Weight Table Research Articles

Errors in Length-weight Parameters at FishBase.org

Abstract Background: FishBase.org is an on-line database of fish related data that has been cited over 1500 times in the fisheries literature. Length-weight relationships in fish traditionally employ the model, W(L) = aL^b^, where L is length and W is weight. Parameters a and b are catalogued by FishBase for a large number of sources and species. FishBase.org detects outliers in a plot of log(a) vs. b to identify dubious length-weight parameters. Materials and Methods: To investigate possible errors, length-weight parameters from FishBase.org were used to graph length-weight curves for six different species: channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromacalatus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris), and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) along with the standard weight curves (Anderson and Neumann 1996, Bister et al. 2000). Parameters noted as “doubtful” by FishBase were excluded. For each species, variations in curves were noted, and the minimum and maximum predicted weights for a 30 cm long fish were compared with each other and with the standard weight for that length. For lake trout, additional comparisons were made between the parameters and study details reported in FishBase.org for 6 of 8 length-weight relationships and those reported in the reference (Carlander 1969) for those 6 relationships. Results: In all species studied, minimum and maximum curves produced with the length-weight parameters at FishBase.org are notably different from each other, and in many cases predict weights that are clearly absurd. For example, one set of parameters predicts a 30 cm rainbow trout weighing 44 g. For 30 cm length, the range of weights (relative to the standard weight) for each species are: channel catfish (31.4% to 193.1%), black crappie (54.0% to 149.0%), largemouth bass (28.8% to 130.4%), rainbow trout (14.9% to 113.4%), flathead catfish (29.3% to 250.7%), and lake trout (44.0% to 152.7%). Ten of the twelve extreme curves reference two sources (Carlander 1969 and Carlander 1977). These two sources are used for a total of 100 different species at FishBase.org. In the case of lake trout, comparing the length-weight table at FishBase.org and the cited source (Carlander 1969) revealed that while 5 of 6 total length measurements were incorrectly reported as fork lengths by FishBase.org, all parameters accurately reflected the source. Comparing the length-weight relationships of the source (Carlander 1969) with the table of weights in different length ranges reveals the length-weight parameters in the source are clearly in error. However, FishBase.org also neglects to specify clearly distinguished subspecies and/or phenotypes such as siscowet and humper lake trout. Conclusion: Length-weight tables at FishBase.org are not generally reliable and the on-line database contains dubious parameters. Assurance of quality probably will require a systematic review with more careful and comprehensive methods than those currently employed.

Genetic Algorithm Sampling the Solution Space Selectively Depending on Difficulty of Power Distribution Network Restoration

A new genetic algorithm for multi agent based autonomous power distribution network restoration system is proposed. The state of the art of this study is to realize a new genetic algorithm using selective sampling for improving the restoration performance. A proposed method realizes the selective sampling by a virtual accident selecting algorithm that changes probability of selecting virtual accident area. The virtual accident selecting algorithm consists of weight table and area-value list. The weight table represents a difficulty of restoration in each accident area. The area-value list represents a difficulty of restoration in latest generation, and effects on weight table in next generation. This architecture enables the system to change the probability of changing each virtual accident area autonomously from restoration simulation. The simulation results show the proposed method achieves to improve the performance.

Muscle mass and exercise capacity in cancer patients after major upper gastrointestinal surgery

Summary Background & aims Nutritional therapy has traditionally been evaluated by changes in weight and in food intake, while body composition and function may be of greater clinical significance. We investigated relationships between total body skeletal muscle mass (TBSMM), energy balance and exercise capacity in 41 patients before, 6 and 12 months after curatively intended major upper gastrointestinal surgery. Methods TBSMM and body energy content were assessed by DXA. Exercise capacity was measured on a treadmill. Energy balance was defined as the difference in body energy content at two points in time. Results During the first postoperative year average weight loss was 7% although 1 our of 3 patients remained weight stable (WS). Average TBSMM decreased significantly at 6 months (0.9 kg, p Conclusions TBSMM and exercise capacity were clearly related in cancer patients after major upper gastrointestinal surgery, as were changes in TBSMM and exercise capacity. Energy balance was not directly correlated to exercise capacity, but more WS than WL patients increased their TBSMM indicating a possible influence by energy balance.

Descriptive analysis of maternal and neonatal characteristics in the maternity of the Dona Estefânia Hospital between 2005 and 2008.

