Weight Variation Research Articles

Release Kinetic of Sustained Release Matrix Tablet of Linezolid Containing Polymer Blend.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection mainly affecting the lungs. TB is a major health problem worldwide and the occurrence of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) offers considerable hurdles to effective treatment and disease management. The growth of treatment-resistant Mycobacterium TB strains has prompted the investigation of alternate therapeutic techniques, including the application of sustained drug delivery. Sustained-release drugs reduce the need for frequent dosing can extend the effects of linezolid by 8 to 12 hours, thus improving the patient’s adherence to the treatment. The objective of this study is to formulate oral sustained-release linezolid tablets employing blends of polymers like hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC)- K100M, ethyl cellulose, xanthan gum, and chitosan to provide sustained drug release. Linezolid was made into a sustained-release tablet by employing the direct compression method using different drug-polymer ratios. Formulated tablets were compared with marketed formulations to assess the similarity factor. The formulation was assessed for drug-excipient interaction, solubility, flow properties, etc. The diameter, friability, thickness, hardness, weight variation, in-vitro drug release, and drug release kinetics of compressed tablets were examined. Drug release research proved that all polymers were able to sustain drug release. Formulation (F5) with HPMC (100mg) and ethyl cellulose (100mg) resulted in 49.89% drug release after 8 hours, making it the optimal formulation. According to the kinetic model of the drug release, the Higuchi model was selected, which indicates the diffusion of the drug from an insoluble matrix. The optimized formulation showed a similarity factor of 52% with the marketed formulation, suggesting similarity in drug release between these two formulations.

Optimizing Transdermal Patch Design: A Quality by Design Approach for Dysmenorrhea Relief.

This study explores the potential of transdermal patches as a systemic delivery system for donepezil (DPZ), aiming to circumvent hepatic first-pass metabolism and mitigate oral administration-associated side effects. DPZ, known for its poor solubility and adverse effects, is formulated into transdermal patches using a matrix-type approach with PVP K30 and HPMC K100 polymers alongside dimethyl sulfoxide as a plasticizer. Through solvent casting on a mercury surface, the patches are prepared and assessed for physical properties and drug-excipient interactions using FTIR analysis. The results demonstrate satisfactory physical characteristics, including appearance, weight variation, and tensile strength. Notably, formulations containing HPMC K100 (400 mg) and PVP K30 (300 mg) exhibit enhanced DPZ discharge, signifying their potential as an effective drug delivery system for mitigating DPZ-associated side effects.

Spleen weight variation in population of Lithuania – a retrospective study and literature review

Spleen weight variation in population of Lithuania – a retrospective study and literature review

Involvement of the AMPK Pathways in Muscle Development Disparities across Genders in Muscovy Ducks.

The differences in muscle development potential between male and female ducks lead to variations in body weight, significantly affecting the growth of the Muscovy duck meat industry. The aim of this study is to explore the regulatory mechanisms for the muscle development differences between genders. Muscovy ducks of both sexes were selected for measurements of body weight, growth traits, hormone levels, and muscle gene expression. The results show that male ducks compared to females had greater weight and growth traits (p < 0.05). Compared to male ducks, the level of serum testosterone in female ducks was decreased, and the estradiol levels were increased (p < 0.05). The RNA-seq analysis identified 102 upregulated and 49 downregulated differentially expressed genes. KEGG analysis revealed that among the top 10 differentially enriched pathways, the AMPK signaling pathway is closely related to muscle growth and development. Additionally, the mRNA and protein levels of CD36, CPT1A, LPL, and SREBP1 were increased and the P-AMPK protein level decreased in the female ducks compared to the male ducks (p < 0.05). In conclusion, muscle development potential difference between male and female ducks is regulated by sex hormones. This process is likely mediated through the activation of the AMPK pathway.

The Variability of Berry Parameters Could Be an Indicator of the Potential Quality of the Vineyard.

