Well-being Constructs Research Articles

Association between friendship quality and subjective wellbeing among adolescents: a systematic review

BackgroundSocial integration with friends has an important role in shaping adolescents’ behavior and determining their wellbeing. Friendship features such as companionship, trust, closeness, intimacy, and conflicts all form the concept of friendship quality. The quality of friendships can either enhance or impede mental development during adolescence. Therefore, this systematic review was conducted to understand the association between friendship quality and adolescents’ mental wellbeing.MethodsIn November 2020 and later in August 2022, the search for evidence was conducted on five databases (Medline, Embase, ProQuest, Scopus, and PsycINFO). Only peer-reviewed quantitative studies published from January 2000 to August 2022 that investigated friendship quality as their exposure variable in relation to six constructs of subjective wellbeing (mood, loneliness, life satisfaction, happiness, self-esteem, and subjective wellbeing) were included. After screening for eligibility, two reviewers independently extracted the data based on population characteristics, study design, exposure and outcome variables, outcome measures used, and results. Risk of bias assessment was performed utilizing the NIH Quality Assessment Tool. Narrative evidence synthesis was performed based on the constructs of subjective wellbeing.ResultsForty-three articles out of 21,585 records were included in the review. The relationship between friendship quality and depression has been investigated extensively in the literature and negative (beneficial) associations were found in eighteen studies out of twenty-three. Poor peer relationship was associated with loneliness in nine studies out of ten. All seven studies on life satisfaction and quality of peer connection found a positive association. In five studies, better peer relationship was found to be associated with happiness. A positive association between friendship quality and self-esteem was observed in five out of six applicable studies. Friendship quality was found to be positively associated with subjective well-being in all of five included studies.ConclusionsAlthough majority of the included studies were cross-sectional in nature, this review demonstrates the paramount value of promoting healthy friendship to adolescents’ subjective wellbeing constructs. Interventions that aim to promote subjective wellbeing among adolescents should consider the development and maintenance of healthy friendships.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42020219312.

Impacts of religious faith on the mental wellbeing of young, multi-ethnic Pacific women in Aotearoa

Aim: By employing a multi-faceted approach in the disciplines of Theology and Pacific Studies; three key areas of investigation were examined and included: how young Pacific women perceived images of God and faith; how it impacted upon their mental resilience and their responses to mundane and significant life events; and their personal constructs of mental wellbeing.
 Method: Qualitative group interviews (talanoa) were conducted with participants aged between 17-24 years old; identified with multiple ethnicities, with at least one being Pacific; identified as Roman Catholic, with varying degrees of faith practice; and were based in Auckland, Aotearoa. The Praxis Model methodology was employed throughout the research process and speaks to the interdisciplinary nature of the project. The theory of Intersectionality was utilized as the lens to view each research participants’ multi-layered self-identities.
 Findings: There were a total of 64 research participants. Out of the 64 participants, 82% (n=52), generally agreed that their image of God aided a positive state of mental wellbeing, five women were unsure and six stated, that it was something else in their faith practice which primarily supported their mental wellbeing. Part of the reason women felt their image of God offered hope for their future, derived from their belief in an afterlife beyond physical death, which they felt, reduced anxiety about their family members who had died or experienced sickness and trauma throughout their lives
 Conclusions: There is a need for more denomination-specific and culturally responsive foci around mental wellbeing, therefore recognising the unique experiences of faith traditions and the challenges faced, particularly, by multi-ethnic young Pacific women.
 Key words: Mental wellbeing, Pacific, Theology

Changes in life satisfaction during the transition to retirement: findings from the FIREA cohort study

Life satisfaction is an essential construct of well-being that is tied to behavioral, emotional, social and psychological outcomes. This study aimed to examine changes in total and domain-specific life satisfaction during the retirement transition and additionally examine whether those changes differ by gender, occupation, health and spousal working status. Aging public sector employees (n = 3543) from the Finnish Retirement and Aging Study cohort study were followed up annually before and after retirement. Total life satisfaction score (range 4–20) was computed by summing up the responses in four domains (interestingness, happiness, easiness and togetherness). The mean and mean change estimates and their 95% CI were calculated by using the linear regression models with generalized estimating equations, adjusted for age, gender, occupation, health and marital status. Total life satisfaction score improved among the entire study population during the retirement transition and remained stable thereafter. The improvement was greater among women versus men (gender * time interaction p = 0.004), among those with suboptimal health before retirement vs. those who had good (health * time p < 0.0001) and those who had no spouse vs. those who had a retired or working spouse (spousal-status * time p < 0.0001). In case of domain-specific life satisfaction scores, the greatest improvement was observed in the easiness domain. Life satisfaction improves during the retirement transition period, especially among women, those with suboptimal health and those living without a spouse. The improvement was considerably greater in the easiness domain than any other domains. Life satisfaction remained improved and stable during the post-retirement period.