Between 2005 and 2008 there were 8413 newborns at the maternity of the Hospital Dona Estefânia (HDE), comprising about 8% of the total number of newborns in Portugal in the same period. Fetal mortality (0,20%) met the goal of the Portuguese National Health Plan (NHP) and was at the lowest levels reported in the European Union. The percentage of preterm deliveries (8,1%) and caesareans (31,9%), however, are still above the goals established by the NHP, respectively, 4,9% and 24,8%. In newborns, the odds ratio of a low Apgar index at five minutes was 1,35 for each 100 g of birth weight less and 1,33 for each gestational week less. Average maternal age was 30,4 years old, with 3,8% being adolescents. About 22% were foreign mothers, a number well above the Portuguese national average of 9%. The percentage of preterm births and caesareans were lower among Chinese mothers and quite variable among nationalities. Weight at birth was found to correlate significantly with gestational age, type of pregnancy (twins/singleton), foetus gender, maternal parity and age at delivery. On average, when everything else remained constant, one additional gestational week translated into more 176 g; a twin newborn was, on average, 381 g lighter than a singleton, and a female newborn was, on average, 48 g lighter than a male. We present percentile tables of weight at birth by sex and gestational age (36-41 weeks) for newborns at the HDE.

Association between actual weight status, perceived weight and depressive, anxious symptoms in Chinese adolescents: a cross-sectional study

BackgroudThe purpose of this study was to describe actual measured weight and perceived weight and to explore associations with depressive, anxiety symptoms in school adolescents in China.MethodsA sample of 1144 Chinese adolescents was randomly selected from four schools in Wuhan, China, including 665 boys and 479 girls with ages ranging between 10 and 17 years. Actual measured weight and height and perceived weight status were compared to anxiety and depressive symptoms measured using the revised Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Children's Depression Inventory. A general linear model was used to compare differences in psychological symptoms among the teenagers with different measured and perceived weights.ResultsWhen compared with standardized weight tables (WHO age- and gender-specific body mass index (BMI) cutoffs (2007 reference)), girls were more likely to misperceive themselves as overweight, whereas more boys misclassified their weight status as underweight. The adolescents who perceived themselves as overweight were more likely to experience depressive and anxiety symptoms (except girls) than those who perceived themselves as normal and/or underweight. However, no significant association was found between depressive and anxiety symptoms actual measured weight status.ConclusionsPerceived weight status, but not the actual weight status, was associated with psychological symptoms.

Scoring function to predict solubility mutagenesis.

BackgroundMutagenesis is commonly used to engineer proteins with desirable properties not present in the wild type (WT) protein, such as increased or decreased stability, reactivity, or solubility. Experimentalists often have to choose a small subset of mutations from a large number of candidates to obtain the desired change, and computational techniques are invaluable to make the choices. While several such methods have been proposed to predict stability and reactivity mutagenesis, solubility has not received much attention.ResultsWe use concepts from computational geometry to define a three body scoring function that predicts the change in protein solubility due to mutations. The scoring function captures both sequence and structure information. By exploring the literature, we have assembled a substantial database of 137 single- and multiple-point solubility mutations. Our database is the largest such collection with structural information known so far. We optimize the scoring function using linear programming (LP) methods to derive its weights based on training. Starting with default values of 1, we find weights in the range [0,2] so that predictions of increase or decrease in solubility are optimized. We compare the LP method to the standard machine learning techniques of support vector machines (SVM) and the Lasso. Using statistics for leave-one-out (LOO), 10-fold, and 3-fold cross validations (CV) for training and prediction, we demonstrate that the LP method performs the best overall. For the LOOCV, the LP method has an overall accuracy of 81%.AvailabilityExecutables of programs, tables of weights, and datasets of mutants are available from the following web page: http://www.wsu.edu/~kbala/OptSolMut.html.

