Corporate Welfare Research Articles

Uneven Nursing Care Service Opportunity and the Behavior of Service Providers under the Long-term Care Insurance System

The Long-term Care Insurance System (LCIS) has been implemented to establish a new nursing care system in Japan since April 2000. This new system differs from the previous one in the following points: facilitating various providers such as private-sector companies and medical institutions to enter the nursing care service market; enabling service users to choose care services and providers; and basing these services on an agreement between each service user and provider. Therefore it is assumed that the regional distribution of service opportunities is governed by the spatial behavior of service providers under the LCIS. This article aims to analyze the uneven distribution of opportunities for nursing care service and to examine the relation between that distribution pattern and providers' behavior in the Kanto district as a case study. As the results of analysis of statistical data for the designated providers of nursing care service using GIS-assisted maps and local Moran I statistics, the following features became evident. 1) There are many opportunities for home-visit type services in and around Tokyo's wards (TW) where there are many social needs for nursing care, while sparsely populated municipalities have few. Furthermore, home-visit type services in the welfare sector are mainly provided by a large number of private-sector corporations in and around TW and by social welfare councils in sparsely populated municipalities. 2) Facility-stay (short-term and long-term stay) -type services are mainly provided by social welfare corporations and medical corporations. The combination of welfare and medical service providers has entered the market for this type of services in urban areas in the Eastern Kanto district. However, welfare-sector services are in short supply by local governments in and around TW. 3) Although these features are also observed for daily visit-type services, other features are found on the local scale. Daily visit-type services in the welfare sector are mainly provided by local governments and social welfare councils in municipalities in the northwestern mountain area. Opportunities for medical-sector services are concentrated in urban areas. These results indicate that private-sector corporations, originally expected to become the principal providers of nursing care services, tend to enter only specific service sectors and regions with high profit expectations. Implementation of the LCIS even nonprofit organizations such as social welfare corporations and councils were forces to pursue profit-oriented service provision. Future research should focus on the analysis of business operations of service providers in the regional context.

Nikki Mandell. <italic>The Corporation as Family: The Gendering of Corporate Welfare, 1890–1930</italic>. (The Luther Hartwell Hodges Series on Business, Society, and the State.) Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2002. Pp. x, 208. Cloth $49.95, paper $19.95

Journal Article Nikki Mandell. The Corporation as Family: The Gendering of Corporate Welfare, 1890–1930. (The Luther Hartwell Hodges Series on Business, Society, and the State.) Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2002. Pp. x, 208. Cloth $49.95, paper $19.95 Get access Mandell Nikki. The Corporation as Family: The Gendering of Corporate Welfare, 1890–1930. (The Luther Hartwell Hodges Series on Business, Society, and the State.) Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2002. Pp. x, 208. Cloth $49.95, paper $19.95. Angel Kwolek-Folland Angel Kwolek-Folland University of Florida Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 107, Issue 5, December 2002, Pages 1569–1570, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/107.5.1569 Published: 01 December 2002

Reviews of Books:The Corporation as Family: The Gendering of Corporate Welfare, 1890-1930 Nikki Mandell

Reviews of Books:The Corporation as Family: The Gendering of Corporate Welfare, 1890-1930 Nikki Mandell

The corporation as family: the gendering of corporate welfare, 1890-1930

The beginning of the twentieth century witnessed a remarkable growth of welfare programs in American industry. By the mid-1920s, 80 percent of the nation's largest companies--firms including DuPont, International Harvester, and Metropolitan Life Insurance--engaged in some form of welfare work. Programs were implemented to achieve goals that ranged from improving basic workplace conditions, to providing educational, recreational, and social opportunities for workers and their families, to establishing savings and insurance plans. Employing the critical lens of gender analysis, Nikki Mandell offers an innovative perspective on the development of welfare. She argues that its advocates sought to build a new relationship between labor and management by recasting the modern corporation as a Victorian family. Employers assumed the authoritative position of fathers, assigned their employees the subordinate role of children, and hired male and female welfare managers to act as corporate mothers charged with creating a harmonious household. But internal conflict and external pressures weakened the welfare system, and it eventually gave way to a system of personnel management and employee representation. With the abandonment of the familial model, the form of welfare changed; but, as Mandell demonstrates, its content left an enduring legacy for modern industrial relations. |Mandell examines the growth of welfare programs around the turn of the 20th century. She argues that businessmen hoped such programs would transform conflict-ridden relations between management and labor into a harmonious partnership modeled after the Victorian family.