Berry quality potential from a single vineyard is mainly defined based on some physicochemical parameters and subjective assessments. In this way, berry maturity variability would be a key factor affecting berry quality. This trial aimed to study the effects of the maturity variability of berries harvested from plots of low (~37,080 kg ha-1), middle (~12,545 kg ha-1), and high (~1476 kg ha-1) quality potential on berry and wine physicochemical parameters of Cabernet Sauvignon in two consecutive seasons. The quality potential of the plots was defined by the winemakers considering mostly yield per hectare and the final price of their wines. The berry heterogeneous maturity of soluble solids and berry weight in Cabernet Sauvignon was confirmed. The coefficient of variability (CV) of berry weight of high-quality plots was high at véraison and decreased as ripening progressed, reaching CV of 19.9% at harvest. Low-quality plots showed the lowest CV of berry weight in all the studied dates, whereas high-quality plots presented the lowest CV in soluble solids content of berries, reaching a 5.1% of variability at harvest. The physicochemical parameters showed that high-quality plots were characterized by high levels of soluble solids and phenolic maturity parameters, whereas samples from low-quality plots reached high berry weight and malic acid content. Berry differences among the physicochemical parameters determined wine quality, which allowed for plots to be classified by their potential quality at harvest. Studying maturity variability of soluble solids and berry weight will allow for sampling to be sectorized within a vineyard to reduce the extremes of maturity that would affect wine quality and productive goals of winemakers.

Impact of weight variation on the microbiome of yak dams and calves.

Limited information exists regarding the microbiome composition of yak calves of varying weights. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the microbiomes of mother-calf pairs with different weight profiles. Fecal and blood samples were collected from both lower-weight (CB) and higher-weight (HB) yak calves, along with their corresponding female yaks (CA, HA). The results revealed significantly higher levels of T-AOC (total antioxidant capacity) and GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase) in HB animals (p < 0.001). Sequencing yielded 652,181 and 643,369 filtered reads in female and calf yaks, respectively. Alpha diversity analysis indicated that Chao1, Faith_pd, and Observed species were significantly higher in CA compared to HA (p < 0.01). Furthermore, nine genera were notably different between HA and CA yaks, including Avispirillum, Fimenecus, CAG-1031, Odoribacter 865974, and Jeotgalicoccus A 310962. Compared to CB yaks, CA animals exhibited significant differences in one phylum and six genera, including CAG-485 (p < 0.05), CAG-83 (p < 0.01), Copromorpha (p < 0.01), Phocaeicola A 858004 (p < 0.05), and UBA2253 (p < 0.05). In summary, higher-weight yak calves demonstrated increased oxidative resistance, and weight profiles were linked to the microbiomes of both female yaks and their calves. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing yak breeding practices in high-altitude regions.

Synergistic Antifungal Effect and In Vivo Toxicity of a Monoterpene Isoespintanol Obtained from Oxandra xylopioides Diels.

Candida sp. infections are a threat to global health, with high morbidity and mortality rates due to drug resistance, especially in immunocompromised people. For this reason, the search for new alternatives is urgent, and in recent years, a combined therapy with natural compounds has been proposed. Considering the biological potential of isoespintanol (ISO) and continuing its study, the objective of this research was to assess the effect of ISO in combination with the antifungals fluconazole (FLZ), amphotericin B (AFB) and caspofungin (CASP) against clinical isolates of C. tropicalis and to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of this compound in the acute phase (days 0 and 14) and chronic phase (days 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84) in female mice (Mus musculus) of the Balb/c lineage. The results show that ISO can potentiate the effect of FLZ, AFB and CASP, showing synergism with these antifungals. An evaluation of the mice via direct observation showed no behavioral changes or variations in weight during treatment; furthermore, an analysis of the cytokines IFN-γ and TNF in plasma, peritoneal cavity lavage (PCL) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) indicated that there was no inflammation process. In addition, histopathological studies of the lungs, liver and kidneys showed no signs of toxicity caused by ISO. This was consistent with an analysis of oxaloacetic transaminases (GOT) and pyruvic transaminases (GPT), which remained in the standard range. These findings indicate that ISO does not have a cytotoxic effect at the doses evaluated, placing it as a monoterpene of interest in the search for compounds with pharmacological potential.

