Welfare Guarantees Research Articles

The parameterized complexity of welfare guarantees in Schelling segregation

Schelling's model considers k types of agents each of whom needs to select a vertex on an undirected graph and prefers neighboring agents of the same type. We are motivated by a recent line of work that studies solutions which are optimal with respect to notions related to the welfare of the agents. We explore the parameterized complexity of computing such solutions. We focus on the well-studied notions of social welfare (WO) and Pareto optimality (PO), alongside the recently proposed notions of group-welfare optimality (GWO) and utility-vector optimality (UVO), both of which lie between WO and PO. Firstly, we focus on the fundamental case where k=2 with r red agents and b blue agents. We show that all solution-notions we consider are intractable even when b=1 and that they do not admit any FPT algorithm when parameterized by r and b, unless FPT=W[1]. In addition, we show that WO and GWO remain intractable even on cubic graphs. We complement these negative results with an FPT algorithm parameterized by r,b and the maximum degree of the graph. For the general case with k≥2 types of agents, we prove that for any of the notions we consider the problem remains hard when parameterized by k for a large family of graphs that includes trees. We accompany these negative results with an XP algorithm parameterized by k and the treewidth of the graph.

Enhancing the Welfare of Non-Permanent Teachers in the Sumenep Islands: The Imperative for Regional Regulations

Non-permanent teachers, in carrying out their duties and responsibilities as educators and instructors, have the right to earn income above the minimum living standards and social welfare guarantees. Teachers highly anticipate the issuance of regional regulations in the field of education in an effort to improve the welfare of teachers in Sumenep. This research aims to determine the urgency of regional regulations for improving the welfare of non-permanent teachers in the Sumenep Islands. This research uses a qualitative approach, which is a descriptive analysis with a case study type. Informants were determined using the purposive sampling method, and the informants in this study were 7 school principals, 25 honorary teachers, and seven salary treasurers. Data collection used three methods, namely, interviews, observation, and documentation. The collected data was analyzed using an interactive analysis model. According to the study's findings, the pay for non-permanent teachers as a whole is still below the minimum living standards set in the Sumenep region. Teachers do not always hope to be able to take part in the civil service selection so that teachers' minimum living needs can be met and social welfare can be guaranteed.

Liquid Welfare Guarantees for No-Regret Learning in Sequential Budgeted Auctions

We study the liquid welfare in sequential first-price auctions with budgeted buyers. We use a behavioral model for the buyers, assuming a learning style guarantee: the utility of each buyer is within a [Formula: see text] factor ([Formula: see text]) of the utility achievable by shading their value with the same factor at each iteration. We show a [Formula: see text] price of anarchy for liquid welfare when valuations are additive. This is in stark contrast to sequential second-price auctions, where the resulting liquid welfare can be arbitrarily smaller than the maximum liquid welfare, even when [Formula: see text]. We prove a lower bound of [Formula: see text] on the liquid welfare loss under the given assumption in first-price auctions. Our liquid welfare results extend when buyers have submodular valuations over the set of items they win across iterations with a slightly worse price of anarchy bound of [Formula: see text] compared with the guarantee for the additive case. Funding: G. Fikioris is supported in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research [Grants FA9550-19-1-0183 and FA9550-23-1-0068], the Department of Defense (DoD) through the National Defense Science & Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship Program, and the Onassis Foundation [Scholarship ID F ZS 068-1/2022-2023]. É. Tardos is supported in part by the NSF [Grant CCF-1408673] and AFOSR [Grants FA9550-19-1-0183, FA9550-23-1-0410, and FA9550-23-1-0068].

Voter coordination in elections: A case for approval voting

We study how voting rules shape voter coordination in large three-candidate elections. We consider three rules, that differ on the number of candidates that voters can support: Plurality (one), Anti-Plurality (two) and Approval Voting (one or two). We show that the Condorcet winner is always elected at some equilibrium under Approval Voting, and that this rule provides better welfare guarantees than Plurality. We then numerically study a dynamic process of political tâtonnement which delivers rich insights. The Condorcet winner is virtually always elected under Approval Voting, but not under the other rules. The dominance of Approval Voting is robust to several alternative welfare criteria and the introduction of expressive voters.