Corporate Welfare, Corporate Citizenship, and the Question of Accountability

Researchers in the business and society area have yet to address corporations that receive special government subsidies (a.k.a. corporate welfare). This article makes the argument that given their subsidized status, the citizenship of those companieswarrants scrutiny, tests the common notion that large companies in particular industries derive the greatest benefit from corporate welfare, and determines what, if any, relationship corporate welfare has with corporate citizenship. Results show that large companies in particular industries are the most likely recipients of corporate welfare. In addition, corporations that receive corporate welfare demonstrate levels of corporate citizenship, which, after controlling for size, are not significantly different from companies that receive no such subsidies.

Industrial Unionism in the American Automobile Industry During the Post-World War I Era, 1918-23

During the years immediately following the First World War a labour insurgency emerged in numerous American mass-production industries. In the automobile industry the United Automobile Aircraft and Vehicle Workers (UAAVW), a breakaway union from an affiliate of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) led by members of the Socialist Party of America, advanced an innovative and resourceful organising strategy to build an industrial union. This strategy was distinct but not unrelated to that espoused by AFL activists, who sought to promote industrial unionism through an amalgamation of craft organisations, and that of the Industrial Workers of the World, which stressed direct action at the point of production to create ‘One Big Union’. The UAAVW made some inroads among medium-sized companies, such as Buick and Chevrolet, and component firms in New York, Michigan and Ohio, but were unsuccessful in denting the resistance of Ford and other larger producers who combined corporate welfare measures and strong-armed...

Penny banks in Glasgow, 18501914

This paper explores the extent and nature of ‘Penny bank’ saving in Glasgow during the second half of the nineteenth century. Penny banks existed as part of the network of philanthropic organisations in the quintessential industrial city, and they were frequented by the poorer sections of the working class – those for whom saving represented a difficult and occasionally sacrificial effort. They were a voluntary and individualist decision to engage in saving, in contrast to the mutual organisations, such as friendly and industrial welfare societies which also proliferated in this period. The enormous success of penny banks in Glasgow, and throughout the United Kingdom, is powerful evidence that a great deal of saving was happening, even amongst the poorest sections of society. Careful examination of the activities of two penny banks suggests that they operated both as short-term liquidity stores and as vehicles for longer-term and larger-amount savings.

Did Manual Workers Want Industrial Welfare? Canteens, Latrines and Masculinity on British Building Sites 1918-1970

Whether or not manual workers actually valued industrial welfarism has been largely subsumed within the debate over its productive or coercive function. Yet many workers seemingly placed little importance on such benefits, either when demanded by unions or provided by employers. This rebuttal should not be read only in terms of the primacy of money wages within a hierarchy of demands. Taking construction as an example of a male dominated industry, it is argued that key aspects of welfarism ran counter to masculine constructs of workplace culture. Improved physical amenities devalued such defining attributes of worker identity as self-sufficiency and toughness; even cash benefits like paid holidays were misappropriated by a significant minority who preferred more traditional manly pleasures. Yet the value placed on conditions of work issues also reflected broader structural changes within the industry: notably issues of workplace control. Only in such contexts can attitudes to welfare be understood. It was never simply a question of want or dislike.

