an indicator of the social dynamics of various communities, groups and entire strata of society, contributing to the processes of social consolidation or disintegration of social reproduction, social empathy and solidarity, the construction of new forms of personal and social identity and a sense of “we” in modern Russian society. The subjective measurement of social well-being becomes a cut of the emotional-cognitive perception of personal and social prospects of social development.

Territory of residence as a factor of pension well-being in Russia

The increase in life expectancy, both in the world and in Russia, has led to an increase in the burden on the state budget as a whole and on pension systems, in particular. Since for most pensioners the state social system, in general, and the pension one, in particular, is the main source of well-being, this can provoke its decline.As follows from the study, along with demography (an increase in the number of pensioners compared to the population of working age) and the economy (phase of the cycle), the territory of residence is also a factor affecting pension welfare.The study is limited in scope: only material well-being, only old-age pensions, 8 federal districts of the Russian Federation, for the period of 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020.The Global Pension Index, the World Social Protection Report, other international documents, as well as the Comprehensive Monitoring of the Living Conditions of the Population has provided key indicators to assess pension well-being, including: 2 «monetary» (the ratio of the intended pension and the subsistence minimum) and 7 «non-monetary» ones that assess the state of housing conditions (general: the proportion of households of pensioners who are not constrained by housing; the size of the total area per member of the household; households estimate pensioners in the state of the living quarters occupied by them as «satisfactory» and the level of security of the living quarters of pensioners: centralized water supply, hot water supply, network gas and central heating).Evaluation of the mini / max method of these indicators empirically proves the hypothesis that the level of well-being of pensioners living in various federal districts of Russia is significantly different. Thus, it is empirically proven that the territory of residence is a factor of pension well-being, which requires the abandonment of regional ties in calculating the state pension.The article substantiates the recommendations to improving the publication process in economic journals and reducing transaction costs for authors of scientific publications.

Suicidality Among Men in Russia: A Review of Recent Epidemiological Data.

Suicide is a phenomenon that is not related to a specific class of countries but is a problem worldwide. Many studies have attempted to explain gender differences in suicidal behaviors. Unfortunately, Russia holds the world’s top place for the number of suicides committed by its male citizens. Russia is still demonstrating unusually high death rates due to non-natural causes, and these demographic trends are concerning. We analyzed suicidality among men in Russia over the past 20 years using official data published by the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) and secondary sources. We also discussed male suicide as a social problem, analyzed, and evaluated male suicidality in Russia from 2000 to 2020, and reviewed the factors influencing the prevalence of male suicides over female suicides in Russia.Russia is still going through one of the most significant historical changes in the last 100 years. Our analysis showed discrepancies between official numbers and data published by non-government organizations in Russia. Unemployment, low socioeconomic status, underdiagnosed and/or untreated mental illness, and substance abuse are major risk factors for suicide in Russian men. Cultural influences also make suicidal behavior socially scripted in Russia.By providing examples and analyzing data, we aspire to encourage improvements in the practice of mental wellbeing in Russia and other post-Soviet countries. The recommendations within this report are intended as a starting point for dialogue to guide effective suicide prevention in this country.

Income Inequality and Health Self-Assessment in Russia1

ABSTRACT This article looks at income’s effect on the health and well-being of Russians. In particular, it studies the effect of income on health self-assessments by describing the interactions between these factors, analyzing them, and modeling them econometrically. Based on panel data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) of public health and economic status, a pooled generalized ordered logit regression was constructed for the categorical variable “deteriorating self-assessment of health.” It calculates the marginal effects of the model’s independent variables (different income groups, the Gini coefficient, and others) for three different self-assessments of health (good, average, and poor). Econometric modeling showed that Russia satisfies the absolute income and income inequality hypotheses and that there is a statistically significant correlation between income, its inequality (Gini coefficient of income differentiation), and self-assessment of health. It was discovered in a number of specifications that the effect of income on health self-assessment is greater in men than in women. This is apparently linked to the greater involvement of men in the labor market. The results suggest that a government policy to increase incomes and reduce regional differentiation could improve the public’s subjective perceptions of health.