Analysis of the Current Situation of Sustainable Development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt based on SDGs

This paper evaluates the level of sustainable development of 11 provinces and cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2011 to 2020, and analyzes its spatial and temporal differentiation and trend evolution characteristics. This paper adopts the coupling coordination model based on CRITIC-entropy weight combination weight, spatial autocorrelation model, spatial Markov chain and other methods, based on the measurement indicators of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and conducts a comprehensive evaluation from four aspects: innovation-driven, welfare guarantee, resources and environment, and economic development. The research results show that the sustainable development level of the Yangtze River Economic Belt presents the characteristics of continuous improvement, regional difference, hierarchical leap, spatial dependence, spillover effect, etc. According to the research findings, this paper puts forward some suggestions, such as strengthening regional coordinated development, optimizing spatial planning and governance, coordinating policies and work, promoting rule of law and innovation, etc., aiming to promote the high-quality development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, achieve the coordinated development of economy, society and ecology, and localize the SDGs. This paper’s research has important theoretical significance and practical value for deeply understanding the current situation and problems of sustainable development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt.

On Optimal Tradeoffs between EFX and Nash Welfare

A major problem in fair division is how to allocate a set of indivisible resources among agents fairly and efficiently. The goal of this work is to characterize the tradeoffs between two well-studied measures of fairness and efficiency --- envy freeness up to any item (EFX) for fairness, and Nash welfare for efficiency --- by saying, for given constants α and β, whether there exists an α-EFX allocation that guarantees a β-fraction of the maximum Nash welfare (β-MNW). For additive valuations, we show that for any α ∈ [0,1], there exists a partial allocation that is α-EFX and 1/(α+1)-MNW. This tradeoff turns out to be tight (for every α) as demonstrated by an impossibility result that we give. We also show that for α ∈ [0, φ-1 ≃ 0.618] these partial allocations can be turned into complete allocations where all items are assigned. Furthermore, for any α ∈ [0, 1/2], we show that the tight tradeoff of α-EFX and 1/(α+1)-MNW with complete allocations holds for the more general setting of subadditive valuations. Our results improve upon the current state of the art, for both additive and subadditive valuations, and match the best-known approximations of EFX under complete allocations, regardless of Nash welfare guarantees. Notably, our constructions for additive valuations also provide EF1 and constant approximations for maximin share guarantees.

Securitization, Desecuritization, and Resecuritization of Labor Issues in Saudi Arabia

The presence of Indonesian Workers (TKI) abroad, especially in the Middle East Region, is between the devil and the deep sea. Apart from reducing the government's responsibility to improve the economy by providing job opportunities, their presence also adds to the country's foreign exchange. However, on the other hand, the presence of TKI also adds to the problems caused by the lack of adequate legal protection, inadequate security and welfare guarantees, as well as the ups and downs of Indonesia's bilateral relations with the countries where they work as a result of the problems caused by the TKI themselves. Several policies related to sending migrant workers to the Middle East have been adopted since the time of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. However, a firm policy was only taken during the administration of President Joko Widodo with the issuance of Minister of Manpower Decree number 260 of 2015 which stopped and prohibited the placement of Indonesian workers with individual users in Middle Eastern countries. This policy can also be seen as a policy that is outside the norm considering that the Middle East is the most popular region for migrant workers. This research attempts to explain how the ups and downs of the TKI issue are seen from a security perspective using a constructivist approach. This process, which the Copenhagen School calls securitization, attempts to place threats and objects that must be secured as products of the process of social interaction. This research will also look at how securitization occurs which is then followed by desecuritization and in its development becomes resecuritization.