Mediating role of self-concept on character strengths and well-being among adolescents with specific learning disorder in India

BackgroundAdolescents with Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) are at higher risk of academic underachievement, stigmatization, and mental health issues. However, the complete elimination of disorder-related deficits and external challenges is an impracticable solution for enhancing their well-being. AimThe study adopts a strength-based approach to understand the role of an innate factor, i.e., self-concept, in the association between character strengths and well-being of adolescents with SLD. MethodsA correlational research design following a mediation analysis was adopted to examine the association between the study variables on a sample of 115 adolescents with SLD from India. ResultsSelf-concept functioned as a partial mediator between the life-satisfaction construct of well-being and six character strengths: Appreciation of beauty and excellence, Perseverance, Judgment, Leadership, Perspective, and Zest. Gender differences were identified with regard to the study variables. Conclusions and implicationsSelf-concept of adolescents with SLD could partly contribute to enhanced character strengths awareness to protect well-being. Further, the crucial role of internal factors like self-concept and character strengths in improving the well-being of this population was highlighted. Thereby encouraging future research on SLD to adopt approaches that focus on innate strengths rather than deficits and external sources of well-being.

What Constitutes Student Well-Being: A Scoping Review Of Students' Perspectives.

Student well-being has recently emerged as a critical educational agenda due to its wide-reaching benefits for students in performing better at school and later as adults. With the emergence of student well-being as a priority area in educational policy and practice, efforts to measure and monitor student well-being have increased, and so has the number of student well-being domains proposed. Presently, a lack of consensus exists about what domains are appropriate to investigate and understand student well-being, resulting in a fragmented body of work. This paper aims to clarify the construct of student well-being by summarising and mapping different conceptualisations, approaches used to measure, and domains that entail well-being. The search of multiple databases identified 33 studies published in academic journals between 1989 and 2020. There were four approaches to conceptualising student well-being found in the reviewed studies. They were: Hedonic, eudaimonic, integrative (i.e., combining both hedonic and eudaimonic), and others. Results identified eight overarching domains of student well-being: Positive emotion, (lack of) Negative emotion, Relationships, Engagement, Accomplishment, Purpose at school, Intrapersonal/Internal factors, and Contextual/External factors. Recommendations for further research are offered, including the need for more qualitative research on student well-being as perceived and experienced by students and for research to be conducted in a non-western context.

Application of the PERMA Model of Well-being in Undergraduate Students.

The PERMA model was introduced by Seligman in 2011 to increase and measure well-being. This model defines well-being in terms of Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment (PERMA). Mental health concerns are common in undergraduate students and may prevent them from obtaining optimal well-being. The purpose of this study was to test whether all five PERMA elements of well-being could be constructed from items within the 2018 Purdue University Student Experience at a Research University (SERU) survey. Using confirmatory factor analysis, all five PERMA constructs were supported and demonstrated good model fit statistics. A second order PERMA well-being construct was built and demonstrated adequate model fit with RMSEA = 0.04. All five constructs were significant at p < .001. Accomplishment had the highest factor loading (0.76) and Meaning had the lowest factor loading (0.25). Results for this study support use of well-being theory in the context of undergraduate students and provides enhanced understanding of well-being characteristics in this population.

Travel satisfaction and travel well-being: Which is more related to travel choice behaviour in the post COVID-19 pandemic? Evidence from public transport travellers in Xi'an, China.

The spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has decreased the willingness to choose public transport where travellers are more likely to be infected due to intensive passenger flow, in which case it is hard to attract passenger volume if the subjective well-being of travellers is not improved. However, the traditional measurement of travel evaluation may be not conductive to the context under the influence COVID-19 pandemic and it is necessary to analyse the changes of internal mechanisms of travel well-being to avoid the loss of passengers. Based on structural equation modelling, this paper explored the internal relationship between the constructs of travel well-being and emphasised the significance of taking psychological factors into consideration in the post COVID-19 pandemic. The results show that travel satisfaction towards epidemic prevention measures during travel is strongly related to overall travel well-being, which can be used as a key part of well-being measurement scale design in the future. The results also indicate that, due to negative mood on affective level induced by COVID-19, travel satisfaction on cognitive level is not directly but indirectly related to travel choice behaviour through overall travel well-being. Compared to travel satisfaction, travel well-being is more extensive and covers travel satisfaction to some extent. Therefore, instead of studying travel satisfaction simply, taking travel well-being incorporating travel satisfaction, mood and psychological distance as the dependent variable to identify shortages existing in public transport will provide a more accurate perspective for policy makers in the post COVID-19 pandemic.

The Unity of Well-Being: An Inquiry into the Structure of Subjective Well-Being Using the Bifactor Model

In homage to the life and work of Ed Diener (1946–2021), the present study assessed the dimensions of the tripartite model (positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction) and two additional dimensions (domain satisfaction and happiness) to investigate the structure of subjective well-being using exploratory factor analysis and the bifactor model. Specifically, we tested whether these five dimensions belong to an essentially unidimensional subjective well-being construct. Towards this goal, we used a large, previously collected dataset closely matched to the U.S. census (N = 2,000, ages 18–65+ ; 52.4% female; 66.3% White; 14.9% Hispanic; 12% Black) and selected 24 items representing the five dimensions. Our results showed that all 24 items were internally consistent and highly correlated. Exploratory factor analyses revealed there were five underlying factors best characterizing the data. When fit to the bifactor model, a strong underlying general subjective well-being factor emerged. Additionally, general factor scores were highly reliable according to conventional reliability standards. A confirmatory factor analysis also supported the bifactor structure of subjective well-being. Overall, our findings suggest all 24 items from the five dimensions reflect one essentially unidimensional construct, which can be combined into a single subjective well-being score. Domain satisfaction and subjective happiness both belong to subjective well-being in the same way that the original three dimensions of life satisfaction, negative affect, and positive affect do.

Well-being: Strengthening and Broadening a Key Psychological Construct.

Park et al.'s (2022) goal of bringing conceptual clarity to the study of psychological aspects of well-being is a good one. We consider their work in terms of its implications for moving towards an understanding of well-being that reflects the full spectrum of human experience, especially the experience of people who remain underrepresented, and poorly accounted for, in psychological science. In our view, there is reason to think that strengthening existing frameworks and broadening in terms of methodologies will be most productive for developing a comprehensive and inclusive understanding of well-being. We describe the distinct strength of the subjective well-being (SWB) construct for this purpose and offer two empirical examples that highlight the value of multiple measures and methods for understanding well-being. We suggest that continued use of the SWB measure, combined with state-of-the-art emotion measurement, and a mix of qualitative and quantitative methodologies be recommended as the way forward.

The Benefits and Challenges of a Unifying Conceptual Framework for Well-being Constructs.

Centuries of philosophical debate and decades of empirical research have sought to characterize what it means to be psychologically well. A unifying conceptual framework to organize these diverse perspectives is needed to facilitate clear communication and cumulative science within the field of well-being science. Although a handful of overarching theoretical and measurement models of well-being have been proposed, they typically make strong claims about which constructs should be included or excluded as well as the manner and degree to which well-being constructs are related to one another. Thus, these models are often not widely adopted as organizational or communicative tools, due to their exclusion of particular theoretical perspectives or disagreement among researchers about the empirical structure of well-being. While the field continues to grapple with these issues, it would benefit from a unifying conceptual framework that is broad in scope and that can flexibly accommodate diverse theoretical perspectives and new empirical advances. In this paper, I discuss the benefits of a unifying conceptual framework for well-being, as well as the challenges in its construction. Specifically, I review strengths and limitations of Park et al.'s proposed framework of "emotional well-being," and suggest an alternative framework of "psychosocial well-being" that encompasses the diverse array of constructs that have been proposed as positive psychological aspects of well-being.

Considerations for Advancing the Conceptualization of Well-being.