Assessing disintegration effectiveness: A thorough evaluation using the SeDeM-ODT expert system for doxylamine succinate orodispersible formulation.

The SeDeM-ODT expert system is designed to assess the suitability of the pharmaceutical ingredients for their conversion into an orodispersible formulation by direct compression. The tool can be utilized to select the most appropriate excipients that improve the compressibility and buccodispersibility of the formulation. This study aimed to utilize the SeDeM-ODT expert system to evaluate the performance of superdisintegrants and select an appropriate superdisntegrant for Doxylamine Succinate orodispersible formulation. The SeDeM-ODT expert system scrutinized the excipients to develop an orodispersible Doxylamine Succinate formulation. Among the 15 parameters of the tool, some of them were determined through experimental work, while the remaining were calculated through the experimental values of other parameters. The central composite design approach was used for formulation development. The prepared powder blends were compressed using the direct compression method and evaluated for different parameters (hardness, thickness, diameter, friability, weight variation, water absorption ratio, wetting time, and disintegration time). The results of the SeDeM-ODT expert system were correlated with the values obtained by the post-compression tests. The Crospovidone formulation (F7) was found to be an optimized formulation as it disintegrated quickly compared with the other formulations containing other superdisintegtrants. The results perfectly endorsed the SeDeM-ODT expert system evaluation, as Crospovidone showed the highest IGCB value of 6.396. The study observed the effectiveness of the expert system in accurately examining the performance of disintegrating agents. The study observed the effectiveness of the expert system in accurately examining the performance of disintegrating agents. The assessment proved Crospovidone to produce quicker disintegration in Doxylamine Succinate orodispersible formulation.

Assessment of Quality Control parameters under Accelerated Stability Conditions for Manasamitra Vatakam; A Herbo Mineral Formulation

Accelerated Stability Studies predicts the stability data and significantly explains the drug decision process. In the present study, Manasamitra Vatakam, a Herbo mineral formulation was subjected to stability conditions at 40°C ± 2°C /75%± 5% RH for 06 months. Control and stability samples were determined for parameters like Weight variation, Moisture content, Marker content determination, and Disintegration test, Dissolution study with different mediums, Friability and Hardness test. The phytomarker analysis showed decrease assay value for β-sitosterol, Vitexin, Kampferol and Withaferin. The dissolution studies were performed for the major biomarker Berberine in 0.1N HCl, pH 4.5 acetate and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer in which pH 6.8 buffer showed maximum release of 66.82% at 04 hours. The other Quality control parameters showed minimal difference under acceptance criteria. The study explains the need of stability analysis in polyherbal formulations and developed method can be used for routine analytical studies in various formulation containing berberine. Keywords: Berberine, HPLC, Manasamitra Vatakam, Quality Control, Stability.

Effect of Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Arginine to Lysine Ratio on Reproductive Performance, Plasma Biochemical Index, and Immunity of Gestating Sows.

