Relationship Well-being Research Articles

Horse Sector Participants' Attitudes towards Anthropomorphism and Animal Welfare and Wellbeing.

Anthropomorphizing can misinform the making of inferences about animal mental experiences. This is a consideration when implementing the Five Domains Model for animal welfare assessment. An online survey run in 2021 captured horse sector participants' perspectives about anthropomorphism and wellbeing in relation to horses. Most respondents, 82.9% (n = 431/520), believed that anthropomorphism could influence horse welfare and wellbeing. These respondents were then asked how, in their opinion, anthropomorphism might relate to horse welfare. A thematic analysis identified two themes: (1) 'Anthropomorphism can influence how people relate to horses' and (2) 'Anthropomorphism can have consequences for horse welfare and wellbeing'. The results suggested that experienced respondents were aware of the complexities surrounding anthropomorphic attitudes and that anthropomorphism can have beneficial and detrimental consequences on horse welfare and wellbeing. Benefits include a sense of relatedness to a horse, while detriments include the potential to misinterpret horse behaviors. The authors propose that anthropomorphism has a place in horse welfare and wellbeing when used critically and with caution. This study recommends that there is a need to actively manage anthropomorphism when organizations update policies and practices and implement the Five Domains Model. More research is required to understand the effects of anthropomorphism on horse-related practices.

Supplemental Material for Adult Attachment and Personal and Romantic Relationship Well-Being: Forgiveness of Self and Partner as Mediators

Supplemental Material for Adult Attachment and Personal and Romantic Relationship Well-Being: Forgiveness of Self and Partner as Mediators

Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale (TOPAS): Transcultural adaptation, psychometric evaluation, and refinement in a Spanish sample

The objective of this study was to culturally adapt the Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale (TOPAS) instrument and evaluate its psychometric properties. The study was carried out in two phases: cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation and refinement through a cross-sectional study conducted between 2018 and 2020 with 314 participants. The refinement resulted in an abbreviated version of TOPAS, maintaining the original 5 factors with 16 items. Cronbach alpha was 0.91. Composite reliability (0.72–0.89) and average variance extracted (0.57–0.81), supporting discriminant validity. Maximum shared variance for the factors (0.22–0.50) and average shared variance (0.16–0.31), demonstrating discriminant validity. The abbreviated version of TOPAS showed evidence of being a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the adaptability of elderly residents in institutions. Implementing this instrument in Spanish nursing homes allows for a continuous evaluation of residents' well-being in relation to their environment, a construct not previously assessed with available scales.

Research on the Effect of the Empathy Ability of AI Service Robots on Consumer Well-Being: The Chain Mediating Model

Artificial intelligence (AI) service robots represent a relatively new service paradigm with the potential to raise consumer well-being and service quality. Most previous studies ignored the significance of AI-human exchange relationships in favor of exploring the effects of AI service robots on consumers from the perspective of artificial intelligence technology stimuli. This study investigated how the empathy ability of AI service robots affects consumer well-being in AI-human exchange relationships. It did this by developing a chain mediation model based on mind perception theory and social exchange theory. The results indicate that the empathy ability of AI service robots has a significant impact on consumer well-being. The empathy ability of AI service robots improves consumer well-being through consumer self-congruence and consumer warmth perception. Furthermore, consumer privacy concerns negatively moderate the chain mediation effect. This study provides suggestions on how to improve consumer well-being for marketers and developers of AI service robots.

A Safe Haven Through Attachment: A Dyadic Perspective on the Association Between Cumulative Childhood Trauma and Relationship Satisfaction.