The Influence of overweight and underweight on vitality

When your committee asked me to prepare a paper on some topic connected with life insurance for this meeting of your society, I was embarrassed to choose a subject which should prove of general interest. The subject should be one which contained a minimum amount of figures with a maximum amount of information and which should be of interest to all. The influence of overweight and underweight upon vitality seems to combine these facts. This subject can be handled with only a few figures if you will accept some assertions in place of figures. Furthermore, the profession as a whole does not realize its importance, nor the dangers which beset those who are far removed from the correct standard of weight, whether above or below. In life insurance we have to measure these dangers for commercial reasons. In 1836 Quetelet published a table of heights and weights based upon the facts gathered from the examination of a moderate number of Belgians. His data were evidently few in number and mostly taken from young people. The table shows one height and one weight for each year represented and those are supposed to be the average height and weight for that year. Thus at age 20, the average height is 5ft. 7in. and the average weight is 143; at age 30 the average height is 5ft 8in. and the average weight is 151. These isolated facts agree fairly well with our standard, but they are so imperfect that they are of little practical use. In 1846 Hutchinson published his table of heights and weights based upon certain data gathered in England. It purports to represent the standard weight for each height at age 30, and is as follows:

Improved nutrient intake in older obese adults undergoing a structured diet and exercise intentional weight loss program.

Physicians are often reluctant to advise older obese patients to lose weight for fear of compromised nutrition and excessive loss of muscle mass and strength, all of which may lead to a loss of independence and accelerate disability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine nutrient intake in older obese adults undergoing a weight loss intervention. The study setting was at a university research facility. A total of 71 participants (age, 69.5 (SD = 5.8) yrs; 62% female; BMI, 34.6 (4.4) kg/m2) were recruited. Individuals were randomized into either a weight stable (WS) control group or an intensive weight loss (WL) group. The WL intervention was for 6 months and utilized partial meal replacements (PMR) and a facility-based 3 d/wk, 60 min/session exercise training program encompassing both aerobic and strength exercises. Weight loss goal for WL was 10% from baseline at 6-months. Variables were obtained at baseline and 6-months and included 3 day dietary records along with daily step counts for 7 days. Total energy, macronutrients (g and % of energy), micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), as well as use of PMR were assessed from the diet records. Body mass and body fat (g and % of body mass) were determined at the 2 time points. Estimated marginal means (SEM) for weight loss at 6-months was -8.8 (0.7)% for WL and -0.1 (0.7)% for WS. Daily energy intake at 6-months was lower for WL (1396 (64) kcals) compared to WS (1817 (71) kcals). Additionally, those in the WL group (compared to WS) had lower intakes of total fat (27.5 (1.2)%, WL vs. 36.1 (4.6)%, WS) and saturated fatty acids (8.5 (0.4)% vs. 10.8 (0.5)%), and had higher levels of carbohydrates (57.6 (1.5)% vs. 49.0 (1.7)%), protein (18.4 (0.5% vs. 16.2 (0.6)%), and dietary fiber (21.0 (0.9) g vs. 17.4 (1.0) g) at 6-months. Even with reduced total calorie intake, key micronutrients (calcium, iron, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin C) were higher for WL vs. WS at 6-months. Total daily step counts were higher for WL vs. WS at 6-months. A nutrition intervention to promote weight loss in older obese adults was achieved using PMR as a primary strategy. Diet quality was improved for WL vs. WS in using the nutrient fortified product, even with a reduction in total energy intake.

RARγ and TRβ expressions are decreased in PBMC and SWAT of obese subjects in weight gain

In order to evaluate the expression of nuclear receptors at the peripheral level in obese subjects, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of different isoforms of retinoic acid receptor (RAR), triiodothyronine (TR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) were determined and compared in peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMC) and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (SWAT). Twelve lean subjects and 68 obese subjects divided into weight gain (WG), weight-stable (WS), and weight loss (WL) groups were studied. Nuclear receptor mRNA levels were assessed in PBMC and SWAT using a quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method. mRNA levels of RARgamma were significantly lower in PBMC of obese subjects (WG -19%, WS -30%, and WL -24.7%) as in SWAT of WG (-50%). Lower mRNA levels of TRbeta were observed in PBMC and SWAT of WG (-50.7% and -28%, respectively) just as for TRalpha in PBMC of WG (-19%). In contrast, retinoid X receptors alpha (RXRalpha) and RARalpha mRNA levels were higher in PBMC of obese subjects (+53% and +54.5% in WG, +56% and +67% in WS, and +68% and +49.7% in WL, respectively), while expression of RXRalpha was lower in SWAT of WG (-24.5%). As for PPARgamma, its mRNA level was significantly higher in PBMC of WG subjects (+34%) while its expression was not modified in SWAT, contrary to the PPARgamma2 isoform which was significantly higher. These data show that in both adipose tissue and blood compartment of obese subjects, expressions of RARgamma and TRbeta were downregulated. Thus, we suggest that the expression in PBMC of obese subjects may constitute new cellular indicators of nuclear receptor retinoid and thyroid status.