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal SID Arg: Lys ratio for maximizing the reproductive performance, immunity and biochemical parameters of sows during gestation, the colostrum composition, and the performance of their offspring. A total of 174 multiparous sows were randomly allocated to five treatment groups varying in dietary SID Arg: Lys ratios (0.91, 1.02, 1.14, 1.25 and 1.38) through modification of the levels of Arg or alanine supplementation (the total level of nitrogen was the same in all treatments). The results showed that increasing the dietary SID Arg: Lys ratio increased the number of piglets born alive (p < 0.05, linear and quadratic). The number of stillborn piglets, the birth weight variation of born alive piglets, the birth interval (p < 0.05, linear and quadratic) and the number of mummies (p < 0.05, quadratic) reduced with increasing the dietary SID Arg: Lys ratio. Broken-line regression analysis indicated that the optimal SID Arg: Lys ratio requirement for gestating sows to maximize the number of piglets born alive was 1.25. The content of non-fat solid, total solid, protein, and energy in colostrum increased linearly and quadratically (p < 0.05) with increasing dietary SID Arg: Lys ratio. Additionally, when increasing the dietary SID Arg: Lys ratio, the concentration of IgA (p < 0.05, quadratic) and IgM (p < 0.05, linear and quadratic) of plasma increased at day 90 of gestation; IgG (p < 0.05, linear and quadratic) concentration increased at day 110 of gestation of sows. The dietary SID Arg: Lys ratio had an increasing effect (p < 0.05, linear and quadratic) on plasma insulin levels at day 90 of gestation. Furthermore, there were increases in plasma concentrations of nitric oxide and ornithine at day 110 of gestation, Arg at day 90 and 110 of gestation (p < 0.05, linear and quadratic) and total protein at day 110 of gestation (p < 0.05, linear) with increasing dietary SID Arg: Lys ratio. The results of our study indicated that increases in the dietary SID Arg: Lys ratio during gestation resulted in an increase in the number of piglets born alive, a decrease in birth intervals, and an improvement in immunity and colostrum composition. The optimal SID Arg: Lys ratio for gestating sows to maximize the number of piglets born alive was 1.25.

217 Effect of within-litter competition on lamb survivability

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of lamb and littermate competition on lamb survivability to weaning. Litter sex composition and litter birth weight variation were the primary considerations for influencing competition. Records from maternal dual-purpose (Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee) and terminal breeds [Suffolk and Paternal Composite (PC; 3/8 Columbia, 3/8 Suffolk, 1/4 Texel)] were used, with 18,654 single and 56,324 twin records from all breeds and 11,082 triplet records from the 3 maternal breeds. Records were reported from 1980 to 2023, except for the PC, which began inter se mating in 2009. Lamb survivability to 90 d was analyzed using a Bayesian logistic regression model with the logit link function. Lamb survivability was assumed binomially distributed and influenced by age of dam, birth year, lamb sex, and sex of littermates as fixed effects. The relationship among littermates was also accounted for. Least squares means were transformed from the log odds scale to the probability scale. Birth weight was assumed normally distributed and influenced by the same fixed effects as lamb survival and was analyzed using a linear mixed model. Lamb survivability was also analyzed using the same model described above but including mean litter weight and individual birth weight deviation as linear covariates. Accounting for mean litter birth weight and individual birth weight deviation removed the birth weight differences between the sexes, leaving only true sex differences between lambs for survivability. For single births, females tended to have greater survivability than males when adjusted for birth weight for all breeds but was only significant (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for Rambouillet and Targhee. For maternal breeds, females in twin litters had significantly greater survivability (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than their male counterparts when adjusted for birth weight; differences in terminal breeds were not significant (Table 1). Males in twin litters had heavier birth weights than females (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for all breeds. Triplet born females for all litter-sex combinations had significantly higher survival than males (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for Polypay when adjusted for birth weight. Females in female-female-male (FFM) litters had 76.4% survival versus 58.9% for males while females in female-male-male (FMM) litters had 75.9% versus 66.7% for males. When lamb survivability was adjusted for birth weight, Rambouillet females in FFM litters had 72.2% survival compared with 59.9% for males (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and females in FMM litters had 73.0% survival compared with 63.8% for males. Similar significant differences were observed for FFM and FMM Targhee litters. This study suggests lamb performance is influenced by its littermate(s). Changes in postnatal management of mixed-sex litters may benefit overall lamb survival. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Mild Fabrication of Polymeric Porous/Nonporous Micro‐Composite Structures via Enhancing the Photothermal Conversion of Ultrafast Laser