Cumulative childhood trauma (CCT) increases the risk of experiencing interpersonal problems and relationship distress in adulthood. However, not all CCT survivors experience such difficulties, and little research has investigated protective factors against relationship dissatisfaction in CCT survivors and their partners. Romantic attachment might be one such factor that could reduce the harmful effects of a CCT history on relationship satisfaction for both survivors and their partners. Using a dyadic perspective, this study aimed to examine the association between CCT and relationship satisfaction and to test the moderating effect of attachment avoidance and anxiety on this association. A sample of 501 couples was recruited through a Canadian survey firm. Canadian couples who had provided their telephone number were randomly selected to complete the short form of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, and the Childhood Cumulative Trauma Questionnaire. The actor-partner interdependence moderation model was used to guide the analyses. Results showed that individuals' and partners' higher CCT was correlated with both partners' lower relationship satisfaction. The analyses revealed a moderating effect of lower attachment avoidance on the link between individuals' CCT and their own relationship satisfaction. Specifically, individuals' CCT was significantly and negatively associated with relationship satisfaction at high levels of attachment avoidance, but unrelated to relationship satisfaction at low levels of attachment avoidance. The final model explained 31.4% of the variance in relationship satisfaction. Overall, the findings support the relevance of couple interventions that focus on romantic attachment to improve relationship well-being in couples where one or both partners have experienced CCT.

Living in Italian residential care under COVID-19 restrictions. A survey on adolescents’ perspectives over their psychosocial wellbeing

COVID-19 lockdown has been worldwide considered one of the major collective traumatic experiences for everyone, vulnerable adolescents included. Surprisingly, however, research on the experiences of adolescent living in residential care (RC) – considered it to be particularly exposed to traumas and developmental challenges – has been underdeveloped in the pandemic scenario. Bridging this gap and drawing on a national survey with Italian adolescents living in RC, the current study examines their psychosocial wellbeing, i.e., their perceived subjective and relational wellbeing, during lockdown. In terms of subjective wellbeing, results show increased irritability, but, differently from general population, no sleep quality deterioration. In terms of relational wellbeing, we document a general sense of safeness and protection in RC, a significant sense of being listened to by caregivers, and continuity of care with professionals and keypersons. We confirm and display two distinctive effects as well: a) the “gender effect” – i.e., compared to boys, girls reported higher irritability, and b) the “length of placement in RC” effect – i.e., adolescents living in RC for more than 3 years reported increased irritability and a lower relational wellbeing, counterbalanced by a higher competence in keeping their contact with their schoolmates outside RC. Proposals for targeted psychosocial interventions, limitations and implications for future research in the developmental areas are discussed in the conclusions.

Do Demand-Withdrawal Communication Patterns During Sexual Conflict Predict Couples’ Relationship Satisfaction, Sexual Satisfaction, and Sexual Distress? An Observational and Prospective Study

ABSTRACT Sexual conflict is common, yet it is one of the most challenging topics for couples because it provokes more negative emotions relative to other conflicts. Such challenges might prompt couples to rely on less adaptive sexual communication styles. Communication patterns during sexual conflict – such as demand-withdrawal – have received little attention, and studies that do exist relied on self-report measures. Demand-withdrawal communication refers to when one partner exerts pressure to talk about a problem while the other withdraws, and is associated with poorer psychological and relationship well-being. In an observational dyadic study, we examined associations between demand-withdrawal patterns during a sexual conflict and sexual and relationship outcomes concurrently and over time. Couples (N = 151, M age = 31.92, SD age = 9.07) in long-term relationships completed measures of relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, and sexual distress at baseline (T1) and 12 months later (T2). One week after T1, they engaged in an in-lab discussion of an important sexual conflict, coded by trained observers for degree of demand-withdrawal. Individuals in a couple who were observed to display higher demand-withdrawal reported lower relationship and sexual satisfaction and higher sexual distress at T1, as well as lower relationship satisfaction at T2. Effects were not moderated by gender. Findings demonstrate the relevance of demand-withdrawal patterns during sexual conflict.

"I'm here. We're here. My people and I exist": Exploring the psychopolitical experiences of Black immigrant college students attending predominantly White institutions.

Despite the ever-growing presence of Black immigrant college students in the United States, little is known about their unique campus experiences or their mental health outcomes as it relates to psychopolitical determinants of well-being. This qualitative study aimed to explore the unique psychopolitical experiences of 14, first- and second-generation Black immigrant college students attending predominately White institutions in the United States. Using the theoretical frameworks of critical race theory, intersectionality, and psychopolitical validity to guide our study, a phenomenological approach uncovered six themes and 11 subthemes: (1) collective well-being, (2) relational well-being, (3) individual well-being (purpose; health and wellness; critical consciousness), (4) collective suffering (neocolonialism, oppressive policies, and political violence; institutional oppression; barriers to mental health care), (5) relational suffering (implicit racial bias, stereotypes, and microaggressions; violence and brutality), and (6) individual suffering (ethno-racial trauma; isolation; school-related stress). We highlight implications for practitioners working with Black immigrant college students such as providing culturally responsive mental health care and advocating for decolonized and antiracist trainings at predominately White institutions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