Reinventing Social Policy in Housing Finance Policies for Low-Income Communities

Generally, the problem of housing and settlements is the incompatibility of the number of available housing when compared to the needs and the number of people who live there. The main issues are population, spatial planning and regional development, planning for housing and settlement development that is still not optimal, land and infrastructure, financing, building materials industry technology and construction services, institutions, community participation, and laws and regulations. The East Kutai Regency Government is committed to meeting the housing needs of MBR. However, due to the high number of backlogs where the dominance of the need for housing comes from low-income people at income levels below, a synchronization effort is needed that harmonizesbetween central regulations and local conditions. Therefore, research questions are formulated as follows: 1) How effective is the implementation of the housing grant policy for the MBR in the concept of reinventing the policy?; 2) What are the implementation factors and policy models that are in accordance with the conditions of East Kutai Province after the policy reinventing process? The purpose of this study is to measure the effectiveness of the implementation of the housing grant policy for the MBR in the concept of reinventing public policy, to analyze the driving and inhibiting factors for the implementation of housing finance, to formulate a housing grant policy model . The main theory in this research is public policy, while the supporting theory is the theory of social change, social behavior, functional structural. The concepts used include Reinventing Public Policy, Ecosoc Rights, Regional Autonomy, Synchronization, Residential Housing, Housing Financing for MBR, and Strategies for Acquisition and Acquisition of Houses for MBR. Mixed research methods (mix methods) combine quantitative and qualitative data. The research instruments were questionnaires and interview drafts using data collection techniques through surveys of 135 respondents and in-depth interviews with four informants. Data analysis performed synthesis of quantitative data and qualitative data. The results of this study are that the implementation of public policy on providing financial assistance through the FLPP program is effectively applied to MBR, taking into account the synchronization of the financing. The concept of reinventing describes the complexity of a public policy shifting into social policy in its implementation so as to form social protection originating from local initiatives. The result lies in the strength of MBR in putting forward local initiatives to establish social protection. The position of the MBR and the government are equal in implementing policies so that the concept of development is decentralized and easy to evaluate through synchronizing various things. The driving factor is related to the synergy, cooperation and transparency of stakeholders in interpreting social welfare.While the inhibiting factors underline the integrity and loyalty of stakeholders and MBR to utilize existing resources and adapt to the policy environment. So based on this influence a policy model emerges using the lens of reinventing policies that are based on guaranteeing social welfare and leading to local initiatives. Building a new concept regarding changing the position of public policy into social policy. This change in perspective highlights elements of social welfare guarantees and local initiatives for the implementation of a more autonomous and implementable policy for the MBR

The Formation of the New Autonomous Region of Papua and Welfare Guarantees in the Decentralization Policy

The instrument for regional structuring, particularly regional expansion leading to new autonomous regions, can be seen as a rational and logical implication of decentralization implementation. Decentralization, in turn, played a pivotal role in shaping the grand design of regional planning (Desertada) up until the imposition of a regional expansion moratorium in late 2009. This research employs a qualitative methodology, a case study approach, chosen due to its adaptability and effectiveness in addressing dynamic and unpredictable social contexts. The focal point of this study revolved around the narratives underlying the formation of new autonomous regions (DOB) in Papua, particularly emphasizing the discourse on welfare. The government has actively promoted narratives of welfare motives and national strategic interests. The government has actively promoted narratives of welfare motives and national strategic interests. Despite the expansion of the Papua region and the implementation of special autonomy, it is observed that these initiatives have not significantly contributed to development. Notably, the expansion process in Papua, marred by alleged procedural and material deficiencies, took place without indigenous Papuans' meaningful participation and consultation.

The Tension Between Chinese Peasants’ Family Capital Reproduction Strategies and Massification in Higher Education

This paper is focused on the tension between Chinese peasants' family capital reproduction strategies and the existing higher education system. Under an institutionalised urban-rural segregation, most rural residents are not entitled to some of the basic social welfare guarantees available to urban residents, such as pensions. As a preparation for the future of their children as well as for themselves, peasants have a strong urge to invest in their children's higher education as their family capital reproduction strategy. However, higher education institutions, without sufficient funding from the government, have to increase enrolment size and charge high tuition fees. Increase in the cost of higher education has strongly impacted on the family economy of rural residents, and the rapid expansion of the system has resulted in an employment crisis for college graduates. Bourdieu's theory of capital reproduction will be applied in the analysis of several cases of rural parents and their children who have participated in higher education. The research eventually leads to the conclusion that, under urban-rural segregation, Chinese peasants are compelled to convert their limited economic capital into academic capital, while the reversibility of this capital conversion is hardly objectively guaranteed.

Training on Enhancing Women's Role in Supporting Household Economy

Women's contribution to family income is increasingly necessary, especially during the current economic crisis. Women's limited access to market opportunities is shown by their low participation in formal businesses. Most women still work in the informal sector and in jobs that do not use sophisticated equipment and technology. This work usually does not provide adequate social and legal protection and welfare guarantees, in addition to unhealthy working conditions and of course low income levels. Azalea MSMEs are currently almost mostly women entrepreneurs, expected to support the household economy. Therefore, this PKM activity aims to provide training to be able to increase the role of women (community and Azalea MSMEs) in supporting the household economy, it is hoped that women can have financial independence

Characterization, typification and holistic consumer perception of welfare in laying poultry in Brazil: a machine learning approach