In this commentary, we raise several points regarding Park and colleagues' emotional well-being framework. First, we question whether the term emotional well-being is appropriate and whether a new framework is necessary, and we argue that the field may be better served through other efforts, such as clarifying the distinctions between different well-being constructs and providing guidance on best practices for measurement and intervention. In addition, we note that by placing well-being on the opposite end of the spectrum from despair and depression, Park and colleagues have overlooked the influences of stress, distress, and life challenges on shaping positive aspects of well-being, and vice versa. Furthermore, we challenge the conceptualization of well-being as encompassing how positive an individual feels generally and about life overall. In its current form, this definition of well-being is overly static and trait-like, whereas a process-oriented conceptualization would more closely align with how well-being unfolds in real-life contexts and would be more suitable for identifying mechanistic targets for intervention. Finally, we raise the concern that the process for developing this definition of well-being did not actively involve input from diverse communities that have historically been disserved and underrepresented in research, practice, and policy. The cultural differences in constituents of well-being as well as evidence demonstrating that key positive psychological constructs (e.g., positive affect, sense of control) are less health-protective in racial/ethnic minorities than in whites necessitate greater integration of perspectives from underrepresented communities to build a more inclusive and accurate understanding of well-being.

Positive Psychological Effects of School-Based Yoga and Mindfulness Programs for At-Risk Hispanic Adolescents.

This quasi-experimental study investigates differences in the impact of school-based yoga interventions and mindfulness practices on psychological well-being impact factors in at-risk Hispanic adolescent high school students compared to similar students enrolled in traditional physical education classes. Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, experimental conditions were delivered virtually. The BRUMS and PANAS-C were utilized to assess psychological well-being constructs of mood and affect. Statistical analyses included Friedman’s test for nonparametric data, comparisons of pre post change scores between yoga and physical education classes, and longitudinal data trends for each subscale from the study’s inception to conclusion. The findings show that school-based yoga participants exhibited higher levels of improved mood and affect with large effect sizes than those enrolled in a standard physical education (PE) class during the 12 weeks of the intervention. Implications and further directions are discussed.

The mental health and well-being profile of young adults using social media

The relationship between mental health and social media has received significant research and policy attention. However, there is little population-representative data about who social media users are which limits understanding of confounding factors between mental health and social media. Here we profile users of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat and YouTube from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children population cohort (N = 4083). We provide estimates of demographics and mental health and well-being outcomes by platform. We find that users of different platforms and frequencies are not homogeneous. User groups differ primarily by sex and YouTube users are the most likely to have poorer mental health outcomes. Instagram and Snapchat users tend to have higher well-being than the other social media sites considered. Relationships between use-frequency and well-being differ depending on the specific well-being construct measured. The reproducibility of future research may be improved by stratifying by sex and being specific about the well-being constructs used.

Health, well-being and quality of life in aged care: Validation of theoretical domains to inform a person-centred outcomes measurement framework.

The constructs of health, well-being and quality of life are not routinely understood or measured for people accessing aged care services. This study aimed to identify and validate theoretical domains of health, well-being and quality of life for recipients of care, their informal carers and staff, and inform the development of a person-centred outcomes measurement framework. First, a rapid review to identify recurrent domains of health, well-being and quality-of-life in aged care, using systematic searches of electronic databases, and review of grey literature, following the PRISMA guidelines. Second, establish content validity of identified domains using (a) Delphi technique with n=134 aged care staff, care recipients and caregivers, and (b) comparability with categories within the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and ICF Geriatric Core Set. From 972 records detected in the rapid review, 19 peer-reviewed research articles and 27 grey literature sources were included in the content analysis. Twenty-four domains and 109 concepts were identified, and health, quality of life, security and food and nutrition were ranked as the most important. One domain, cognition, linked to both the Geriatric Core Set and ICF, and 37% of domains and 39% of concepts were evident within the ICF. This study identified and validated 24 important domains of health, well-being and quality of life for the older person receiving care, their informal carers and staff. These domains can be used to guide the selection of outcome measures and facilitate person-centred care and care planning.

Sheds for life: health and wellbeing outcomes of a tailored community-based health promotion initiative for men’s sheds in Ireland