AbstractLocalized foaming of polymers is promising to fabricate polymeric composite structures for applications in biomedical, aerospace, automotive, etc. However, the severe pyrolysis and carbonization of polymer chains during localized foaming may degrade the bulk strength. Herein, a mild localized foaming strategy is proposed to fabricate poly(lactic acid) (PLA) micro‐foams within dense PLA matrices using ultrafast lasers. The PLA substrates doped with graphene (Gr) and azodicarbonamide (AC) are developed for mild foaming. A picosecond laser is applied to pattern PLA micro‐foams on the PLA/Gr/AC substrates to fabricate porous/nonporous micro‐composite structures. The thermal behavior of the PLA/Gr/AC substrates is characterized to evaluate their capability in photothermal conversion and mild foaming during ultrafast laser pulses. To optimize the laser foaming process, the microstructure of the laser‐foamed PLA processed with different laser parameters is studied. It demonstrates that the oxidation of the functional groups dominates the side reactions on the PLA chains with slight variation in molecular weight during laser foaming, indicating that the PLA chains keep almost intact and mild localized foaming is realized. Furthermore, the developed technology is demonstrated for micro‐patterning and texturing, material toughness programming, and shape memory programming, showing promising applications for smart materials, metamaterials, micro‐robotics, and biological scaffolds.

Assessing the Durability Performance of Geopolymer Concrete Utilizing Fly Ash and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as Sustainable Binders

Geopolymer or alkali-activated binders are being recognized as an eco-friendly, sustainable substitute for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The development of high-performance concrete with improved durability and mechanical properties and the addition of environmentally friendly components is a continuous effort. Therefore, the current work examines the durability of fly ash-sugarcane bagasse ash mechanical characteristics in terms of water absorption, exposure to elevated temperatures, and acid resistance. The mechanical properties of the geopolymer concrete (GPC) and OPC concrete specimens were evaluated after being subjected to elevated temperatures of 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C. The acid resistance was determined by submerging the concrete specimens in 3% sulphuric acid (H2SO4). The acid resistance of the specimens was evaluated through visual inspection, weight variation, and the percentage loss in compressive strength (CR). According to the study, CR typically drops as temperature increases from ambient temperature to 800 °C. However, the rate of decline reduced as temperature increased from ambient temperature to 200 °C. Moreover, the GPC specimens showed a strength loss between 13% and 21% following 28 days of sulfuric acid immersion. In contrast, exposure to sulfuric acid caused a 51% drop in strength for the OPC concrete samples.

Exploring the synergistic effect in polyherbal chewable antacid tablets: formulation and evaluation study

Abstract Polyherbal chewable tablets of Phyllanthus emblica and Glycyrrhiza glabra were developed with the objective to formulate an effective, safe and convenient dosage form for acid-related disorders. A standard calibration curve was constructed for Polyherbal extracts through UV-Spectrophotometry, achieving an absorbance maximum at 275 nm. Compatibility between the drug and excipients was examined through FTIR studies. Various pre-compression parameters, like bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio and angle of repose, were assessed for the powder blend. The tablets were evaluated for post-compression parameters, such as thickness, hardness, friability, and weight variation and disintegration time. The drug release study was conducted in vitro. The acid-neutralizing capacity of the formulated batches was compared with marketed formulations. The calibration curve showed a high correlation coefficient (r2=0.9972), suggesting accuracy and reliability. FTIR analysis confirmed the compatibility between the drug and excipients. Pre-compression studies revealed an acceptable range for all parameters, indicating good flow properties. For instance, Carr’s Index for all batches varied from 14.31% to 24.41%, and the angle of repose ranged from 33.7 to 35.21 degrees. Post-compression parameters were within the standard limits with hardness between 4.9 to 6.1 kg/cm2 and friability less than 1% for all batches. In vitro drug release showed a gradual increase over time with PF9 achieving 98.63% release at 60 min. The acid-neutralization capacity was highest for the combined extract at 27.83±0.34 mEq/g and PF9 batch at 28.12±0.43 mEq/g, demonstrating their effectiveness in neutralizing acid. The study successfully formulated a Polyherbal chewable tablet with optimized pre and post-compression parameters. The tablet exhibited promising in vitro drug release and an efficient acid-neutralizing capacity. It holds potential as an effective treatment option for acid-related disorders.