РАЗВИТИЕ ИНОСТРАННОГО ТУРИЗМА НА ДАЛЬНЕМ ВОСТОКЕ РОССИИ: СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

The Asian vector of Russia's policy has necessitated the development of various spheres of the economy of the Far East, one of which is tourism. Tourism in the modern world is a promising profitable industry, which is relied on by both highly developed and developing countries. Favorable factors of tourism in the Far Eastern territory have determined the importance of this direction, assigning it the mission of the locomotive of the economy of the Far Eastern Federal District. The success in this area largely depends on the economic development of the region, improving the welfare of the population, an attractive image of the territory, as well as the well-being of Russia as a whole. The authors investigate the current state of the tourism industry in the Far East. The analysis of current trends in its development is carried out. Identify problematic issues that require their solution. So, among the weaknesses of the industry, the authors name the negative image of Russia in the world, anti-Russian sanctions, difficult climatic conditions, high cost and distance of flights, insufficiently developed infrastructure of the territory, etc. They give an optimistic forecast to the prospects for the development of foreign tourism, based on the fact that many large investment projects are being implemented in the Far Eastern region, the territory has a great potential for natural and recreational resources, there is a neighborhood with Asian states with a high population, etc. The object of the study is tourism in the Far East. The subject of the study is the current state and prospects for the development of foreign tourism in the Far Eastern Federal District. The purpose of the study is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the tourism industry in the Far East, to make a forecast of its development. Research methodology. As a methodological basis, an interdisciplinary approach is used in the work, which allows a comprehensive study of the economic, social and cultural aspects of foreign tourism in the Russian Far East. General scientific methods are used - analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, etc., which make it possible to identify not only the factual side of the problem - the development of the tourism industry in the Far East, but also to trace its development in dynamics and make a forecast for the future. The method of comparative analysis made it possible to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the resource component of the modern tourism business in the region. The complex use of these and other methods allows us to recreate an objective and dynamic picture of the subject of research

Административно-правовая трансформация взаимодействия и партнерства органов управления в системе обеспечения безопасности и жизненных интересов человека

Relevance. Transformation of administrative-legal interaction and partnership of subjects of management in the interests of ensuring the security and well-being of a person is a generally recognized legal goal. For Russia, in the interests of the security and well-being system, the transformation under consideration is a factor in strengthening state integrity and unity of power, which in modern conditions is of particular importance. The theoretical and methodological aspect of the administrative and legal transformation in the state system of security and well-being of Russia on the basis of interaction is also very relevant. The purpose. The study of the transformation of administrative-legal interaction and partnership of management entities in the interests of the security and well-being of citizens. Objectives: to conduct an administrative and legal analysis of the interaction between state and municipal gov-ernments; substantiate the possibility of developing the concept of administrative-legal interaction and partnership of management subjects. Methodology. The study used a combination of methods, such as: the general scientific method of studying legal phenomena and processes, the method of analysis and system-legal, with the help of which the specifics of the considered legal relations are determined. Results. The author formulated a position on the possibility of developing a concept for the interaction and co-operation of state and municipal governments. Conclusion. The protection and security of citizens in the context of the transformation of governance constitute a single system with direct and inverse relationships. In this regard, it became necessary to analyze the process of transformation of management, primarily in the interests of the protection and security of citizens. The conducted research gives grounds to conclude that the interaction and partnership of state and municipal governments in the system of ensuring the security and vital interests of a person require transformation, as well as the development of new standards in the activities of governments in this area.