Atomic weights of the elements 2007 (IUPAC Technical Report)

The latest evaluation of atomic weight determinations and other cognate data has warranted five changes for the standard atomic weights of the elements, A r(E), from those published previously in the Table of Atomic Weights 2005. The revised standard atomic weight of nickel, A r(Ni), is 58.6934(4); zinc, A r(Zn), is 65.38(2); molybdenum, A r(Mo), is 95.96(2); ytterbium, A r(Yb), is 173.054(5); and lutetium, A r(Lu), is 174.9668(1). Standard atomic weight tables abridged to four and five significant figures were also evaluated. The Commission-recommended value for the isotope-amount ratio of n(40Ar)/n(36Ar), which is of importance in geochronology and geochemistry, has been changed to 298.56(31) from 296.03(53) based on new measurements. Atmospheric O2 is recognized as an international measurement standard, along with Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) and Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) carbonate for measurement and reporting of differences in relative oxygen isotope-amount ratios δ(17O) and δ(18O).

The consensus of local stakeholders and outside experts in suitability modeling for future camp development

With the emergence of geographic information systems (GIS), suitability analysis has become a modeling practice that facilitates the process of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) by simulating the suitability of a land unit in supporting a physical or socioeconomic phenomenon. To identify and quantify the contribution of various criteria for land-use planning, however, suitability modeling relies heavily on the expert knowledge in weight assignment. Little is known about at what rate the diverse input from outside experts and local stakeholders would propagate into the suitability model and come to a consensus. The objective of this study was to investigate the development of weight assignment and suitability modeling through iterative surveying between the local stakeholders and outside experts. This research surveyed eleven field experts about the areas best suitable for future development of a scout camp in Kalkaska, MI. The expert knowledge was consulted by using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and a direct method of weight table. The results of suitability modeling revealed that the weight assignment between the direct method and AHP method became more different as the survey progressed. It was also observed that the most suitable area for future development slowly emerged to a consensus between the outside experts and local stakeholders through iterative survey. This research illustrated the usefulness of the Delphi method within MCDM and highlighted patches of areas adjacent to the Grass Lake that are suitable for future development.

Neural networks on the basis of the sample method

This paper describes the procedure of creating a neural network on the basis of the “etalon” (sample) method. The algorithm for the calculation of the weight table for the neural network connections is adduced and doesn’t need network training. The technology of the optimum creation of the neural network layers is described. The possibility is pointed out to use such an approach for the recognition of curves and symbolic images. An algorithm for the optimal selection of samples from a tested data set is adduced.

가중치 테이블 기반 안전한 e-비즈니스 데이터 분할 복원 방식

최근의 개인정보 노출의 가장 큰 원인은 정당한 개인정보 관리자 즉, 내부자에 의한 부정 이용이다. 관리자는 사용자의 기밀문서를 몰래 복사하거나 고쳐 쓰는 것도 가능하다. 이러한 민감한 개인 및 기업 데이터의 안전한 관리 대책으로서 기밀정보의 안전한 분산 저장관리 기능이 요구되고 있다. 한편, 개인정보를 제공하는 경우, 정보 소유자가 프라이버시 데이터를 누구에게 얼마만큼 가중치(weight)을 두고 공개할지를 정해야 한다. 따라서 참여자의 중요도에 따라 개인정보 열람에 대한 권한의 가중치를 다르게 지정할 수 있는 구조가 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 개인정보를 권한의 가중치에 따라 안전하게 관리할 수 있는 새로운 데이터 관리 기법을 위한 Digit-independent 알고리즘을 새롭게 제안한다. 제안된 알고리즘을 근거로 데이터의 수집과 단순한 연산만으로 고속 연산처리가 가능하여 대량의 프라이버시 데이터에 적용할 수 있는 데이터 관리기법으로서 가중치 테이블 기반의 Digit-independent 알고리즘을 이용한 데이터 분할 복원 방식을 제안한다. 제안 방식은 유비쿼터스 환경에서 e-비즈니스 데이터의 안전한 관리 및 저장에 활용될 수 있을 것이다. The leaking of personal information is mostly occurred by internal users. The confidential information such as credit card number can be disclosed or modified by system manager easily. The secure storaging and managing scheme for sensitive data of individual and enterprise is required for distributed data management. The manager owning private data is needed to have a weight which is a right to disclose a private data. For deciding a weight, it is required that system is able to designate the level of user's right. In this paper, we propose the new algorithm named digit-independent algorithm. And we propose a new data management scheme of gathering and processing the data based on digit-independent algorithm. Our sharing and recovering scheme have the efficient computation operation for managing a large quantity of data using weight table. The proposed scheme is able to use for secure e-business data management and storage in ubiquitous computing environment.