AbstractThe intensification of production systems raises concerns about animal welfare. In egg production, the use of cages is the main reason for discussion. The current transition from the production system to cage-free systems raises questions about consumer perception. The objective of this study was to typify, characterize and differentiate the profile of Brazilian consumers regarding animal welfare in laying poultry. For this, a questionnaire with 28 questions, addressing questions about sociodemographic indicators (SOC), eating habits (HAB), knowledge about the production chain (CON), general perception of animal welfare in egg production (HPW) and about eggs with an animal welfare guarantee (PEAWG) was answered by 1415 consumers. Machine learning techniques were applied to characterize; typify and holistic perception. Three groups of consumers were defined: interested, emerging and indifferent. All indicators under study showed discriminatory power (P < 0.001). The indicators that showed the greatest importance for the classification of the three profiles were HPW < EHAB < COM < PEAWG < SOC. The results indicate the potential of interested and emerging groups to become consumers of cage-free eggs and also indicate the need to inform the population about animal welfare in egg production. The results reinforce the need to create specific public policies for the production chain, in order to value egg production and reaffirm interest in the area, especially in specific niches such as production in cage-free systems.

PENTINGNYA PERSIAPAN DANA PENSIUN UNTUK MASA DEPAN

Pension funds are a form of financial management that is important to carry out in preparation for the future. Retirement planning can be considered as an investment to deal with unexpected financial risks in retirement, such as high medical expenses and daily living needs. The number of pension fund participants has increased which shows that public awareness of the importance of preparing pension funds is increasing. Companies can also provide support to increase employee awareness in setting up a pension fund. Planned pension funds can provide life welfare guarantees in retirement and can be used for various purposes, such as covering the necessities of life or running a business. Therefore, planning for retirement funds is very important for every individual to prepare for the future

Strategi Kepemimpinan Kepala Madrasah dalam Meningkatkan Profesionalisme Guru di Madrasah Aliyah Hidayatul Mubtadiin Lampung Selatan

The main objectives of this study are: 1) To find out the Madrasah Principal's Leadership Strategy in Increasing Teacher Professionalism at Madrasah Aliyah Hidayatul Mubtadiin 2) To find out the supporting and inhibiting factors in Improving Teacher Professionalism at Madrasah Aliyah Hidayatul Mubtadiin. This research method uses a qualitative approach, the method used in this research is using, Observation, Interview, Documentation. The results showed that the leadership strategy of the madrasa head in increasing teacher professionalism at Madrasah Aliyah Hidayatul Mubtadiin, namely: creating conducive situations and conditions in the work environment, increasing discipline for all educators, carrying out strict selection of teaching staff, providing welfare guarantees for, Evaluate each activity that has been implemented. Supporting factors namely; apply the principles of respect for educators who have work creativity and innovation, have sufficient budget for madrasah development, have adequate and supporting facilities and infrastructure, educators have high work enthusiasm and innovation in carrying out their duties. Inhibiting factors are: there are still many educators who have not been able to properly utilize the facilities and infrastructure owned by madrasas as media in learning, there are still some

Analisis Sistem Pengelolaan Dana Pensiun Syariah dan Dana Pensiun Konvensional

We can get a welfare guarantee for old age or retirement age through a pension fund. Therefore, the Pension Fund certainly requires good administration, so that it can be trusted and certainly useful for workers who will certainly have a retirement period later. There are 2 types of pension fund financial systems which, when viewed from a different management point of view, are sharia and conventional. The purpose of this study is to find out what is the difference between Islamic pension funds and conventional pension funds and how to manage them. The analytical method used in this research is a qualitative approach. With this method, the authors collect information by understanding journals and books and conduct in-depth research with the aim of obtaining the most appropriate data or information about how the management of Islamic pension funds and conventional pension funds differs. The management system in a sharia pension fund is: having an agreement (akad) in every transaction, having a sharia board, and when individuals are late in paying contributions, they are likely to be fined but the rewards of punitive support will be given to social funds. Meanwhile, ordinary conventional pension funds do not involve a contract when making transactions. And if individuals are late in paying dues, they will be penalized as interest. Keywords: Pension Fund, Sharia, Conventional

Optimal consumption and portfolio selection for retirees with the guarantee of minimum welfare

The optimal consumption and portfolio selection for retirees who participate in a defined benefit pension plan are investigated. The retiree is unable to get full pension if exogenous shock exists. In this case, we assume that government provides the retiree with the guarantee of minimum welfare. Using the dynamic programming principle, we discuss the properties of optimal consumption and investment strategies. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effects of guarantee of minimum welfare and other factors on the optimal strategies. We find that the guarantee of minimum welfare has various effects on optimal consumption and investment for the retiree.