Совершенствование использования земель сельскохозяйственного назначения

Land resources are the main means of agricultural production and the spatial basis for all types of objects. The Russian Federation has huge reserves of natural resources, including agricultural land, which in some regions are used irrationally. Not only the well-being of Russians, but also the food security depends on the careful attitude to the lands of this category. Statistical data on the availability of lands of the first category are given and the issues of increasing the level of use of these lands are considered. The role of the Unified State Register of Real Estate, ensuring the safety of agricultural land, is shown. The main reasons are reflected, as a result of which the lands intended for growing crops are unclaimed. Possible ways to reduce unused lands of this category are proposed. Recommendations for reducing the area of unused land by selling them at auctions are given.

The abortion and contraceptive behavior: results of the all-Russian Research.

The problem of abortion is actual in all spheres of public life. Despite the fact that in Russia, according to the Ministry of Health, the number of abortions has decreased by 30% over the past five years, there is demand from society and public authorities to strengthen the national demographic security, to search for corresponding reserves and to strengthen positive dynamics of demographic indices on permanent long-term basis. The abortions significantly and negatively affect birth rate and woman health. To make proper managerial decisions in this area requires analyzing such complex social phenomenon as abortion behavior and its alternatives, including contraceptive behavior based on family planning technologies. The purpose of study is to analyze characteristics of abortive and contraceptive behavior and their relationship with matrimonial and reproductive behavior in Russia to strengthen national demographic security. The official public data of Rosstat, Minzdrav of Russia, etc. was used. Also the data of the All-Russian sociological study "Demographic well-being of Russia" was attracted. The methodology included questionnaire survey in late 2019 - early 2020 carried out in 10 Subjects of the Russian Federation: Moscow, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Tatarstan, Vologda Oblast, Volgograd Oblast, Ivanovo Oblast, etc. The total sampling consisted of 5 616 respondents. The study implemented such scientific research methods as: analysis, synthesis, generalization, statistical analysis, sociological analysis. The state policy implementation related to the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation "On measures to implement the Demographic Policy of the Russian Federation" (2012): "On national goals and strategic objectives of the development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2024" (2018, national project "Demography"), Government orders "On approval of the Concept of State family Policy in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025" (2014), "On the basics of State youth policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025" (2014), etc. On national level, it resulted in decreasing of the number of abortions and increasing attention of society and the public authorities to problems of the family. in Russia, since 2007, the absolute number of abortions has been declining, and from 2015 to the present, the absolute number of abortions has decreased below the millionth value. The leaders in positive rate of abortions decreasing are the North Caucasus, the Central and Southern Federal Okrugs. The higher rates of abortions remain In the Far Eastern, Siberian and Ural Federal Okrugs. It is established that abortion and reproductive behavior depends on aging of motherhood, low contraceptive culture at early start of sexual life and various social economic factors. A significant part of Russian population is characterized by low awareness of reproduction issues and contraceptives. The study revealed certain relationship between contraceptive and matrimonial and reproductive behavior. The hypothesis was confirmed for the Republics of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan. The additional research in this area is required to identify effective measures to fully implement demographic potential of the Russian family. Even though the official statistics of Russia indicate positive trends in population abortion behavior, abortions make up significant part of reproductive losses. For majority of Russians, abortion remains acceptable mean of regulating childbearing. Russia has the highest rate of abortions in the age ranges of 30-34 and 35-39 years. In Russia, improvement of medical and contraceptive literacy and formation of responsible health self-attitude will increase quality of life, implement population's demographic potential and improve demographic security.

Changes in the labor market status during the COVID-19 pandemic and subjective well-being of Russians

This paper investigates the association between changes in the labor market status and subjective well-being of Russians during the COVID-19 pandemic. The materials of the first stage of the international project “Values in crisis” form the empirical dataset. Regression analysis shows that individuals who lost their jobs or closed their business during the initial period of the pandemic are somewhat less satisfied with their lives than those who did not. Being reduced to part-time work and working from home are not directly related to subjective well-being. At the same time, the strength of the association between subjective well-being and possible changes of the labor market status depends on such factors as the presence of children, as well as the value of self-enhancement (according to Schwartz) and conscientiousness (one of the Big Five personality traits). The job or business loss is associated with a decrease in subjective well-being among respondents without children; this association is not observed among those with children. In addition, the negative relationship between life satisfaction and job or business loss is stronger among individuals with high level of self-enhancement and weaker among those with high level of conscientiousness. Among respondents who had to switch to part-time or remote work, having children reduces the level of subjective well-being; among those without such experience, it is positively associated with subjective well-being.