1831P Obesity and weight variations before treatment, seem to influence weight loss that happens during first-line metastatic lung adenocarcinoma

1831P Obesity and weight variations before treatment, seem to influence weight loss that happens during first-line metastatic lung adenocarcinoma

Formulation Variables Influencing the Development of Ketoconazole Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System

Background: Ketoconazole (KZ) is categorized as class II according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BSC) classification, which shows a strong pH-dependent solubility where its solubility is enhanced under an acidic medium (pH below 3). This strong pH dependence results in unpredictable absorption and a wide range of bioavailabilities. Objective: To prolong the gastric residence time of KZ’s tablet to enhance KZ’s solubility and hence its bioavailability for better therapeutic activity. Methods: To prepare mucoadhesive tablets, we use both direct and wet granulation methods. We employed various evaluation tests to assess the prepared tablets. These tests encompass a range of assessments, including weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, disintegration test, swelling study, mucoadhesive strength study, and in vitro drug release studies. Results: The study found that polymer viscosity, as well as polymer concentration, have a significant effect on mucoadhesive strength and drug release, whereas diluent type has a non-significant influence on drug release. We selected Formula 7, which employs xanthan gum as a mucoadhesive polymer in a 1:1 drug polymer ratio, as the optimum formula because it provides an accepted physico-mechanical property and releases 87% of the drug over 8 hours. Conclusions: Gastric mucoadhesive tablets may be an effective method of delivering active ingredients, as they provide a favorable environment that enhances their dissolution by extending their duration in the stomach, thereby increasing their bioavailability.

Development and characterization of transdermal drug delivery system of ramosetron HCL using different polymers and their effect on In-vitro release

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS) offer a controlled and consistent release of medications, bypassing first-pass metabolism and minimizing side effects associated with traditional oral and intravenous therapies. This study focuses on the development and evaluation of Ramosetron HCl transdermal patches designed for sustained release to manage nausea and vomiting. Ramosetron HCl, a selective 5-HT₃ serotonin receptor antagonist, was incorporated into various formulations using different grades of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP K30), and Polysorbate 80. The patches were prepared by solvent casting and evaluated for various parameters including thickness, weight variation, drug content, folding endurance, tensile strength, and in-vitro drug release. The calibration curve for Ramosetron HCl in 7.4 pH phosphate buffer was established with a λmax of 240 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to ensure compatibility between the drug and excipients. Formulation F5 demonstrated optimal properties, including satisfactory drug release profiles and mechanical strength. Stability studies of F5 showed that the formulation maintained its release characteristics under accelerated storage conditions (40°C / 75% RH) for up to three months. This study confirms the potential of Ramosetron HCl transdermal patches as an effective alternative to oral dosage forms, providing sustained drug delivery and enhanced patient compliance.

Experimental Study of the Effect of Roller Shape Variations on the CVT System using Petrol-Pyrolytic Fuels toward the Power Characteristics of Automatic Motorcycles