“Helping Me Get Through the Day”: The Importance of Social Contact and Support for Incarcerated Young People During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: There is limited knowledge about how incarcerated young people have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. An improved understanding of the impact of pandemic circumstances could help to advance a multitude of practices and policies, including those that strengthen personal relationships. Objectives: This study aimed to (a) describe self-reported perceptions that social contact and support for incarcerated young people are powerful protective factors with the potential to attenuate the negative impacts of incarceration, (b) explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their personal and relational well-being, (c) determine the extent to which the pandemic restricted access to social support and other resources, and (d) consider potential identity-related differences in these perceptions and impacts. Methods: This exploratory study employed interpretative phenomenological analysis (Smith et al., 2010) of semi-structured interviews with 30 incarcerated youth in an adult correctional setting, ages 16-21 years, in addition to some preliminary information about social contact and multidimensional social support. Results: Significant benefits of family support were identified, such as moral guidance, hopefulness, and goal maintenance, as well as the necessity of relationships for youth well-being given the especially challenging circumstances created by the pandemic. Limitations and barriers to social support, as well as access to services, were identified that may have implications for programmatic and system-level changes. Conclusion: Contact with and involvement in supportive relationships is important for incarcerated young people, perhaps especially so during times of crisis. Specific implications for both forensic social work practice, such as family-focused advocacy and services, and further qualitative social work research, including with incarcerated young people, are further explored.

Should We Track Our Children?: An Exploratory Examination of Life360 and Interpersonal and Relational Well-Being

Studies on social media have found that monitoring can be damaging for close relationships. In the context of family relationships, however, studies have recommended that parents increase their electronic supervision for their children. Theoretically, teenagers are seeking independence, so tracking them may hinder their development and/or prompt resentment. The purpose of the current study is to examine how using Life360, a mobile tracking application, relates to the quality of parent-child relationships. Quantitative data comes from 285 participants (Mean age = 20.49; SD = 2.84) who completed an online survey regarding the degree to which their parents used Life360 during high school and college, their mental well-being, and measures of the parent-child relationship. Correlation analyses revealed a positive relationship between parents using Life360 and parental involvement and connectedness. Additionally, self-esteem was negatively associated with parents’ reaching out to their children as a result of Life360. However, regression analyses revealed few relationships between Life360 behaviors, mental health, and the parent-child relationship. Implications for parents, teenagers, and family counselors will be discussed.

Financial Well-being in relation to Job Motivation and Work Engagement among Nurses in Selected Private Tertiary Hospitals in Angeles City

Nurses are leaving their bedside jobs at an alarming rate because they are exhausted—mentally and physically. Aside from this, top-level nurses in private hospitals make as much as those entry level nurses in public hospitals. The objective of this study is to serve as advocacy research, influencing the official and informal policies and evaluate the relationship between financial well-being and private nurses’ quality of work life, particularly job motivation and work engagement. A descriptive evaluative, descriptive comparative and descriptive correlational research design was employed in this study. Purposive sampling was utilized and included a total sample of 115 private nurses with at least 1 year worth of experience from tertiary hospitals in Angeles City, data were collected using both paper-based questionnaire and Google Forms. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive mean, T-test and ANOVA, Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, Linear Regression, and Post HOC analysis. Results showed there were high positive relationships between financial well-being and work engagement (r= .620, p= .000) as well as financial well-being and job motivation (r= .711, p= .000). Result of the regression analysis elucidated that the job motivation explained the 52.1 percent variance [F(2, 112)= 60.837,p= .000]. The findings of the study indicate a positive correlation between nurses’ financial well- being and their level of work engagement and motivation in their profession. Additionally, it was also found that work engagement was a factor in the financial well-being of the participants, but it did not provide a substantial impact. The study’s results indicate that job motivation is a substantial predictor of financial well-being among nurses.