The Spectre Of Overwork: An Analysis Of Trends Between 1974 And 1997 Using Australian Time-Use Diaries

Recent years have seen the emergence of a new politics of working time. Industrial relations specialists, welfare agencies and others have raised the idea that increasing levels of overwork and burgeoning levels of unemployment are two sides of the same coin. There have also been concerns that changes in working hours have constrained employees 'ability to participate in family and community life. Three theoretical perspectives—economics, industrial relations and feminism—have developed a common interest in issues such as the maldistribution of work, the decline in leisure and the balance between working life and private life. This article uses four Australian time use surveys conducted in 1974, 1987, 1992, and 1997 to examine three dimensions of possible change in working hours: (1) the average length of the working day; (2) the distribution of working hours amongst persons; and (3) the amount of time spent at work during nonstandard hours. These time use surveys provide a unique window for looking into changes in working life in A ustralia over the last quarter of a century, a period of major upheaval in A ustralian society. Analysis of these surveys shows that the average number of hours that Australians supply to the labour market has not changed markedly between 1974 and 1997. However, there has been a significant redistribution of paid work from men to women, thus creating more dual-earner households. There has also been a substantial collapse in the dominance of standard working hours, while the amount of time workers spend at work during nonstandard hours appears to have increased.

Back to the Future, Again: Reagan, Bush, and Nader

Books reviewed in this article:Kiron K. Skinner, Annelise Anderson and Martin Anderson, (eds.)Reagan, in his own hand: The writings of Ronald Reagan that Reveal His Revolutionary Vision for AmericaElizabeth Mitchell,W: Revenge of the Bush DynastyMolly Ivins and Lou Dubose,Shrub: The Short but Happy Political Life of George W. BushNicholas Lemann,Sons: George W. Bush and Al GoreRalph Nader,Cutting Corporate Welfare

Everyone is still on welfare: the role of redistribution in social policy.

Most people have an inaccurate assessment of who is "on welfare." Two decades have passed since Social Work published the original version of this article, which applied Titmuss's framework of a three-tiered social welfare system and showed that nearly "everyone is on welfare." Based on new data and a more in-depth analysis, this article re-examines who benefits from and who pays for social, fiscal, and corporate welfare and concludes that all three welfare systems continue to serve and to favor the middle class, wealthy households, and large corporations. Social workers can work to transform the system from one that rewards power and privilege to one that ensures distributive justice for all.

Book Reviews: Corporate Welfare, Taxpayer Subsidies, and Home Field Advantages

Books reviewed:Joanna Cagan and Neil deMause, Field of Schemes: How the Great Stadium Swindle Turns Public Money into Private ProfitJerold J. Duquette, Regulating the National Pastime: Baseball and Antitrust.James Quirk and Rodney Fort, Hard Ball: The Abuse of Power in Pro Team Sports.Wilbur C. Rich, editor, The Economics and Politics of Sports Facilities.Mark S. Rosentraub, Major League Losers: The Real Cost of Sports and Who's Paying for It.Jay Weiner, Stadium Games: Fifty Years of Big League Greed and Bush League Boondoggles.