There are two types of two-wheeled vehicles when viewed from the transmission system: manual and automatic. The automatic transmission circuit on the automatic motor, the roller (ballast), is on the primary pulley. In the market, various rollers (weights) are sold, starting from those that are standard and different from the standard with lighter or heavier weight variations. However, there are also aftermarket rollers produced in several automotive industries, one of which is UNIONMATERIAL. The difference lies in the shape and materials used. This study aims to analyze the effect of variations in the shape of the roller on the characteristics of power transmission on automatic motorcycles. The type of vehicle used is a motorcycle produced in 2009 using a dyno test test with two test methods. The first test is from low engine speed ± 1400-1600 rpm to 9000 rpm, while the second test is from medium engine speed ± 4000 rpm to 9000 rpm. In addition, the fuel consumption test was also carried out. The variation used is a roller shape consisting of a round roller, a sliding roller, and a flying roller weighing 12 grams. The highest results obtained at a power of 0.7 HP occurred on the flying roller with 7.1 HP/ 3916 rpm, while the torque was 5.19 N.m on the flying roller (23.96 N·m/1250 rpm). There is an effect on fuel consumption, but not too significant. The biggest difference occurred in the engine parameter RPM 5000 of 0.1 between the flying roller (0.9 L/h) and sliding roller (0.9 L/h) with the round roller (1 L/h) - this happens because the shape of the flying roller is not cylindrical and more dynamic, which is adapted to the movable drive face. There is an additional wing on the roller weight. The data from the results of this study have implications for increasing vehicle performance without changing engine capacity, which requires large costs.

Effect of kyron T-134 and crospovidone as a fast disintegrating agent on formulation properties of fast dissolving tablet containing ketorolac and rizatriptan using direct compression method

Background and objective: Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) are "they are uncoated tablets that are supposed to be placed in the mouth and dispersed quickly before being swallowed" within minutes. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a combination of ketorolac and rizatriptan as orally fast-dissolving tablets using the most common and easiest method to treat migraine attacks with or without aura. To investigate the effects of various types of diluents and super disintegrants on wetting time, water absorption ratio, disintegration, and dissolution time of combined drugs (ketorolac and rizatriptan) as oral dissolving tablets prepared by direct compression technique. Methods: Pre-formulation experiments were carried out in order to rule out any physicochemical interactions between the two medications (ketorolac and rizatriptan) as well as between each drug and its excipients. Four different formulations of fast-dissolving tablets with different types and ratios of diluents and super disintegrants were created using the direct compression technique in order to improve the formulation. Organoleptic characteristics, weight variation, thickness, friability, hardness, disintegration duration, wetting duration, water absorption ratio, drug content, in-vitro dissolution, stability, and comparison tests have all been characterized. Results: According to FT-IR, the two drugs and excipients exhibit no physicochemical interactions. The ideal formula F4 contains crospovidone and Kyron T-134 at optimal concentrations of 2.5% and 2.5%, respectively, and provides the majority of pharmaceutical drugs to be released within the first five minutes, a strong stability profile, the shortest wetting time with the fastest disintegration time (10 sec), and a pleasant flavor (strawberry flavoring agent). Conclusion: Kyron T-134 with Crospovidone in a (1:1) ratio provided rapid disintegration. Ketorolac tromethamine and rizatriptan benzoate may be made into fast-dissolving oral tablets using Kyron T-134 and Crospovidone. Improving migraine compliance is a reasonable goal.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRO-RETENTIVE FLOATING TABLET CASE USING FDM 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY

The aim of this research was to examine a novel Fused Deposition Model (FDM) 3D Printing Method for creating a gastro-retentive floating tablet case containing metronidazole compressed tablet. Metronidazole was employed as a model drug and successfully integrated into floating tablet case composed of polyvinyl alcohol filament. The tablet design was made by AutoCAD software and the slicing of tablet design was carried out. To evaluate the formulation parameters for 3D printed tablet case, various orifice sizes were optimized. These 3D printed tablet cases were assessed for weight variation, friability, hardness, in vitro floating test and in vitro dissolution studies. All results met acceptable criteria. Notably, the 0.5 mm orifice case floated on 0.1 N HCI media surface for over 345 min, displaying zero - order drug release. Thus, this work demonstrates the potential of 3D Printing technology as an innovative platform for gastroretentive floating tablets to promote a modern era of personalized medicine.