BackgroundGender is increasingly recognised as a critical factor in designing community-based health promotion programmes. Men’s Sheds (‘Sheds’) are community-based informal environments that represent a safe space in which to engage cohorts of hard-to-reach (HTR) men in health promotion. Sheds for Life (SFL), the first structured health promotion initiative evaluated globally in Sheds, is a 10-week initiative co-designed with Shed Members (Shedders) and delivered directly in the Shed setting in Ireland. This research describes the health and wellbeing outcomes experienced by SFL participants.MethodsPurposive sampling was used to recruit a diverse representation of Shedders (n = 421) participating in SFL alongside a wait list control (n = 86). Questionnaires assessing constructs of health and wellbeing were administered one-to-one in Sheds at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. Descriptive data for health outcomes were generated for each time point and assessed for significant changes using inferential testing, while considering COVID-19 impact.ResultsOutcomes related to subjective wellbeing, mental wellbeing, physical activity, social capital and healthy eating significantly increased post SFL (p < 0.05). Mental wellbeing scores (SWEMWBS) post SFL remained significantly higher than baseline despite COVID-19 impact (p < 0.05). Binary logistic regression indicated that the odds of a meaningful SWEMWBS change was significantly higher for shedders that had lower SWEMWBS (OR 0.804), less loneliness (OR 0.638) and lived alone (OR 0.456) at baseline. Shedders with lower SWEMBWS had higher odds of experiencing positive changes in life satisfaction (OR 0.911) and trust (OR 0.928), while Shedders who lived alone had also higher odds of experience positive changes in healthy eating (OR 0.481). Finally, inactive Shedders at baseline had higher odds of experiencing increased levels of physical activity (OR 0.582).ConclusionsFindings suggest that the inclusive, community-based SFL model is effective in engaging Shedders and facilitating positive and sustained changes in health and wellbeing outcomes. Using gender-specific approaches in the informal and safe environment of the Shed are effective in engaging men in structured health and wellbeing initiatives, particularly those who may be more vulnerable, isolated or lonely.Trial registrationThis study has been retrospectively registered with the ‘International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number’ registry (ISRCTN79921361) as of 05/03/2021.

The Mental Health of Patients With Psychotic Disorder From a Positive, Multidimensional and Recovery Perspective.

Positive mental health (PMH) and mental illness are distinct, yet interrelated, constructs. However, this relationship has yet to be adequately established. We aimed to evaluate the level of PMH and its relationship with sociodemographic and clinical determinants as well as to explore the relationship between PMH and the positive constructs of recovery, subjective wellbeing (SWB), insight and functioning in patients with psychotic disorder. A multicenter, descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study with a sample of 347 patients with psychotic disorder was conducted. The following assessment instruments were used: Positive Mental Health Questionnaire, Maryland Assessment of Recovery in Serious Mental Illness scale, Insight Scale, Personal Wellbeing Index-Adult version (PWI-A), Overall Life Satisfaction (OLS) and Global Assessment of Functioning scale. The mean global level of PMH was 116.16 (range of 39–156, SD = 19.39). Significant differences were found in PMH in relation to sociodemographic (sex, civil status and employment situation) and clinical variables (family history of mental disorders, number of prescribed antipsychotics, treatment with anxiolytics, treatment with antidepressants and suicide attempts). PMH was significantly and positively correlated with recovery (r = 0.760), SWB (PWI-A: r = 0.728 and OLS: r = 0.602) and functioning (r = 0.243), and negatively with insight (r = −0.335). These results can lead to a major change in mental health care. If actions are taken to increase PMH, then recovery, SWB and functioning will also increase. At the same time, interventions should be carried out to boost insight, since increasing PMH could decrease insight, all resulting in better quality of life for patients with psychotic disorder.

Well-Being and Health in Kidney Failure: A Scoping Review.

Kidney failure (KF) is associated with impaired physical function, reduced health-related quality of life, increased health care costs, and high rates of cardiovascular complications and mortality. Among individuals with KF, well-being and related constructs, such as positive affect, optimism, self-efficacy, and resilience, may have both mental and physical health benefits, independent of the effects of negative emotions and affective syndromes. However, there has been minimal review of these characteristics in people with KF. We conducted a scoping review, using a semi-systematic approach, to summarize the relationships between well-being characteristics and renal health, the potential mechanisms mediating these relationships, and the effects of interventions that promote positive constructs on adherence and health outcomes. We conducted database searches using PubMed and PsycINFO until November 2020. Articles were included if they examined (1) relationships between a well-being construct and health outcome in patients with KF, (2) potential biologic or behavioral mediators, or (3) interventions that target positive psychologic constructs as outcomes or mediators in KF and (4) were written in English or Spanish. Among patients with KF, well-being constructs are associated with increased health-related quality of life, reduced morbidity and complications, and increased survival. Potential mechanisms mediating these associations include reduced inflammation, improved autonomic and endothelial function, and improved health behavior adherence. Psychologic and psychosocial interventions promoting well-being have primarily focused on improving self-efficacy to promote behavior change, with limited study of interventions to promote positive psychologic constructs in this population. Further research is needed to better understand the relationship between well-being constructs and health, specific to KF populations. This could inform the development of needed interventions that harness the promotion of other positive characteristics to improve well-being and health.