Social well-being of Russians: results of 2020. Sociological snapshot

It is demonstrated that the pandemic had a significant impact on all spheres of society - the economy, education, financial situation of families, and the psychological state of people. The article examines how the state's assistance to low-income groups of citizens during the pandemic influenced the social well-being of the society. Based on the sociological data of the research in 2020, the author traces how people's opinions change regarding the main issues of social life during the pandemic and shows what milestones citizens choose for themselves in terms of directions of social development. The article traces the dynamics of Russians' perception of the vectors of social dynamics associated with socialism and capitalism. It is shown that the polls record a more balanced and positive attitude on the part of Russians to the socially oriented political relations inherent in socialism and a more critical attitude to capitalism. At the same time, neither socialism nor capitalism is selected as a system towards which Russians would like the society to aspire. However, the studies have recorded an important trend associated with the growing loyalty of Russians towards the state, which provided significant assistance in 2020 to a number of the least protected groups of citizens in connection with the pandemic. The materials of the article can be used in the "Sociology" course of training, as well as in areas related to sociology, political science, social philosophy, and public relations.

The Material Well-being of Russians: Intergenerational Differentiation

The article is devoted to the problems of the material well-being of the Russian population. It presents the research results that continues the author's developments on the assessment of inequality in the distribution of the population by monetary income and housing provision. This study aimed to identify and analyse the inequality of material well-being in the aspect of intergenerational differentiation. The authors relied on the normative methodology for identifying material well-being based on the original system of social standards of monetary income and housing provision. The assessments based on data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) (28th round, 2019). Data on the existing inequality in material well-being identified by social standards under three distribution models — one-criterion (monetary income, housing provision) and two-criterion (joint distribution according to the criteria of material well-being) — for three generations: youth, middle, and older generation. According to the results of the study, those who live in households with dependents (children, nonworking members of households) are the most vulnerable in terms of material well-being characteristics, and, on the contrary, those who live alone or from small households (2 people) are in the best position. At different “poles” of the material well-being are the young people living separately with children and the older generation — living alone or married couples. The results obtained in the course of the study can be used to increase the validity of social policy and develop targeted measures differentiated relative to different generations of Russians and their socio-demographic groups based on indicators of the actual distribution of material well-being — monetary income and/or housing provision.

ТЕРРИТОРИИ РИСКА ПЕРВИЧНОЙ ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТИ И СМЕРТНОСТИ ВЗРОСЛОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ, ОБУСЛОВЛЕННЫЕ ФАКТОРАМИ СРЕДЫ ОБИТАНИЯ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КОМИ)

. Modern realities taking place in the world prove that the quality of the living environment affects the health and mortality of the population. The Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing in Russia conducts social and hygienic monitoring in all constituent entities of the country, but not in the context of regional municipalities. The state reports “On the state of sanitary and epidemiological welfare in the Russian Federation” do not provide a report on the relationship between the factors of water, atmospheric air, soil and the incidence of the population by age groups. Obvious gaps in the reports dictate the need to assess the relationship between the indicators of the environment and the incidence of the population in the municipalities of the region. After all, each region of Russia has its own uniqueness and its own environment. The object of the research is the Komi Republic, where the analysis of the causes of illness and mortality in the whole republic carried out now. An assessment of the primary morbidity and mortality of the adult population according to the International Classification of Diseases — 10 revisions to identify risk areas for all municipalities of the Komi Republic for 2014–2019 is given. For this, a rating calculation method applied. The prevailing classes of diseases identified and analyzed. The research results formulated.