Minority Stress and Dyadic Stress in Same-Sex Couples: The Role of Dyadic Coping and Relationship Duration

Objectives: We investigated how internalized homonegativity and dyadic stress predicted relationship satisfaction in same-sex romantic relationships and explored the moderating roles of dyadic coping and relationship duration in the aforementioned associations. Methods: The actor-partner interdependence moderation model (APIMoM) was introduced to deal with mutual influences between both partners in 241 same-sex romantic relationships. Results: (1) individual internalized homonegativity, dyadic stress, and dyadic coping predict their own relationship satisfaction (i.e., actor effect); (2) individual dyadic stress predicts their partner’s relationship satisfaction (i.e., partner effect), but only for those with a shorter relationship duration (i.e., ≤ 36 months); and (3) dyadic coping buffers the effect of individual dyadic stress on their own relationship satisfaction, but only for those in the group with a longer relationship durations (i.e., > 36 months). Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of a dyadic approach to further understand the impact of stress on relationship satisfaction. We reflect that interventions on couple-oriented coping could improve relationship well-being and sexual health among same-sex couples.

The gaslighting relationship exposure inventory: Reliability and validity in two cultures

Gaslighting, a form of psychological abuse, has received increasing attention in recent years. The current research provides reliability and validity evidence for a new 11-item measure of exposure to gaslighting by a romantic partner: The Gaslighting Relationship Exposure Inventory (GREI). Two studies were conducted with Israeli ( N = 509) and American ( N = 395) community samples. Participants were involved in a romantic relationship and completed an online questionnaire that included measures of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, depression, and relationship satisfaction. In both studies, the GREI items loaded onto a single factor of relationship gaslighting exposure. The scale demonstrated metric gender invariance and was reliable in both men and women. Relationship gaslighting exposure was strongly linked with psychological abuse victimization and weakly linked with other forms of IPV victimization, thus showing strong convergent and discriminant validity. Moreover, relationship gaslighting exposure was associated with greater depression and lower relationship quality, above and beyond other forms of IPV victimization. The results support the reliability and validity of the GREI in both men and women, as well as its utility for the study of gaslighting exposure within relationships. The current research highlights that gaslighting is a distinct form of psychological abuse with unique implications for personal and relational well-being.

Social media use among neurodivergent college students: benefits, harms and implications for education

PurposeSocial media have been associated with social benefits and enhanced psychological well-being among non-disabled individuals; the purpose of this study is to examine whether social media may have similar benefits for young neurodivergent adults with autism, anxiety, or attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder who may experience communication differences. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this first-of-its kind study explores the nature of social media use and related psychological well-being among neurodivergent college undergraduates.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative study is part of a larger effort. The authors surveyed undergraduates with and without disabilities at U.S. higher education institutions on their social media use and psychological well-being. A total of 131 students responded, including 24 neurodivergent individuals, the results of which are reported elsewhere. Participants were 18–25 years old, of varied genders and racial/ethnic backgrounds; for neurodivergent adults, questions focused on social challenges. From the survey, a sample of five neurodivergent individuals was drawn for this small-scale, exploratory interview study.FindingsThis paper reports descriptive statistics from survey results to contextualize analysis of students’ social media use (e.g. purposes, practices, benefits and harms). Students used mainly Instagram, TikTok and YouTube to promote well-being primarily through engaging positive relationships and positive emotions. Students reported several benefits of using social media to develop their disability identity and few harms.Originality/valueUnderstanding the impact of social media use on undergraduates with disabilities could help us not only improve services as teachers, counselors and other helping professionals who support young adults to leverage their everyday technologies-in-use but also address digital equity issues.

A dual pathway for understanding the relation between wellbeing and resilience

This study investigates the intricate connections between relational wellbeing and individual resilience, through family and community protective factors. As such, we aim to bridge an existing gap in resilience literature by examining the elements that contribute to individual resilience from a relational perspective through a random sample of slum dwellers in Indonesia. To address this research gap, we adopted White’s conceptualisation of relational wellbeing and integrated Benard’s perspective on individual resilience and applied them using established measures to assess the general population living in slum areas across three Indonesian cities: Bima, Manado and Pontianak. Rigorous confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to establish the validity and reliability of all employed measures. The results of the mediated-path analysis underscore the significance of family protective factors in most relationships between dimensions of relational wellbeing and individual resilience. Notably, the two mediators exhibited distinct effects: the former positively mediated the relation, while the latter demonstrated an inverted mediation effect. These findings significantly enhance our understanding of the nuanced interplay between wellbeing and resilience, particularly regarding the impact of familial and community support on individuals’ ability to cope with daily life challenges, especially in disaster-prone areas.