Effectiveness of Positivity on Academic Well-being and Its Components in Students with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Quasi-experimental Study of Pre-test and Post-test with Control Group

Background: Today, the construct of well-being has influenced the field of education. In this regard, one of the important educational objectives in advanced societies is to provide psychological well-being for students. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is considered as one of the most common mental disorders affecting all aspects of life with destructive effects in the long run on interpersonal and social relationships. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of positivity on academic well-being in students with OCD. Methods: The population of this quasi-experimental study included all female students studying in secondary schools in Zahedan during the academic year 2020 - 2021. Using convenience sampling method, a total of 30 participants diagnosed with OCD were assigned into two equal groups of experimental and control (n = 15 in each). The experimental group received positivity training for eight sessions (each session 60 minutes). For data collection, Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and Academic Well-being Scale by Tuominen-Soini et al. were used. The data obtained from pre-test and post-test were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANOVA). Results: The results of covariance showed that after training positivity, a significant difference was found between the mean scores of the control and experimental groups in the components of value of school, school burnout, academic satisfaction, involvement in school assignments, and academic well-being (P &lt; 0.05). The difference in post-test scores related to the effect of positivity education according to ETA coefficients in the variables of school value, school burnout, academic satisfaction, school work integration, and academic well-being were 0.86, 0.52, 0.64, 0.77, and 0.81%, respectively. Conclusions: Considering the effectiveness of positivity training to promote the dimensions of academic well-being, practitioners are advised to use this kind of training to improve academic well-being of students with OCD.

Contributing to a Healthier World: Exploring the Impact of Wellbeing on Nursing Burnout

Nursing burnout is a challenge for both the nursing profession and healthcare organizations. While research on burnout in healthcare is robust, including its contribution to the absence of wellbeing, e.g., depression and anxiety; little is known about its association with positive dimensions of wellbeing, e.g., engagement and life meaning, which is what the current research aimed to address. A total of 146 practising nurses, mostly female (98%), aged M= 45.03, SD= 13.31 residing in the United States completed an online survey assessing their burnout on the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory and wellbeing on the Mental Health Continuum and Workplace PERMA Profiler. Hierarchical multiple regression showed that after controlling for physical health, (1) wellbeing constructs explained various types of burnouts differently, (2) wellbeing, as measured by mental health continuum, did not predict work-related and client-related burnout, (3) the presence of positive emotions predicted lower levels of personal and work-related burnout; however, engagement was instrumental in predicting client-related burnout. The results highlight the need to measure positive outcomes using flourishing models of wellbeing. Furthermore, given that not all positive outcomes showed association with burnout, the research identified the need for nuanced approach to addressing burnout in nurses when using flourishing models. These findings can assist researchers and practitioners in further understanding of the impact of burnout on wellbeing and become a springboard for exploring the application of positive psychology interventions for reducing and preventing burnout and enhancing wellbeing.

The Multifaceted Impact of COVID-19 on Social Media Users' Wellbeing and Relationship With Urban Nature

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has unfolded, the media is increasingly recognizing the value of urban nature, with greenspace use increasing. In cities, where people often lack access to private greenspaces, parks and other urban greenspaces offer opportunities for exercise and physically distanced socializing. Previous research has demonstrated the benefits of urban greenspaces to both physical and mental health, during times of relative stability. Here, we seek to examine how people's responses to greenspace are affected by a global pandemic, which uniquely affects both physical movements and mental wellbeing in the population at large. We compare tweets focused on nature- and greenspace-related keywords and hashtags from March to July 2019 with tweets from the same period in 2020 for metropolitan regions in the United States. We also examine the influence of stay-at-home restrictions in 2020. These posts reinforce findings from conventional survey approaches showing that people's relationship to greenspace is multifaceted. Furthermore, the results of our pre–post analysis of people's outdoor use suggest that the pandemic has had a differential impact on these multifaceted dimensions of people's engagement with nature. By applying a multidimensional construct of wellbeing, we identify Positive emotion, Positive relationships, and Meaning as subfactors of wellbeing that potentially can be increased by urban nature. These findings are important in demonstrating that greenspace in cities played a critical role in individuals' resilience and wellbeing during the early months of the pandemic and highlighting the need for maintaining and expanding access to urban greenspaces in the future, for the benefit of all city residents.