Daily energy expenditure, physical activity, and weight loss in Parkinson's disease patients

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) commonly exhibit weight loss (WL) which investigators attribute to various factors, including elevated energy expenditure. We tested the hypothesis that daily energy expenditure (DEE) and its components, resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity (PA) energy expenditure (PAEE), are elevated in WL compared with weight stable (WS) PD patients. We measured DEE in 10 PD WL patients and 10 PD WS patients using doubly labeled water (DLW). PAEE was estimated with DLW, activity monitors, and activity questionnaires. REE was measured with indirect calorimetry. We evaluated energy intake (EI) with a patient's 3-day food diary. Data was assessed employing SPSS, Spearman correlation coefficients, and Bland and Altman plots. There was no difference in DEE between the WL and WS groups measured with DLW. There were no differences in REE and EI between groups. DEE (r = 0.548, P < 0.05) and PAEE (r = 0.563, P < 0.01) are related with caloric intake. The WL group had higher PA than the WS group (P < 0.042) only when measured with wrist activity monitors. Results suggest that WL in PD patients cannot be fully explained by an increase in DEE. Large longitudinal studies to examine multiple relationships between variables might provide us with a better understanding of WL among PD patients.

Biology and life table studies of the oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), influenced by different larval diets

AbstractDevelopment, survivorship, pupal weight, oviposition, and life table parameters of the oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta Guenée, were evaluated in the laboratory on an artificial diet, pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.), and tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.). We found that the average developmental time of immature stages was longest on tobacco (36.2 d), intermediate on pepper (34.4 d), and shortest on artificial diet (33.5 d). Immature survival from egg to pupa varied from 31% on tobacco, 43% on pepper, and 74% on artificial diet. Pupal weight ranged from 197.4 mg/pupa on tobacco, 233.1 mg/pupa on pepper and 253.4 mg/pupa on artificial diet. The average numbers of eggs laid by adults reared as larvae on the artificial diet, pepper, or tobacco were 614, 421 and 334 eggs/female, respectively. Numbers of remaining eggs in ovaries of the adult females reared as larvae on the artificial diet, pepper, or tobacco were 16, 26, and 42 eggs/female, respectively. The longevity of adult females developed from larvae reared on the three diets was not significantly different, whereas the longevity of male adults from the larvae reared on artificial diet was longer (16.8 d) than that for males reared on tobacco (13.8 d) and pepper (13.3 d). The intrinsic, finite, gross, and net rates of increase were highest for females reared as larvae on artificial diet, lowest for females emerging from larvae reared on tobacco, and intermediate for females emerging from larvae reared on pepper. Generation times and doubling time of H. assulta were shortest for larvae fed artificial diet, intermediate from larvae reared on pepper, and longest from larvae reared on tobacco. We concluded that the artificial diet was the most suitable larval diet of H. assulta followed by pepper, and tobacco.

Revisited: Comparison of two techniques to establish maximum acceptable forces of dynamic pushing for male industrial workers

The purpose of this experiment was to replicate a previous psychophysical experiment [Ciriello, V.M., McGorry, R.W., Martin, S.E., Bezverkny, I.B., 1999b. Maximum acceptable forces of dynamic pushing: comparison of two techniques. Ergonomics 42, 32–39] which investigated maximum acceptable initial and sustained forces while performing a 7.6 m pushing task at a frequency of 1 min −1 on a magnetic particle brake treadmill versus pushing on a high-inertia pushcart. Fourteen male industrial workers performed both a 40-min treadmill pushing task and a 2-h pushcart task, with a unique water loading system, in the context of a larger experiment. During pushing, the subjects were asked to select a workload they could sustain for 8 h without “straining themselves or without becoming unusually tired, weakened, overheated or out of breath.” The results revealed that similar to the previous study maximum acceptable sustained forces of pushing determined on the high inertia cart were significantly higher (21%) than the forces determined from the magnetic particle brake treadmill. These results were countered by an 18% decrease in maximum acceptable forces for the criterion magnetic particle brake treadmill task, perhaps due to secular changes in the industrial population. Based on the present findings, it is concluded that the existing pushing data [Snook, S.H., Ciriello, V.M., 1991. The design of manual tasks: revised tables of maximum acceptable weights and forces. Ergonomics 34, 1197–1213] still provides an accurate estimate of maximal acceptable forces for this pushing distance and frequency. Relevance to industry Jobs are often redesigned to eliminate lifting and to include carts for transporting loads. Our database on maximum acceptable forces of pushing on a magnetic particle braked treadmill has been used as a tool to design manual handling tasks. This article links the existing database with actual cart pushing.