Helping adolescents and young adults (AYA) with cancer manage identity distress: Enhancing clinician-AYA patient communication to promote identity development

ObjectiveA cancer diagnosis during adolescence and young adulthood (AYA) disrupts AYAs’ identity formation, a critical task for healthy development, and contributes to psychological distress called identity distress. Clinical communication is central to promoting AYAs’ healthy identity development. We sought to identify aspects of clinician-diagnosed AYA communication that can promote AYAs’ identity development and potentially buffer them from distress. MethodsIn-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with two groups (AYA oncology clinicians and diagnosed AYAs). Transcripts were thematically analyzed to capture communication that clinicians and AYAs perceive promotes AYAs’ identity development and buffers related distress. ResultsFourteen diagnosed AYAs and 7 clinicians identified three clinician- or AYA-led communication approaches and associated strategies that they perceive can buffer identity distress and promote identity development: 1) clinicians’ using person-centered communication (e.g., empathic communication); 2) promoting AYAs’ control/self-management of care (e.g., not dictating AYAs’ behavior); and 3) prioritizing/seeing the person behind the patient (e.g., knowing the AYA as a person). Conclusion/practice implicationsBoth AYA oncology clinicians and diagnosed AYAs can communicate in ways that protect AYAs’ identity development and related psychological well-being. Findings can be implemented into targeted communication skills interventions to teach health-promoting behavior and augment AYAs’ psychosocial oncology care.

The impact of their role on telephone crisis support workers’ psychological wellbeing and functioning: Qualitative findings from a mixed methods investigation

Little is known about how telephone crisis support workers are impacted by frequent empathic engagement with callers in crisis, including those who are suicidal. This is the only known qualitative study to specifically examine the impact of their role on telephone crisis support workers’ psychological wellbeing and functioning. Eighteen telephone crisis support workers participated in semi-structured interviews, providing detailed accounts of the impact of the role on their wellbeing and functioning. Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis of interview data resulted in four key themes. Results suggest that telephone crisis support workers’ motivations, background, personal help-seeking and coping practices are likely to impact their experiences of psychological wellbeing and functioning in relation to empathic engagement with callers in crisis. Telephone crisis services should seek to integrate an understanding of workers’ experiences into the provision of training, supervision and support strategies to optimize workers’ wellbeing and functioning.

Dual-earner couples' sharing of work-related experiences: Effects on relational and personal well-being.

Personal growth and self-expressive goals have become increasingly important in modern marriages. In dual-earner couples, sharing work-related experiences with the partner can be particularly important in promoting mutual support for each other's personal growth. The current study examined dual-earner couples' sharing of work-related experiences and how it influenced both partners' relationship satisfaction and personal well-being. A total of 102 heterosexual dual-earner couples were recruited from communities in Hong Kong. They completed a pretest survey, a 14-day daily diary study, and a follow-up survey 1year later. The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model was adopted to analyze the dyadic effects of sharing positive and negative work-related experiences on relationship satisfaction and personal well-being on the same day and 1year later. In general, the sharing of both positive and negative work-related experiences had beneficial effects on the outcomes. Specifically, wives' sharing had more immediate effects on both partners' relational and personal well-being, whereas husbands' sharing had more long-term effects on the partner's personal well-being. The findings highlight the importance of work-related sharing in dual-earner couples. Practical implications are discussed.