Implementing Ethical ‘Code of Work Ethics’: A Case Study of Apple and Foxconn Supply Chain

This study aims to find out Foxconn supply companies in increasing Apple production through forced labor carried out by workers who work at Foxconn without any guarantee of welfare and health and safety empowerment for their workers as well as guarantees of survival and a decent basic salary. This case study is strengthened by using the Global Production Network (GPN) theory, which relates to production networks across economic boundaries to the actors involved. Meanwhile, the role of the workforce is also involved in the GPN because as a supplier of labor it is not only involved in the interests of the company, but is also involved in the state structure and global capital structure. There is also an approach used by researchers using a qualitative research approach. The data used by the researcher is secondary data obtained from journals, official websites, report data, and several articles that have been validated. The implication of this research is to improve workers’ rights in a company under the protection of the Fair Labor Association. Companies are required to apply a Code of Work Ethics to their workers to improve the welfare of workers and build a better corporate image.

Motivasi Kerja Guru Tidak Tetap (GTT) Pada PJOK

The teacher is an important element in the world of education, therefore the hard work of a teacher should be appreciated, one of it is appointing the teacher to be a permanent teacher, and entitled to receive compensation and welfare guarantees, but the fact is that many PJOK teachers have not been appointed as permanent teachers. In educational institutions, especially PJOK teachers in Modo sub-district who carry out their professional duties in elementary school (SD/MI), so many PJOK teachers with GTT status (non-permanent teachers) intentionally work concurrently from one institution to another. So the purpose of this study is to find out the work motivation of non-permanent PJOK teachers (GTT) SD/MI in Modo sub-district. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method which was carried out for three consecutive months in order to test the validity of the data. The motivation indicator used is the theory of needs by Gibson and friends, with the result of an existence motive in which PJOK teachers are willing to change teaching places in order to meet their basic needs. The second is a social need because teaching as a PJOK teacher in various basic education institutions will increase the relationships that benefit them, and the third is the need to develop which by being a PJOK teacher they can benefit their students and be able to develop their skills.

What’s Love Got to Do with It? Care, Curiosity, and Commitment in Ethnography beyond the Human

Abstract An ethics of care in nature conservation must ask not only whose voices are heard, but also which interspecies relations that come to matter. Inspired by Jane Bennett’s question about how ethical codes are transformed into laudable acts in interspecies relations, this article explores alignments between affective enchantment and interspecies response-ability. Juxtaposing two ethnographic sites in Norway, salmon aquaculture and nature conservation, Marianne E. Lien argues that ethical conduct calls for relational interspecies commitment beyond mere affect: enchantment offers no guarantee of animal welfare. But nor does a set of legal regulations. The first section of this article explores the practical enactment of sentient salmon in Norwegian aquaculture, and details interspecies response-ability and care through practices where legal regulations and affective registers intersect. In the second section Lien turns to what some call untouched nature, while others call it home, and shows how enchantment of nature in the abstract may legitimate the dispossession of the vital relations between local people and their worlds. Both cases suggest the need to pay close attention to relational and vernacular arts of noticing that have been cultivated by others. Shifting our attention from the outsider’s gaze as an affective enchantment toward the relationality of others, we may notice the myriad of generative interspecies relations that unfold quietly, in a minor chord, and often in unexpected places. The article draws on extensive fieldwork within aquaculture production sites in western Norway and in the coastal regions of Varanger, North Norway.

PENGARUH INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA DAN PDRB SEKTOR PERTANIAN TERHADAP KEMISKINAN DI KALIMANTAN TIMUR

The Human Development Index (HDI) is an indicator used to show the population's access to development outcomes and the development ranking of a region. The basic dimensions of HDI with the new method consist of a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. The objectives of the study were to describe the HDI achievement, employment in the agricultural sector and its contribution to GRDP, and to analyze the effect of the HDI and GRDP of Agriculture on poverty in East Kalimantan. This study uses descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis with variables Mean Length of School, Expenditure per capita (EXP), and Gross Regional Domestic Product of the agricultural sector (GDP). The data used are time series data for the period 2011-2020. The results showed an increase in HDI by 4.22, an increase in GRDP of 28.48 billion, and the percentage of poor people by an average during the 2011-2020 period of 6.25%. The variables of average length of schooling, per capita expenditure, and GRDP in the agricultural sector have a significant effect on the 5% level of poverty, while the variables of school year expectancy and life expectancy have no significant effect on poverty. RLS has a significant effect on increasing poverty, and EXP and GRDP in the agricultural sector have a significant effect on reducing poverty. The implication of the research is to increase the human development index by increasing the quality and quantity of providing education guarantees, social welfare guarantees to the community, as well as increasing income and creating job opportunities.