Environmental ethics today

Preface Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION What Is Environmental Ethics? Enviromental Ethics Under Attack Disturbing Trends in Human Health Future Generations World Trade Population Growth and Obligations to the World's Poor Obligations to Nonhumans Preview of Chapters PART I: ANTHROPOCENTRISM 1. OVERPOPULATION, MARKETS, AND HUMAN RIGHTS Overpopulation and Scarcity What Are Free Markets? Cornucopian Economics The Tragedy of the Commons Public Goods, Externalities, and Government Coercion Trading Pollution Permits A Market Approach to Overpopulation Lifeboat Ethics Psychological Egoism and the Possibility of Sharing Human Rights 2. ENERGY, ECONOMICS, AND FUTURE GENERATIONS Global Warming and Future Generations Human Rights and the Futurity Problem Fair Contracts and Future Generations Environmental Tradeoffs and Cost-Benefit Analysis CBA and Increasing Scarcity CBA and Political Equality CBA and Future Generations 3. COMPETING HUMAN-CENTERED VALUES Environmental Hazards in the Third World How Much Money Is a Human Life Worth? Should Prostitution Be Legalized? Non-economic vs. Economic Anthropocentrism Aesthetic Values National Heritage Transformative Values and Future Generations Moral Pluralism Moral Relativism PART II: NONANTHROPOCENTRISM 4. ANIMAL LIBERATION AND UTILITARIANISM Cruelty to Animals Utilitarianism Speciesism Animal Husbandry Vegetarianism Rodeos and Bullfights The Replacement Argument Against Hedonism Preference Utilitarianism 5. ANIMAL RIGHTS AND MEDICAL RESEARCH Introduction The Nature of Rights Immortal Souls and Rights Language, Abstract Thinking, and Rights Moral Personality and Rights Contracts and Rights An Animal's Right to Life The Benefits of Experiments on Animals Animal Rights vs. Animal Research Limited Animal Rights in Reflective Equilibrium Animal Research in Reflective Equilibrium 6. SPECIES DIVERSITY AND GAIA Massive Extinction of Species Causes of Extinction Why Do We Protect Endangered Species? Animal Rights vs. Species Preservation Species as Individual Living Things The Gaia Hypothesis From Science to Metaphor Metaphors and Moral Implications Mechanical and Organic Metaphors for Nature 7. THE LAND ETHIC Hunting Animals to Preserve Ecosystems The Nature of Ecosystems Does Hunting Help or Hurt Ecosystems? Why Value Ecosystems? Conflicting Moral Commitments Tigers and Elephants in the Third World PART III: ENVIRONMENTAL SYNERGISM 8. HUMAN RIGHTS, AGRICULTURE, AND BIODIVERSITY Poverty, Efficiency, and Human Rights Environmental Synergism The Benefits of High-tech Agriculture Specialization Leads to Preoccupation with Money Fouling Our Own Nest Sustainability Problems The Green Revolution Biodiversity and Human Welfare Anthropocentrism or Synergism? 9. ECOFEMINISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE From Feminism to Ecogeminism Women as Subordinate Indigenous People as Subordinate Nature as Subordinate Women and Nature Subordination of Minorities Encourages Pollution Subordination of Women, Environmental Degradation, and Overpopulation Subordination of Native Peoples Reduces Biodiversity 10. RELIGION AND NATURE Should People Play God? The Master Interpretation of Christianity Hermeneutics and the Constitution Hermeneutics and the Bible Narratives, Grand Narratives, and Worldviews Naess' Deep Ecology Native American Religions The Stewardship Interpretation of Christianity The Citizenship Interpretation of Christianity PART IV: APPLICATIONS 11. PERSONAL CHOICES, CONSUMERISM, AND HUMAN NATURE Consumerism vs. Synergism Justifications of Economic Growth High Consumption and Human Welfare Marketing Discontent Extrinsic Motivations and Their Limits Some Instrinsic Motivations Looking for Love Your Money or Your Life 12. PUBLIC POLICIES, EFFICIENCY, AND GLOBALIZATION The Need for Collective Action Subsidizing Inefficiency More Efficient Transportation Agricultural Politics Corporate Welfare and Campaign Finance Reform The Promise of Globalization Globalization and Human Misery The World Trade Organization, Environmental Protection, and Democracy Each chapter ends with a section on Judgment Calls FINAL REFLECTIONS-IS OPTIMISM JUSTIFIED? Conflicting Trends Fragmenting Societies We Are the World Value Nature and Limit Human Power GLOSSARY