P-488 The importance of identifying and addressing sexual functioning in couples with unexplained infertility

Abstract Study question How is the sexual functioning of newly diagnosed unexplained infertile couples and which factors are associated? Summary answer At least 25% of couples are at risk of sexual dysfunction. Sexual functioning is associated with age, infertility duration, sperm quality, personal and relational wellbeing. What is known already A large proportion of unexplained infertile couples have the ability to conceive naturally over time. Sexual functioning is important for natural conception rates, but infertility is associated with reduced sexual functioning. Surprisingly, sexual functioning and its risk-factors are still understudied in unexplained infertility. Knowing the risk factors for reduced sexual functioning would enable fertility specialists to timely diagnose, prevent or treat sexual dysfunction, and in this way improve natural conception rates. The current literature is mainly based on individual-level data, neglecting the fact that observations, such as sexual functioning, arising from couples are not independent. Study design, size, duration Cross-sectional digital survey data and medical chart factors, which also served as the baseline assessment of a randomized controlled trial (Pleasure&Pregnancy, trial registration number NTR5709), were subjected to a dyadic analysis followed by linear regression. A total of 700 heterosexual couples recently diagnosed with unexplained infertility in secondary or tertiary fertility clinics were addressed between 2016 and 2021. Participants/materials, setting, methods Heterosexual couples (female age 18-38 year) with unexplained infertility and who were able to have coitus were eligible. Sexual functioning was assessed with the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Determinants included demographic, lifestyle and diagnostic and wellbeing factors as assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (R-DAS). B represents the impact on sexual functioning when a factor changes 1 unit. Main results and the role of chance A total of 581 (83%) women and 478 (68%) men filled out questionnaires. Survey data and medical chart factors were available for 451 couples. About one in four women (24.3%) and one in fourteen men (7.3%) were at risk of respectively female sexual dysfunction and erectile dysfunction after fertility work-up. Couples had a mean coital frequency of 7 times per month (SD 2.7). Higher female and male sexual desire (B: 0.04, p<0.01 and B: 0.02, p<0.02) and satisfaction (B: 0.03, p<0.01 and B: 0.06, p<0.01), but not orgasm were significantly associated with increased coital frequency. Own age (B: -0.64), anxiety (B: -9.47), depression (B: -7.61) and relationship distress (B: -8.97), and partners’ relationship distress (B: -5.08) and total motility sperm count (B: -4.88) were associated with lower female sexual functioning. Own age (B: -0.17), anxiety (B: -5.03), depression (B: -3.65), relationship distress (B: -5.77), and partners’ age (B: -0.46) and relationship distress (B: -3.14) and couples’ duration of infertility (B: -0.24) were associated with lower male sexual functioning. Limitations, reasons for caution The study is prone to selection bias given the inclusion of couples seeking medical help, consenting to a RCT and were having coitus. Not all previous identified determinants of sexual functioning were studied due to factors as missing data, low case numbers or not being assessed in the Pleasure&Pregnancy RCT. Wider implications of the findings Clinicians advising couples with unexplained infertility to continue natural conception, need to be aware that at least 25% of couples are at risk of sexual dysfunction. Clinicians should consider risk factors of reduced sexual functioning, take a sexual anamnesis and advice sexual counselling and treatment if indicated. Trial registration number Baseline assessment of RCT (Pleasure&Pregnancy) with trial registration number NTR5709

Pressure to not feel bad among (different-sex) romantic partners: prevalence, and correlates

ABSTRACT Western society generally highly values happiness. As a result, people sometimes experience pressure not to feel negative emotions. In this study, we comprehensively investigated this pressure, and how it manifests itself, in adult romantic relationships. Specifically, we first examined when, how often and how intensely people experience pressure not to feel bad from their romantic partners (94 different-sex couples). Additionally, we investigated (both between- and within-person) how this pressure is related to context (presence of, contact and or conflict with a partner), emotional processes (i.e. experienced sadness and anxiety, emotion suppression, and how their partner perceived their affect), and relationship well-being. Using experience sampling methodology data (6/14 reports per day over one week) we found that although participants generally did not experience strong pressure from their partner, they experienced some feelings of pressure about 50% of the time. Furthermore, within-person predictors associated with negative processes/emotions (i.e. negative emotions, conflict, emotion suppression) were related to the momentary frequency (odds) and/or intensity of perceived pressure not to feel bad. At the between-person level, individuals who experience more sadness, anxiety and reported suppressing their emotions more often tended to experience more and/or stronger pressure. Only weak associations with relationship well-being were found.