Knee Strength Maintained Despite Loss of Lean Body Mass During Weight Loss in Older Obese Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis

The effects of weight loss on muscle function in older adults have not been well studied. This study determined the effects of a 6-month weight-loss intervention on muscle strength and quality in older obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. Participants were randomized to a weight loss (WL) (n = 44, 70 +/- 6 years) or weight stable (WS) (n = 43, 69 +/- 6 years) group. The WL intervention consisted of weekly educational meetings, a meal replacement diet, and a three-session-per-week structured exercise program to achieve 10%-12% weight loss. The WS intervention included bimonthly group meetings and newsletters. Body composition and knee extensor strength were measured at baseline and after intervention. The WL group decreased body weight, lean body mass, fat mass, and percent body fat (p <.001 for all). Concentric extension strength increased 25% in WL (p >.05), whereas eccentric extension decreased 6% in WS (p =.028). Concentric muscle quality (strength per kg body weight or lean body mass) increased in WL (p <.05), whereas eccentric muscle quality decreased in WS (p <.05). Changes in lean body mass and fat mass were inversely associated with changes in most muscle strength and quality measures (p <.05). Men and women did not differ in response to the intervention in knee strength outcomes. Hypocaloric dieting in combination with exercise training had beneficial effects on muscle strength/quality, despite loss of lean body mass in this sample of older men and women. Greater fat loss was associated with greater gains in muscle strength and quality. More studies are needed regarding the mechanisms by which loss of fat mass increases muscle strength and quality.

Reference Weights for Placentas Delivered before the 28th Week of Gestation

Context Very few studies have measured the weight of large numbers of placentas delivered before the 28th post-menstrual week. Methods We measured the weight of 930 singleton placentas delivered before the 28th post-menstrual week, and examined the distributions of weights in selected groups (week of gestation, reason for preterm birth, birth weight Z-score categories, placenta histology). We excluded 90 singleton placentas based on growth restriction as indicated by birth weight Z-score, resulting in a normative sample of 840 placentas. Weights for unfused twin placentas are also presented. Results Standard weights derived from our data set differ from those previously published, partly due to a larger sample size. Placenta weight varied with birth weight. Placentas from pregnancies ending due to preeclampsia, fetal indications or those showing evidence of poor perfusion on histology were among the smallest and their weights correlated with the smallest birth weights for gestational age. Conclusions Placenta weights appear to be influenced by multiple maternal and fetal processes. We present a standard weight table for singleton placentas among live infants born between 23 and 27 completed weeks.

From Average to Ideal: The Evolution of the Height and Weight Table in the United States, 1836-1943

From Average to Ideal: The Evolution of the Height and Weight Table in the United States, 1836-1943

Atomic Weights of the Elements 2005

The latest evaluation of atomic weight determinations and other cognate data has warranted 16 changes for the standard atomic weights of the elements, Ar(E), from those published previously in the Table of Atomic Weights 2001. The revised standard atomic weight are as follows: Ar(Al)=26.9815386(8), Ar(Bi)=208.98040(1), Ar(Cs)=132.9054519(2), Ar(Co)=58.933195(5), Ar(Au)=196.966569(4), Ar(La)=138.90547(7), Ar(Mn)=54.938045(5), Ar(Nd)=144.242(3), Ar(P)=30.973762(2), Ar(Pt)=195.084(9), Ar(Sm)=150.36(2), Ar(Sc)=44.955912(6), Ar(Na)=22.98976928(2), Ar(Ta)=180.94788(2), Ar(Tb)=158.92535(2), Ar(Th)=232.03806(2). A recommendation is made that δ13C values of all carbon-bearing materials be measured and expressed relative to Vienna-Pee Dee Belemnite on a scale normalized by assigning consensus values of −46.6‰ to L-SVEC lithium carbonate and +1.95‰ to NBS 19 calcium carbonate.