PC, M.D.: How Political Correctness Is Corrupting Medicine

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book ReviewsFull AccessPC, M.D.: How Political Correctness Is Corrupting MedicineMark Schiller, M.D., M.S.Mark SchillerSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., M.S.Published Online:1 May 2001https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.52.5.691-aAboutSectionsView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail A professor from Brown calls AIDS "a biological expression of social inequality," and her plan for combating the AIDS epidemic includes limiting the power of corporations, capping the salaries of chief executive officers, eliminating corporate subsidies, prohibiting corporate contributions to politicians, and strengthening labor unions. A physician at the University of California, San Francisco, claims that "illness is caused by the power imbalance inherent in capitalist society." The American Nursing Association, which recognizes "energy field disturbance" as a diagnosis, advises nurses to "take a closer look at one of the 'energetic' therapies. It might just recharge your practice." These are only a few of the many astonishing and disturbing citations readers will find in Sally Satel's well-researched and well-documented PC, M.D.: How Political Correctness Is Corrupting Medicine.Dr. Satel's thesis is that overtly political leftist ideology that is focused on victimization, power discrepancy, and income inequality has spilled over from other parts of the university into the medical center. Perhaps we had assumed that the medical center was immune to such radical ideas—that it was protected by medicine's foundation on actual objectifiable outcomes and the cold, hard facts of biology. Yet the book amply demonstrates the degree to which unsupportable, ideologically driven theories influence the public health establishment, the mental health and substance abuse treatment systems, nursing, and prevalent beliefs about gender and race in medicine. Worse, political correctness is not a benign ivory tower anomaly; it damages all of our medical system and causes very real harm to patients.Satel quotes public health professors from Berkeley and Portland State University who assert that "the practice of public health is, to a large degree, the process of redesigning society." In her elaboration she describes how a large part of the medical system, if not society, has been redesigned.Public health is now more concerned with social inequality than with the epidemiology and prevention of communicable diseases. The nursing profession promotes alternative therapies in order to oppose the patriarchal and hierarchical medical system, and nursing schools have lowered academic standards to include courses on sociology, politics, and race and gender awareness. Objectively unsupported claims of sexism and racism lead to the waste of research money on fruitless, politically motivated topics, add to research costs by generating unnecessary rules on gender, and contribute to shortages of physicians in areas of need. Satel, a psychiatrist, also describes how the political recognition—in the form of the consumer movement—of persons with mental illness as a group victimized by psychiatry has often prevented those most severely ill from receiving treatment they desperately need.Discredited leftist ideology repackaged in the form of the "PC" movement is increasingly damaging the medical system—and more so than many physicians who are busy with patient care might realize. It is high time that they become aware of this incipient trend before it becomes even more pervasive. PC, M.D. is an excellent source from which to start. Indeed, if I had my way, this book would be standard reading for people in the medical community.by Sally Satel, M.D.; New York, Basic Books, 2000, 304 pages, $27 FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByNone Volume 52Issue 5 May 2001Pages 691-a-693 Metrics History Published online 1 May 2001 Published in print 1 May 2001

Gendering Corporate Welfare Practices: Female Sports and Recreation at Eaton's During the Depression

Historians have done much to uncover and analyse men's sport and men's leisure. Some scholars have examined women's sports and issues related to control of women's bodies. However, little is known about structured leisure and the role companies played in providing such opportunities for Canadian women during the early part of the twentieth century. This research attempts to help fill that void by examining social forces and business practices that affected the leisure activities of female employees of the T. Eaton Company in Toronto (Eaton's). Examining this issue is meaningful because it helps illuminate influences on leisure patterns of working women, an area of Canadian history accorded limited consideration. This work is also meaningful as it addresses power from a different perspective. Eaton's, by purposefully providing leisure opportunities for its female employees, served to construct a leisure culture for those employees. The moral and social reform movement prevalent in Canada heavily influenced this undertaking during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Findings of this research show that Eaton's employed programmes and facilities of the Eaton Girls' Club and Shadow Lake Vacation Camp to expose female employees to 'appropriate' forms of leisure practices (e.g. modified sports, domestic skills, opera and 'serious' theatre as opposed to vaudeville).

Gendering Corporate Welfare Practices: Female Sports and Recreation at Eaton's During the Depression

Historians have done much to uncover and analyse men's sport and men's leisure. Some scholars have examined women's sports and issues related to control of women's bodies. However, little is known about structured leisure and the role companies played in providing such opportunities for Canadian women during the early part of the twentieth century. This research attempts to help fill that void by examining social forces and business practices that affected the leisure activities of female employees of the T. Eaton Company in Toronto (Eaton's). Examining this issue is meaningful because it helps illuminate influences on leisure patterns of working women, an area of Canadian history accorded limited consideration. This work is also meaningful as it addresses power from a different perspective. Eaton's, by purposefully providing leisure opportunities for its female employees, served to construct a leisure culture for those employees. The moral and social reform movement prevalent in Canada heavily influenced this undertaking during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Findings of this research show that Eaton's employed programmes and facilities of the Eaton Girls' Club and Shadow Lake Vacation Camp to expose female employees to 'appropriate' forms of leisure practices (e.g. modified sports, domestic skills, opera and 'serious' theatre as opposed to vaudeville).

キャドベリー社における産業福祉と労務管理 (一八九九-一九一四年)

This paper explores the role of industrial welfare in industrial relations, internal labour markets, and the management thought at Cadbury in early twentieth-century England.Welfare provisions by British employers have been hitherto regarded as an expression of philanthropy or gentlemanship in nineteenth-century England, which despised the mammonism. It has been also said that there was no labour management because of craft regulations in British industries. Industrial welfare, therefore, has been considered the only managerial authority of the employers, who could not manage production processes directly.In this paper, industrial welfare is dealt with as a labour strategy. British employers intended to avoid industrial conflict and increase efficiency of work through the various labour policies, such as overseeing, deskilling, piece-wages, and welfare provisions. In these respects, industrial welfare was useful as one means to modify conflicts in employment relations that could not be solved by the cash nexus and to win the loyalty of employees.The case of Cadbury indicates that industrial welfare contributed to reconstructing industrial relations system in the new managerial structure; that the company provisions, including health care and education of employees, provided a solution to recruitment, training, and promotion problems at the company-level; and that industrial welfare contributed to the humanising of labour. The human factor of labour management was emphasised by the employer, who used industrial welfare as a labour strategy at a time, when Taylorism was discussed in England.Finally, industrial welfare at Cadbury was used as one means of labour management based on the physical and mental control of the employees by the employers, who retained traditional authority under a bureaucratic organisation.

The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act and Corporate Subsidies of Agencies or Instrumentalities of Foreign States

The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act and Corporate Subsidies of Agencies or Instrumentalities of Foreign States

The Costs of Unemployment in Australia

AbstractIn this paper it is demonstrated that the measurable costs of the sustained high rate of unemployment in Australia are substantially higher than the alleged gains from neo-liberal (microeconomic) reforms. In addition, significant individual and social costs can be identified. Consequently macroeconomic intervention to reduce unemployment should be viewed as a priority, rather than the imposition of market reform with its uncertain impact. The paper concludes with a brief outline of a Job Guarantee Program, advocated by Mitchell (1998) that utilises the principles of the buffer stock mechanism to reduce unemployment. It is argued that the net increase in government outlays is modest and could be offset by a reduction in the level of annual corporate welfare.

LONG ROAD AHEAD FOR CAR CONSORTIUM

Few government programs provoke such diverse responses as the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV). The Sierra Club says the $1.5 billion spent by the government on the program since 1993 has done little to enable the auto industry to produce more fuel-efficient vehicles. The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), however, claims that PNGV has stimulated automotive engineers to think creatively about ways to improve auto efficiency, resulting in beneficial technologies. Similarly, some members of Congress praise the program, pointing out that it is on track to meet its goals, whereas others say it is corporate welfare, or focused on the wrong goals, or an excuse for the auto industry to reject a near-term rise in the corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards. Critics also note that Toyota and Honda, who are not part of PNGV, have been the first to bring highly fuel-efficient hybrid cars to market in the U.S. Honda's Insight, ...